An Approach to the stability of international environmental agreements: the absorbing sets solution

We study international environmental negotiations when agreements between countries can not be binding. A problem with this kind of negotiations is that countries have incentives for free-riding from such agreements. We develope a notion of equilibrium based on the assumption that countries can create and dissolve agreements in their seeking of a larger welfare. This approach leads to a larger degree of cooperation compared to models based on the internal-external stability approach.

Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination : The Approach of the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on Kosovo

[EN] On 17 February 2008 Kosovo approved its declaration of independence from Serbia. The declaration was raised as a unilateral secession, a category which to date is widely debated by the international community, but supported in that case by a respectable number of the United Nation member states. A great many legal issues have been raised by the International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion on Kosovo. This opinion was eagerly awaited by legal scholars due to both its possible effects and the scope of its principles outside the context of decolonization in what it could constitute of new approach to the international scenario for the twenty-first century. The ICJ stated that the declaration of independence was in accordance with international law if it was not prohibited. The answer turned on whether or not international law prohibited the declaration of independence, without ever examining whether an entity seeking secession is entitled with a positive right to secede and if so, under which circumstances. The basic issue can be summarised as whether or not we are facing a new course in the interpretation of certain classical categories of international law: the principle of territorial integrity, statehood, sovereignty, recognition, the right to external self-determination, etc. In this study we shall analyse some of the aspects arising from the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo focusing on the territorial issue. Firstly we shall analyse the scope of the principle of territorial integrity of States and how it operates ; secondly, we shall focus on the scope of that principle in relation to the interior of the State, and ask ourselves how international law operates in relation to declarations of independence. Lastly, we shall deal with the principle of respect for territorial integrity in the specific case of Serbia with respect to Kosovo, and then end with a series of general conclusions. This study aims, definitely, to contribute to the theoretical debate on the challenges to the traditional certainties of international law in this area.

Seasonal Stability Tests in gretl. An Application to International Tourism Data

The seasonal stability tests of Canova & Hansen (1995) (CH) provide a method complementary to that of Hylleberg et al. (1990) for testing for seasonal unit roots. But the distribution of the CH tests are unknown in small samples. We present a method to numerically compute critical values and P-values for the CH tests for any sample size and any seasonal periodicity. In fact this method is applicable to the types of seasonality which are commonly in use, but also to any other.

Effects of international trade of food and feed and human diet shifts on food security and environmental safety: integrating scales

4 p.

The adoption of ecosystem-based adaptation in the international climate agenda

4 p.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Conflicts in Classification

4 p.

International Support of Climate Change Policies in Developing Countries: Strategic, Moral and Fairness Aspects

33 p.

International Climate Finance and its Influence on Fairness and Policy

27 p.

The Private Provision of International Impure Public Goods: the Case of Climate Policy

33 p.

International communication strategy followed by Ikea : analysis of campaigns in different countries, features and possible justifications of the differences

International communication strategy followed by Ikea analysis of campaigns in different countries, features and possible justifications of the differerences.

Global and local challenges for best practices in assessment. The 9th Conference on the International Test Commission. Book of abstracts

The 9th International Test Commission Conference (ITC) took place at the Miramar Palace in San Sebastian, Spain, between the 2nd and 5th of July, 2014. The Conference was titled, ���Global and Local Challenges for Best Practices in Assessment.��� The International Test Commission, ITC (www.intestcom.org), is an association of national psychological associations, test commissions, publishers, and other organizations, as well as individuals who are committed to the promotion of effective testing and assessment policies and to the proper development, evaluation, and uses of educational and psychological instruments. The ITC facilitates the exchange of information among members and stimulates their cooperation on problems related to the construction, distribution, and uses of psychological and educational tests and other psychodiagnostic tools. This volume contains the abstracts of the contributions presented at the 9th International Test Commission Conference. The four themes of the Conference were closely linked to the goals of the ITC: - Challenges and Opportunities in International Assessment. - Application of New Technoloogies and New Psychometric Models in Testing. - Standards and Guidelines for Best Testing Practices. - Testing in Multilingual and Multicultural Contexts.

IKASNABAR 2014 International Conference. Microcontents, miniMOOCs and mLearning

[ES]Ikasnabar es una conferencia para hablar de tendencias en educaci��n, sobre las nuevas tecnolog��as en el ��mbito educativo y conocer personas que est��n generando buenas ideas y pr��cticas en su quehacer diario. Este libro intenta recoger todo ello con las contribuciones de autores noveles y de renombre que buscan la excelencia en los procesos de ense��anza-aprendizaje. Tres tendencias importantes de aprendizaje se est��n expandiendo. Microcontenidos, aprendizaje m��vil y MOOCs son la cara de una misma moneda: microaprendizaje con contenido rico, abierto y desmenuzado. A medida que el consumo de Internet desde dispositivos m��viles aumenta, el aprendizaje m��vil con tecnolog��as como HTML5, software para MOOC, plataformas de contenidos de v��deo, etc., est��n siendo algunas de las claves de la nueva revoluci��n en el ��mbito educativo. El microcontenido hace referencia a los peque��os trozos de informaci��n digital en un estado permanente de flujo y circulaci��n. Es a menudo un ��nico tema, limitado en longitud, que se consume r��pidamente y con frecuencia limitado por el software o por el dispositivo. Se trata de la puesta en com��n de recursos. Se basa en la interacci��n humano-a-humano con los medios de comunicaci��n de Internet. El otro tema central de esta conferencia es el de los MOOC realizados por los profesores que quieren tomar ventaja en el comienzo de esta nueva era de la educaci��n abierta con calidad. MOOCs son, b��sicamente, cursos abiertos y es necesario recordar los puntos esenciales de este tipo de instrucci��n. Los miniMOOCs son alternativas con menos horas en el proceso de aprendizaje. Hoy en d��a, un buen MOOC podr�� ser la mejor tarjeta de presentaci��n para profesores, expertos y estudiantes. Vivimos en tiempos de cambio con ��mbitos en los que se mezcla el aprendizaje formal e informal, y las universidades y colegios deber��amos estar atentos a esto.

Reconciling yield stability with international fisheries agencies precautionary preferences: the role of non constant discount factors in age structured models

International fisheries agencies recommend exploitation paths that satisfy two features. First, for precautionary reasons exploitation paths should avoid high fishing mortality in those fisheries where the biomass is depleted to a degree that jeopardise the stock's capacity to produce the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Second, for economic and social reasons, captures should be as stable (smooth) as possible over time. In this article we show that a conflict between these two interests may occur when seeking for optimal exploitation paths using age structured bioeconomic approach. Our results show that this conflict be overtaken by using non constant discount factors that value future stocks considering their relative intertemporal scarcity.

Le syst��me mon��taire international comme facteur d'instabilit��: une ��bauche de r��forme

371 p.

Gold Standard and Reforms of The International Monetary System

This academic work is based on the study of the gold standard, its evolution over the years, their periods of boom and crisis. We will also discuss the arguments that some economists back the return to this monetary system.