Certificación energética de la vivienda de Ekaitz Roldán y proyecto de posibles mejoras

[ES]Mediante este trabajo se tiene como objetivo la obtención de la calificación energética de la vivienda de Ekaitz Roldán, así como un análisis de posibles mejoras. Para obtener la certificación se usará la herramienta informática CE3X, que se vale de métodos simplificados para conseguirla. Se estudiarán diversos caminos para mejorar el resultado obtenido, existiendo predilección por la actuación sobre las instalaciones térmicas, principalmente sobre la caldera. Mejoras sobre la arquitectura de la casa no se contemplan en principio por ser una casa de relativamente nueva construcción. Se ha obtenido una calificación final de 28,7 (E), y sustituyendo el equipo de agua caliente sanitaria y calefacción por uno que use biomasa como combustible se ha logrado mejorar a 1,3 (A).

La evolución de la intensidad energética de la industria vasca entre 1982-2001: Un análisis de descomposición

In this article an index decomposition methodology is used to estimate the effect of intersectorial and intrasectorial changes in explaining the 38% reduction in industrial energy intensity in the Basque Autonomous Community from 1982 to 2001. Period-wise additive decomposition results show that (1) the decline is fully explained by intrasectorial changes and that (2) intersectorial changes have not contributed to reduce but to increase the energy intensity of the Basque industrial sector. However, timeseries decomposition analysis shows that (1) four different phases can be distinguished in the evolution of energy intensity of the Basque industry from 1982 to 2001 and (2) that the evolution of the “Iron and Steel” sector is determinant when explaining those phases. Moreover, the analysis stresses the necessity to disaggregate the “Iron and Steel” sector in order to be able to distinguish purely technological effects from the rest of intrasectorial changes.

Una imagen vale más que mil palabras: efectos de las advertencias sanitarias visuales en el descenso del consumo de tabaco: un estudio desde la perspectiva del marketing social

[ES] El tabaco está reconocido hoy día como un factor de riesgo muy importante en multitud de enfermedades, representando un grave riesgo para la salud pública. Entre las medidas previstas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y por la Comisión Europea está la utilización de advertencias sanitarias sobre los efectos del tabaco en las personas. En España actualmente esas advertencias contienen solo texto.

La pobreza energética y sus implicaciones

4 p.

La pobreza energética y sus implicaciones

32 p.

Certificación energética y propuesta para la mejora del comportamiento térmico de una vivienda situada en un bloque residencial en Leioa

[ES]El documento que se presenta tiene como finalidad realizar la certificación energética de una vivienda perteneciente a un bloque residencial situado en Leioa. Además, se estudian diferentes medidas para obtener un mejor comportamiento térmico y se analiza la viabilidad económica de las mismas

Auditoría energética en un edificio de viviendas

[ES]Este trabajo tiene como objetivos realizar la auditoria energética de un edificio de viviendas y planificar un proyecto de posibles mejoras para aumentar la nota obtenida. La certificación se ha llevado a cabo mediante el programa CE3X, programa homologado por el Ministerio de Industria. La calificación del edificio ha sido 89.8 G y tras implantar las mejoras se ha conseguido una puntuación de 14.8 C, de acuerdo con la actual normativa europea. También, se adjuntan varias imágenes sobre el funcionamiento del programa CE3X además del certificado real obtenido. La planificación y el presupuesto de las mejoras están incluidos en este documento.

Certificación energética de la vivienda de Iker Elizundia Lopez y proyecto de posibles mejoras

[ES]Teniendo en cuenta la actual normativa europea y española, que tiene como objetivo principal el cumplimiento de la reducción de emisiones que se recoge en el protocolo de Kyoto y en el plan 20/20/20, en el siguiente trabajo se ha realizado la certificación energética de la vivienda de Iker Elizundia Lopez, que ha resultado en una calificación de F. Además, se ha propuesto una serie de mejoras con objeto de conseguir una calificación de D, mínimo legal para edificios de nueva construcción. Dichas mejoras, suponen una reducción del 63% de las emisiones, así como un considerable ahorro económico.

Proyecto técnico-económico para la rehabilitación energética de edificios

[ES]El proyecto consiste en analizar un edificio cualquiera, situado en la zona norte de la península, que necesita una rehabilitación energética. Se estudian todos los posibles elementos por los que hay mayores pérdidas de energía: ventanas, fachada, tejado, iluminación y caldera. A continuación, se desarrollan unas propuestas de mejora para reducir estas pérdidas y se realiza el presupuesto de la inversión que debe hacer el cliente, así como la rentabilidad del proyecto. Una vez terminado el estudio, se llevarían a cabo las obras, logrando un edificio eficiente y rentable energéticamente.

Certificación energética y propuestas de mejora de la vivienda de Ainara Candanedo

[ES]El trabajo que aquí se presenta tiene como principal objetivo el conocimiento de la calificación energética de la vivienda objeto de estudio. Posteriormente se analizan diferentes alternativas para obtener una mejora significativa en la eficiencia energética, y así, posteriormente, poder detallar en profundidad las características técnicas y constructivas de la mejora y/o mejoras que se deben realizar si se desea un aumento en la calificación energética obtenida de dos letras, siendo A la calificación correspondiente a una vivienda altamente eficiente y G la calificación energética de una vivienda con unas condiciones pésimas de eficiencia. Así mismo se analiza el beneficio que dichas mejoras implican en el consumo de combustible, y el ahorro anual que podría suponer su implantación, lo que permite concluir, finalmente, la viabilidad técnica y económica de dichas mejoras.

Informe técnico sobre posibles alternativas de valorización energética de residuos forestales

[ES]Mediante este proyecto, se trata de buscar diferentes alternativas de valorización energética de residuos forestales, analizar su proceso y los equipos involucrados, y al final elegir la más adecuada en base a ciertos criterios.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Estudio comparativo de eficiencia energética: Fachada ventilada frente a fachada vegetal

398 p. + anexos

Estudio del proceso de valorización energética de los residuos sólidos urbanos en una planta de incineración.

[ES]El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado consiste en estudiar el proceso desarrollado en la planta de incineración de residuos sólidos urbanos de Zabalgarbi (Bizkaia). La planta consiste en un ciclo combinado basado en una turbina de gas de 43 MW y una turbina de vapor de 56,5 MW. La importancia de su diseño recae en la adaptación de la tecnología de ciclo combinado de gas a la tecnología propia de una planta de valorización energética de residuos municipales. Es decir, se trata de un diseño innovador, del que surge un nuevo proceso industrial que permite dar solución a la problemática generada por los residuos producidos a la vez que se genera energía eléctrica. Gracias a este diseño, se consigue una mejora cualitativa y cuantitativa del rendimiento de la planta, ya que se obtiene energía eléctrica en dos etapas, además de un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos. La tecnología utilizada para la incineración es el horno-caldera de parrilla deslizante. En este trabajo se analizarán los procesos integrados en la planta y se realizará el estudio energético de los equipos más significativos. Una vez realizada esta parte, se considerarán ciertas mejoras a incorporar en la instalación. Además, se desarrollará la metodología seguida para la realización del estudio así como la planificación y el presupuesto.

Gestión Energética. Estimación de necesidades de potencia eólica.

[ES]Este trabajo de fin de grado (TFG) pretende analizar la evolución de la demanda en el sistema eléctrico peninsular y la potencia disponible para decidir si, en el medio plazo, será necesario incorporar nueva potencia o prescindir de alguna de las centrales existentes. El estudio considerará tanto fuentes de energía renovables como no renovables, centrándose en la necesidad, o no, de incorporar nueva potencia eólica. El TFG considerará los siguientes aspectos: el contexto energético de la península española, el análisis de la situación actual y previsiones. Este TFG responde a la necesidad de realizar una buena gestión energética con el objetivo reducir las emisiones de CO2 mejorando el uso de la energía eólica y optimizando el mix energético.