82 resultados para Cambio - Modelos econômicos
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Sesión I: Modelos FC/FD: Desarrollo e implementación de modelos. Sesión de exposición teórica seguida de realización y evaluación práctica: - Introducción al análisis farmacocinético con NONMEM: construcción de una base de datos y archivos control (Carmen Navarro Fontestad, Universitat de València). - Introducción al análisis farmacocinético con NONMEM: exploración, evaluación y validación de resultados de los modelos (Víctor Mangas Sanjuán, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche). Sesión II: Implementación de modelos farmacodinámicos en la modelización farmacocinética/farmacodinámica. Sesión de exposición teórica seguida de realización y evaluación práctica: - Iniciación al modelado de la respuesta farmacológica a través de NONMEM (Zinnia Parra-Guillén, Iñaki F. Trocóniz, Mª Jesús Garrido, Universidad de Navarra). - Iniciación al modelado de la respuesta farmacológica a través de NONMEM. Sesión práctica (Zinnia Parra-Guillén, Iñaki F. Trocóniz, Mª Jesús Garrido, Universidad de Navarra). Sesión III: Modelos FC/FD: Aplicaciones prácticas: - Modelos FC/FD para describir el efecto de antitumorales en el tamaño del tumor en modelos xenograft (Carlos Fernández Teruel, PharmaMar). - Modelos FC/FD en antibioterapia. Aplicación en profilaxis quirúrgica y pacientes críticos sometidos a técnicas continuas de reemplazo renal (Arantxa Isla, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU). - Modelos FC/FD antihistamínicos. Caso práctico bilastina (Ignacio Ortega, FAES FARMA)
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El Juego de la Adaptación al Cambio Climático (ADAPTECC) es un juego de Rol diseñado para que los participantes experimenten las dificultades que surgen, tanto a nivel local como a nivel regional, cuando las autoridades correspondientes tienen que adoptar medidas de adaptación. La adaptación requiere anticipar los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático (CC) y tomar medidas para prevenir y minimizar el daño debido a los impactos del CC. Cada jugador se introduce en el rol de un alcalde o concejal de un municipio afectado por el CC, que debe decidir sobre las estrategias y medidas de adaptación de su municipio, o bien en el rol de un miembro del Departamento de Medio Ambiente de la región que debe repartir el presupuesto para adaptación entre los diferentes municipios. Al finalizar el juego, los participantes tendrán una mejor comprensión de los retos que plantea la adaptación al CC.
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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.
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Este proyecto trata de abordar las transformaciones entre diferentes estándares para Test Informatizados, de manera automática, gracias a la Ingeniería dirigida por Modelos (MDE - Model Driven Engineer), para así obtener un estándar capaz de formar parte en una plataforma de ejecución de Guías de Práctica Clínica. Esto se consigue mediante la generación automática de Guías de Test, partiendo de Test Informatizados en los formatos estándar Aiken y Gift.
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El artículo describe el surgimiento de la sociedad de consumo vinculado a la producción industrial en serie y el paradigma liberal de crecimiento económico y globalización de los mercados, exponiendo los problemas económicos y sociales en los que nos vemos inmersas las sociedades, la actual coyuntura de crisis, que es de crisis de paradigma de desarrollo, y la necesidad de generar alternativas de cambio partiendo de acciones en el nivel personal que trasciendan a todas las áreas.
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Este trabajo está centrado en el análisis de la distribución comercial del sector textil español. Para ello, en primer lugar, estudiaremos la evolución y los cambios más relevantes que se han producido en torno al sector textil en general, centrándonos posteriormente más detenidamente en cuestiones de distribución. Veremos cuáles han sido las principales causas que han propiciado al cambio tan veloz de dicho sector y mediante diferentes datos podremos ver variaciones muy significativas, así como la creación de nuevos modelos de negocio adaptados tanto al mercado como al consumidor de hoy en día. Con ello, llegaremos a la conclusión de que nos encontramos ante un sector el cual en los últimos años ha dado un giro prácticamente de 360º y que dadas tanto las circunstancias del mercado como las de los consumidores, la adaptación y la creación de nuevas formas comerciales han sido imprescindibles para que las empresas puedan seguir compitiendo en este sector.
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Conocer el comportamiento del consumidor es fundamental para las empresas y en particular, para el marketing y los estudios de mercado. El comportamiento del consumidor no es estático si no que evoluciona con los cambios socioeconómicos que se producen en su entorno. Tal circunstancia tiene especial importancia si nos referimos a la principal unidad de consumo, que es la familia y a los nuevos modelos en los que se articula. Entre estos nuevos modelos familiares, los singles son un nicho de mercado especialmente atractivo para las empresas. En este trabajo se pretende no sólo definir el concepto sino también analizar las características que los definen y sus hábitos de consumo. Pero los singles no constituyen un grupo de consumidores totalmente homogéneo pues existen diferencias significativas entre ellos. Analizar las variables que los diferencian, como la edad, el género, la situación económica y sobre todo, la razón por la que han decidido ser singles es algo primordial para comprender sus necesidades y su comportamiento como consumidor y así establecer estrategias de marketing eficaces. Los singles son un nicho de mercado con un potencial de desarrollo importante en el futuro por lo que las empresas deben diseñar estrategias de marketing específicas para ellos.
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[ES] Análisis del desarrollo económico de Estados Unidos y de la República Popular China para poder comprender los principales problemas y realidades de la coyuntura actual. Es importante la percepción de como las apariencias y las actitudes de estas dos grandes potencias mundiales se forma y como estas tienen influencia sobre las políticas y la comunicación de ambos.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es informar acerca de La encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en los hogares que realiza el INE todos los años, reflejar el cambio que se está dando en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías e intentar explicar la influencia de algunas variables en los hogares a la hora de comprar en Internet. Para ello, se analizan los resultados de la encuesta en el año 2014 en líneas generales y la metodología llevada a cabo en esta, para posteriormente realizar un análisis más exhaustivo de determinadas variables y estimar un modelo Logit que pretende explicar la influencia de esas variables en la compra por Internet de los hogares. Se ha observado que el uso que la población hace de las nuevas tecnologías está cambiando de manera significativa y se ha comprobado que ciertas variables influyen en la decisión de los hogares de comprar por Internet.
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En este estudio se analiza la evolución de la población a escala municipal y provincial para el territorio histórico de Vizcaya de 1900 a 2013 con el objetivo de establecer sus pautas. En un primer bloque se tratará el crecimiento demográfico en los municipios de la provincia, destacando las poblaciones con mayor variación de su población y explicando sus causas. Más tarde se analizará la distribución de la población sobre la superficie de Vizcaya, es decir, dónde tiende a concentrarse. Para tratar este apartado se valorarán factores como el tamaño comarcal o la densidad de población tanto a nivel provincial como comarcal. Finalmente, se hará un breve repaso a la situación de los diferentes sectores de actividad en el siglo XXI. El análisis de la población vizcaína desde 1900 ha permitido demostrar la relación existente entre los ciclos económicos y el cambio demográfico identificando tres etapas relevantes (1900-1950, 1950-1980 y 1980-2013). La población de Vizcaya durante el siglo XX se ha caracterizado por un patrón de crecimiento continuo hasta finales de siglo ayudado por la mejora de las comunicaciones, como la inauguración del Metro de Bilbao.
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A lo largo de este trabajo se realiza un profundo análisis de cómo está estructurado el sector de la distribución comercial y la evolución de las relaciones entre fabricantes y distribuidores en los últimos años, haciendo especial hincapié en las nuevas formas de colaboración surgidas a raíz de la existencia de un problema como es la pérdida de poder de negociación de los fabricantes o productores ante los distribuidores. Partiendo de estas nuevas formas de colaboración, ahondamos en el caso Hermeneus, un nuevo tipo de intermediario, que ayudándose de las últimas tecnologías de comunicación, permite poner en contacto a los fabricantes y productores con el consumidor final directamente, sin influir en los precios y márgenes que el primero crea oportunos.
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[ES] Este trabajo expone en qué consistió y qué importancia económica y organizativo-administrativa tuvo la denominada planificación indicativa, en los países de la OCDE, en el periodo 1945-1973. Si el empleo de la planificación indicativa es un rasgo común y relevante en casi todos estos países, durante ese periodo, esa institución por sí sola podría servir para establecer la existencia de una variedad diferenciada y significativa del sistema económico capitalista o de economía de mercado: las economías de mercado con planificación indicativa. Además se presentarán los motivos que explican el surgimiento y desaparición de esta institución en esos países y los resultados obtenidos.