Factors behind the wage in the Basque Country

[EN]This project aims to determine the factors which influence workers’ wages in the Basque Country, taking data from the INE (Spanish Statistical Office). In first place, I will decide which variables to choose and describe them. Then they will be used to build a wage model. At this point I will observe their behaviour according to their values and the possible differences between them. Once these variables are described, they will be used to develop an econometric model that will allow to see the different effects of the variables on the endogenous variable, in this case the gross annual wage. Finally, all the analysed data will be taken and examined to draw the final conclusions and see how workers’ age, training or gender affect their salary. [EN]

The labour market in the Basque Country: University Employment Centers

This project is a study of the Labour Market in the Basque Country. First of all, we have analysed the position of the Basque Country in the European Union employment situation by gender and age. Secondly, we have studied the educational level of the Basque Country from the European Union perspective. Thirdly, we have showed the importance of labour orientation in educational level, especially in higher education. Finally, the design of new employment policies to promote the creation of jobs and stability of the labour market depends on: new industries and university employment policies.

Wage factors in the Basque Economy

[EN] This project aims to determine the factors which influence workers’ wages in the Basque Country, taking data from the INE (Spanish Statistical Office). In first place, I will decide which variables to choose and describe them. Then they will be used to build a wage model. At this point I will observe their behaviour according to their values and the possible differences between them. Once these variables are described, they will be used to develop an econometric model that will allow to see the different effects of the variables on the endogenous variable, in this case the gross annual wage. Finally, all the analysed data will be taken and examined to draw the final conclusions and see how workers’ age, training or gender affect their salary. [EN]

Integrated assessment of environmental pollution using diverse sentinel organisms within Basque marine environments

294 p.

Sasiola vs. Lazarraga : Acerca del euskera del texto de Estibaliz Sasiola

[ES] En este artículo hago un estudio lingüístico del habla que presenta el texto que llamaré « de Estibaliz Sasiola », escrito probablemente a fines del siglo XVI. Estibaliz de Sasiola parece ser la autora o recopiladora de un texto breve, escrito en verso, que se encuentra hacia el final del manuscrito de Joan Perez de Lazarraga. En el estudio del texto que nos ocupa comparo el euskera que pudiéramos atribuir a Sasiola con el de la parte más importante del manuscrito, que identificaríamos con el habla de Lazarraga. De la comparación de un buen número de características en los dos textos, llego a la conclusión de que el euskera del texto de Sasiola es significativamente distinto del habla de la mayor parte del manuscrito de Lazarraga. En el epílogo a este artículo hago una breve reflexión sobre el posible origen del euskera del texto de Sasiola. Una primera respuesta defendería que ese texto pudiera provenir de otra zona de Álava distinta a la de Lazarraga ; seguramente de más al este. Sin embargo, creo que hay varios tipos de evidencia para primar la hipótesis de que tanto Estibaliz Sasiola como el texto que nos ocupa fueran originarios de la Gipuzkoa noroccidental, seguramente de la zona de Deba.

Hutsune bizkarroiak eta sasi-A’-kateak

Gehienetan arrunt bereizirik aztertzen diren bi espresio isil, argumentu isilak eta nz-mugimenduaren aztarnak (hots, kopia isilduak), modu bateratuan aztertzearen alde egiten dut lan honetan. Horretarako, bi kategoria hauen ezaugarriak batzen dituen fenomenoa aztertzen dut : hutsune bizkarroiak.Hutsune bizkarroien ezaugarri sintaktikoetatik hasirik, eta euskararen ikuspegitik begiraturik, kategoria isil hau berez izenordaina den baina nz-kopia moduan ezabatzen den osagai sintaktikoa dela proposatzen dut. Hau da, eratorpena argumentu soil izaerarekin hasten du, baina FFn kopia ezabaketarako baldintzak betetzen dituenez, hala bailitzan ezabatzen da. Horrek esplikatzen du zergatik batzen dituen izenordainen eta aldagaien ezaugarriak.Analisi honetan, izenordainak argumentu gisa ala nz-kopia gisa isil daitezen, ’berdintasun’ baldintza bakarraren mende dira. Horrek argumentu isiltze eta nz-mugimendu fenomenoaren elkargune bat existitzen dela erakusten duen heinean, funtsean fenomeno bakarraren bi aurpegi besterik ez direla iradokitzen dut. Bigarren atalak artikuluaren oinarrizko problematika azaltzen du : argumentu isilak eta nz-mugimendua Forma Fonetikoko (FF) isiltze batean oinarritzen baldin badira, orduan biak modu bateratuan aztertzea – funtsean, fenomeno bakarrera murriztea – desiragarria da kontzeptualki, eta izaera hibridoa duten hutsune bizkarroiek lagundu gaitzakete bide horretan. Hirugarren atalak hutsune bizkarroien fenomenoa aurkezten du xeheki : ezaugarri nagusiak eta literaturan proposatu izan diren azterbideak. Laugarren atalak, ondotik, euskararen ikuspegitik behatzen dio fenomeno sintaktiko honi : kategoria isil hau ikusezina dela erakutsiko dut, hizkuntza honetan argumentu isilek duten hedadura dela-eta. Bosgarren atalean, azkenik, lortu emaitzetatik abiaturik, hutsune bizkarroien analisi berri baten oinarriak garatzen ditut, A’-kateetan FFko ezabaketarako baldintza (disjuntibo) bat baino gehiago badela proposatuz. Horrek argumentu isilen eta nz-aztarnen analisi bateratuaren alde egiten duela erakusten dut. Seigarren atalak lanaren ondorioak laburbiltzen ditu.

Ebaluatoia: crowd evaluation of English-Basque machine translation

[EU]Lan honetan Ebaluatoia aurkezten da, eskala handiko ingelesa-euskara itzulpen automatikoko ebaluazio kanpaina, komunitate-elkarlanean oinarritua. Bost sistemaren itzulpen kalitatea konparatzea izan da kanpainaren helburua, zehazki, bi sistema estatistiko, erregeletan oinarritutako bat eta sistema hibrido bat (IXA taldean garatuak) eta Google Translate. Emaitzetan oinarrituta, sistemen sailkapen bat egin dugu, baita etorkizuneko ikerkuntza bideratuko duten zenbait analisi kualitatibo ere, hain zuzen, ebaluazio-bildumako azpi-multzoen analisia, iturburuko esaldien analisi estrukturala eta itzulpenen errore-analisia. Lanak analisi hauen hastapenak aurkezten ditu, etorkizunean zein motatako analisietan sakondu erakutsiko digutenak.

Basque legacy in the New World: on the surnames of Latin American presidents

[EN] In this article we explain the etymology of the surnames of Basque origin that some presidents of Latin American countries have or have had in the past. These family names were created in the language called Euskara, in the Basque Country (Europe), and then, when some of the people who bore them emigrated to America, they brought their surnames with them. Most of the family names studied here are either oiconymic or toponymic, but it must be kept in mind that the oiconymic ones are, very often, based on house-nicknames, that is, they are anthroponymic in the first place. As far as possible, we have related the surname, when its origin is oiconymic or toponymic, to its source, i.e. to the house or place where it was created.

The acquisition of gender agreement in L3 English by Basque/Spanish bilinguals

211 p.

Two new species of Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 from the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)

Two new species of the genus Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 are described from caves in the Sierra de Aitzgorri (Gipuzkoa) and the Sierra Salvada (Burgos) in Northern Spain. The taxa Z. vasconicum sp. n. and Z. zaldivarae sp. n. have recently, without a formal name, been included in a molecular study of worldwide members of the Carychiidae. In the present paper, the shell morphology and variation of these species is described and illustrated.

Project work in a Basque L2 classroom: students’ perceptions

[EN] Project Work has been acknowledged as an efficient medium for language learning for more than two decades (Stoller, 2006) according to the numerous successful applications of project-based programmes that have been reported. In spite of the lack of sufficient controlled studies to assess the benefits of project work, and the existence of some studies giving evidence of students discontent with project work, the reports given by second language (SL) and foreign language students (FL) who have experienced project based instruction give support to the success attributed to project-based learning, as they recognised having improved language skills, learnt content, developed real life skills, as well as gained in self-confidence and motivation (Sierra, 2008 and 2011; Stoller, 2006). The aim of the present study is to explore some key issues involved in implementing a project-based programme focusing on the students’ perceptions of learning gains, their views on the collaborative assessment scheme used in the programme, and the students’ overall evaluations of the implementation of project work in a post-compulsory secondary education context in Navarre, Spain, with students learning Basque as a second language. A group of 12 students enrolled in a project work based programme participated in the study. Results showed that the students’ perceptions were very positive concerning doing projects, learning gains and group work, although more grammar instruction and teacher-fronted activities were requested by the students. However, the collaborative assessment process and the use of a Notebook/Diary as a reflection tool bore mixed evaluations.

Environmental and economic impacts of sea-level rise on the Basque Coast

257 p.

Citizenship, immigration and the Basque State

Immigration is directly related to citizenship, the nation and the state, revealing as it does the constructed nature of those categories. Here the impact of immigration on Euskal Herria is examined from this perspective, looking first at the processes of migration to it which have produced the make-up of present-day Basque society to a large extent. This is followed by a consideration of the way migratory movements have been viewed by the movement for the development of Euskal Herria into a state, the Basque nationalist movement, since these attitudes have played a fundamental role in defining Basque citizenship. After some observations about multiculturalism, the chapter concludes with a look at how the creation of a Basque state might contribute to this and the issues that will be raised.

Traditional part-time grazing: a more sustainable sheep milk and cheese production in the Basque Country

[EN] The concept of sustainability when referring to food production rests, in general, on 3 main aspects: 1) respect for the environment; 2) economic and social benefits for all involved in production; and 3) production of sufficient quantity of quality food at an accessible price. In this contribution we focus on the main aspects of the traditional sheep's milk and cheese production (under the Denomination of Origin Idiazabal Cheese) in the Basque Country that contribute primarily to its sustainability. It is based on the local latxa or carranzana breeds of sheep, adapted to the mountainous terrain. The sheepherder takes advantage of local resources to reduce management costs by combining indoor dry forage and concentrates with outdoor grazing throughout lactation, according to local pasture availability, and thus avoiding having to buy large amounts of feed. This system facilitates recycling of manure, fertilising pastures and forest at the same time. Use of local breeds helps maintain biodiversity of sheep breeds. Cheese is produced industrially (44.5% of the total cheese produced in 2008) from milk of many flocks, or artisanally (38.3%) by the sheepherders with the milk from their own flocks. Transforming their own milk into cheese is advantageous for the following reasons: 1) higher economic returns as compared to selling the milk to cheese factories because cheese price directly sold to consumers is more competitive than industrial cheese sold in supermarkets; 2) increases the value of women's work (over 80% of the cheese makers are women) in the community and their self-esteem; 3) it creates rural jobs and contributes to rural development; 4) we have demonstrated both with experimental and commercial flocks that part-time grazing allows the sheepherder to obtain high yields of milk, and cheese, of high nutritional and functional quality. Currently a less sustainable, intensive sheep's milk production with foreign, imported breeds kept indoors constantly is gaining favour among milk producers because of its perceived higher economic profitability.