229 resultados para Alonso de Espina


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Background: In the present study we have assessed whether the Carpathian Mountains represent a genetic barrier in East Europe. Therefore, we have analyzed the mtDNA of 128 native individuals of Romania: 62 of them from the North of Romania, and 66 from South Romania. Results: We have analyzed their mtDNA variability in the context of other European and Near Eastern populations through multivariate analyses. The results show that regarding the mtDNA haplogroup and haplotype distributions the Romanian groups living outside the Carpathian range (South Romania) displayed some degree of genetic differentiation compared to those living within the Carpahian range (North Romania). Conclusion: The main differentiation between the mtDNA variability of the groups from North and South Romania can be attributed to the demographic movements from East to West (prehistoric or historic) that differently affected in these regions, suggesting that the Carpathian mountain range represents a weak genetic barrier in South-East Europe.

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[EN]Happiness economics deals with self-reported subjective well-being, or life satisfaction, and its relationship to a wide variety of other variables. On the study of these other factors, this line of research has helped demonstrate that higher levels of environmental quality increase people’s subjective well-being. This paper focuses on analyzing the relationship between subjective well-being and air quality. On the one hand, the life satisfaction approach to environmental valuation is cautiously described, and on the other hand, the method is implemented in an empirical analysis that seeks to assess how an increase in the level of air pollution at a regional level affects individual-level subjective well-being in Europe. We use a dataset that merges the third wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) with a dataset that includes regional air pollution (including CO, PM10, NO2, SO2 and Benzene) and other regional variables. We find a robust negative impact for CO, a positive impact for SO2, and no conclusive evidence of any effect on subjective well-being for the remaining three pollutants.

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El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en analizar la influencia de los factores explicativos en el número de víctimas mortales, en las carreteras españolas, durante el periodo 2000-2013. Para ello, se tiene en cuenta, además, la entrada en vigor del permiso de conducir por puntos y la posible influencia de la crisis económica. Se estiman varios modelos de regresión para observar el impacto de estos factores, además de otro como el impuesto especial sobre alcohol y bebidas derivadas. Se llega a la conclusión de que todas las variables estudiadas son estadísticamente relevantes para reducir el número de fallecidos en nuestras carreteras, en el periodo analizado. Español

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[ES] En este trabajo se analiza la relevancia de las características individuales y del hogar en la toma de decisiones sobre la compra y la descarga ilegal de archivos musicales de Internet. Para este estudio, se utilizan los datos de la Encuesta de Hábitos y Prácticas Culturales (de 2010-2011), llevada a cabo por el Ministerio de Cultura en España. Esta cuestión se convierte en un tema interesante a tratar, ya que la revolución digital ha conseguido aumentar los medios disponibles para escuchar música, creando así un amplio abanico de oportunidades para los consumidores, tanto legales como ilegales. Comenzamos con un repaso a las consecuencias de la digitalización en el mercado de la música grabada, poniendo especial interés en los aspectos que se refieren a la demanda y motivamos el interés por estudiarla. Estimamos dos modelos de elección binaria en los que se analiza cuál es el efecto que tiene cada una de las variables sobre la compra y la descarga de música.

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En este trabajo se intenta explicar la tasa de desempleo femenina y masculina de Euskadi del periodo que va desde el primer trimestre del 2000 hasta el último del 2014 a través de un modelo econométrico para cada una de ellas. Ambas series se caracterizan por una disminución continuada del desempleo entre el 2000 y 2008 y un aumento prolongado del mismo desde el 2009 hasta el 2014. Observando los resultados se tiene que ambas tasas dependen de ciertas variables comunes (actividad, demanda interna, salario mínimo y costes laborales), las cuales tienen un efecto bastante similar en ambos casos. Sin embargo, existen otras variables que afectan solamente a una de las tasa, como es el tipo de cambio en el casa masculino o el tipo de interés en el femenino.

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Trabajo Final de Grado: Fiscalidad Indirecta y Comercio Exterior. Idioma: Español

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EDPren Giza Baliabideen plan estrategiko honek, giza baliabide sailak aurrera eraman ditzakeen proposamen ezberdinak aurkezten ditu, enpresaren estrategia eta helburu orokorrak aintzat hartuta. Horretarako, 2012 eta 2013. urteetako txosten orokorrak abiapuntu bezala hartzen dira. Enpresaren kanpo eta barne analisiak giza baliabideen ikuspuntutik egin ostean, etorkizunari begira hainbat aldaketa proposatzen dira, giza baliabideek eskaintzen dituzten abantailei esker, enpresak merkatuan ezberdintzea eta arrakasta lor dezan.

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[EU] Lan honetan epe luzean gobernuak hornitutako zerbitzu publiko produktiboek hazkunde ekonomikoan izan dezaketen eragina aztertzen da. Horretarako metatu daitezkeen faktoreetan eskala etekin konstanteak erakusten dituen produkzio funtzio bat erabili da, hazkundea endogenoa izatea eragingo duena. Zerbitzu publikoak produktiboak izanik, kanpo eragin positiboak sortaraziko dituzte ekoizpenean, eta beraz, hazkunde ekonomikoan. Zerbitzu hauek finantzatzeko, distortsio eraginak sortarazten dituzten produkzioaren gaineko zerga proportzionalak eta zerga tinkoak erabiltzearen eraginak aztertuko dira.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objeto acercar en primera instancia el Informe PISA 2012 al lector, de modo que se pueda hacer una idea clara del mismo. A su vez se presentan los resultados globales y en función del sexo para los 65 países participantes en PISA. A continuación se estudian diferentes indicadores de desarrollo y se analiza su relación con el rendimiento académico observado en PISA 2012. Las operaciones econométricas pertinentes se realizan a través del programa Gretel.

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Single nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) are a source of diversity among human population, which may be responsible for the different individual susceptibility to diseases and/or response to drugs, among other phenotypic traits. Several low penetrance susceptibility genes associated with malignant melanoma (MM) have been described, including genes related to pigmentation, DNA damage repair and oxidative stress pathways. In the present work, we conducted a candidate gene association study based on proteins and genes whose expression we had detected altered in melanoma cell lines as compared to normal melanocytes. The result was the selection of 88 loci and 384 SNPs, of which 314 fulfilled our quality criteria for a case-control association study. The SNP rs6854854 in ANXA5 was statistically significant after conservative Bonferroni correction when 464 melanoma patients and 400 controls were analyzed in a discovery Phase I. However, this finding could not be replicated in the validation phase, perhaps because the minor allele frequency of SNP rs6854854 varies depending on the geographical region considered. Additionally, a second SNP (rs6431588) located on ILKAP was found to be associated with melanoma after considering a combined set of 1,883 MM cases and 1,358 disease-free controls. The OR was 1.29 (95% CI 1.12-1.48; p-value= 4x10(-4)). Both SNPs, rs6854854 in ANXA5 and rs6431588 in ILKAP, show population structure, which, assuming that the Spanish population is not significantly structured, suggests a role of these loci on a specific genetic adaptation to different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the biological relevance of these genes in MM is supported by in vitro experiments, which show a decrease in the transcription levels of ANXA5 and ILKAP in melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes.

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In the middle of the so-called pension crisis, the ageing of population and the sharp decrease in affiliations to Social Security are threatening the well-functioning of the Spanish public pension system. The purpose of this paper is to present the main challenges to be faced by the Spanish pension system, as well as to shed light on the main determinants that will condition the evolution of pension expenditure over GDP along the following decades. This quantitative analysis, which considers the 2011 and 2013 pension reforms, uses the latest data on the Spanish demographic, labor market and institutional factors in order to project the evolution of the system from the expenditure side up to 2060. For the purpose of analyzing the dynamics and the underlying drivers of pension expenditure, the so-called aggregate accounting approach will be utilized. The alternative scenarios proposed allow for exploring the robustness of the results within the baseline scenario, which constitutes the reference point of projections in the exercise. The analysis concludes that, by the end of the projected period, Spain will count on a similar public pension expenditure ratio as the current one.

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Espainiako autonomia erkidegoen finantza egoeraren analisia 2008-2013 denboraldian. Hizkuntza: Euskera