Absorption and mobility of foliar-applied boron in soybean as affected by plant boron status and application as a polyol complex

In the present study (i) the impact of plant Boron (B) status on foliar B absorption and (ii) the effect of B complexation with polyols (sorbitol or mannitol) on B absorption and translocation was investigated. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Meer.) plants grown in nutrient solution containing 0 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM or 100 μM 11B labelled boric acid (BA) were treated with 50 mM 10B labelled BA applied to the basal parts of two leaflets of one leaf, either pure or in combination with 500 mM sorbitol or mannitol. After one week, 10B concentrations in different plant parts were determined. In B deficient leaves (0 μM 11B), 10B absorption was significantly lower than in all other treatments (9.7% of the applied dose vs. 26%–32%). The application of BA in combination with polyols increased absorption by 18–25% as compared to pure BA. The absolute amount of applied 10B moving out of the application zone was lowest in plants with 0 μM 11B supply (1.1% of the applied dose) and highest in those grown in 100 μM 11B (2.8%). The presence of sorbitol significantly decreased the share of mobile 10B in relation to the amount absorbed. The results suggest that 11B deficiency reduces the permeability of the leaf surface for BA. The addition of polyols may increase 10B absorption, but did not improve 10B distribution within the plant, which was even hindered when applied a sorbitol complex.

Differences among origins on nutritional and quality parameters of soybean meal

Soybean meal (SBM) is the main protein source in livestock feeds. United States (USA), Brazil (BRA), and Argentine (ARG) are the major SBM exporter countries. The nutritive value of SBM varies because genetics, environment, farming conditions, and processing of the beans influence strongly the content and availability of major nutrients. The present research was conducted to determine the influence of origin (USA, BRA and ARG) on nutritive value and protein quality of SBM.

Correlation between ileal digestibility of amino acids and chemical composition of soybean meals in broilers at 21 days of age

The correlations between chemical composition and coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) were determined in 22 soybean meal (SBM) samples originated from USA (n = 8), Brazil (BRA; n = 7) and Argentina (ARG; n = 7) in 21-day old broilers. Birds were fed a commercial maize-SBM diet from 1 to 17 days of age followed by the experimental diets in which the SBM tested was the only source of protein (205 g CP/kg) for three days. Also, in vitro nitrogen (N) digestion study was conducted with these samples using the two-step enzymatic method. The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of the SBM, independent of the origin, varied from 0.820 to 0.880 for CP, 0.850 to 0.905 for lysine (Lys), 0.859 to 0.907 for methionine (Met) and 0.664 to 0.750 for cysteine (Cys). The corresponding CSID values varied from 0.850 to 0.966 for CP, 0.891 to 0.940 for Lys, 0.931 to 0.970 for Met and 0.786 to 0.855 for Cys. The CSID of CP and Lys of the SBM were positively correlated with CP (r = 0.514; P menor que 0.05 and r = 0.370; P = 0.09, respectively), KOH solubility (KOH sol.) (r = 0.696; P menor que 0.001 and r = 0.619; P menor que 0.01, respectively), trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) (r = 0.541; P menor que 0.01 and r = 0.416; P = 0.05, respectively) and reactive Lys (r = 0.563; P menor que 0.01 and r = 0.486; P menor que 0.05) values, but no relation was observed with neutral detergent fiber and oligosaccharide content. No relation between the CSID of CP determined in vivo and N digestibility determined in vitro was found. The CSID of most key AA were higher for the USA and the BRA meals than for the ARG meals. For Lys, the CSID was 0.921, 0.919 and 0.908 (P menor que 0.05) and for Cys 0.828, 0.833 and 0.800 (P menor que 0.01) for USA, BRA and ARG meals, respectively. It is concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the CSID of CP and Lys increased with CP content, KOH sol., TIA and reactive Lys values of the SBM. The CSID of most limiting AA, including Lys and Cys, were higher for USA and BRA meals than for ARG meals.

Bóvedas de crucería con enjarjes de nervios convergentes que emergen del muro en el área valenciana, ss. XIV - XV

El enjarje es la zona del arranque de la bóveda en la que nervios y molduras se tallan unidos, y esto es posible gracias a una eficaz estrategia constructiva, capaz de dar lugar a una gran variedad de resultados, incluyendo diversos tipos de cruce de molduras(Rabasa 2000, Rabasa 2007, Rabasa 2011). Un caso especial es el enjarje de nervios que emergen del muro sin pilastra ni ménsula y que convergen en un punto. El primer ejemplo se localiza en 1335 en el refectorio de la abadía de Bebenhausen(Michler 1998, 67), cerca de Stuttgart. En esta zona fronteriza entre Francia y Alemania se estaba experimentando con nervios que emergen del muro de manera directa desde principios del XIV, generalmente evitando intersecciones demasiado complejas; Bebenhausenes un ejemplo sobresaliente en este entorno de innovación constructiva. Otro hito en este desarrollo lo protagoniza, a mediados del siglo XIV, la Sala de Teología de El Palacio de los Papas de Aviñón, con unos enjarjes de molduras cruzadas, no convergentes, de cuidado diseño y ejecución, que ofrecen un aspecto un tanto masivo debido a la sencillez de los perfiles de los nervios (Domenge2009).1 A partir de este momento, el foco de esta innovación se moverá hacia el sur de Francia, con ejemplos tan destacables como el claustro de la catedral de Narbona, donde encontramos tres enjarjes diferentes y consecutivos, uno de ellos también de nervios que convergen en un punto.2 El mecenazgo de los duques de Borgoña será fundamental en este período aunque, lamentablemente, en Dijon no quedan edificios que den testimonio de ese florecimiento constructivo. A principios del siglo XV Guillem Sagrera hará de los enjarjes de molduras cruzadas su sello personal, centrando en las intersecciones complejas la muestra de su gran capacidad como proyectista y cantero. Su obra se desarrolla en el Rosellón, Mallorca y Nápoles. En la sala capitular de la catedral de Perpiñán, y dentro de la gran variedad de soluciones para enjarjes que el maestro desarrolla en ella, encontramos un enjarje de las características del de Bebenhausen o Narbona (Senent 2012). Contemporáneamente a Sagrera,y en Valencia y sus alrededores, se construyen tres ejemplos diferentes con enjarjes de nervios que emergen de un punto. Con tan pocos precedentes, es sorprendente localizar en un área tan pequeña estos ejemplos similares. La gran calidad de su ejecución, la dificultad de clara atribución de dichas obras a uno o varios autores, y el hecho de tratarse de fábricas de gran importancia y envergadura, suscitan gran interés. Se encuentran en este episodio el gran claustro de la cartuja de Valdecristo (Altura), el refectorio del monasterio de Santa María de la Valldigna (Tavernes de la Valldigna) y el claustro del monasterio de la Trinidad en Valencia. Diseñar un enjarje de estas características no es algo mecánico ni su resultado es fortuito, sino fruto de una voluntad clara. Los canteros habían comprendido las reglas geométricas, compositivas y constructivas del gótico y, gracias a su formación y maestría, eran capaces de proponer nuevas soluciones, empleando plantillas y líneas directrices(Rabasa y Pérez de los Ríos 2013).Mediante el análisis geométrico y constructivo de cada uno de estos casos valencianos pretendemos arrojar luz sobre el modo de concepción de los mismos y contrastar si en los tres casos se siguen las mismas reglas; comprobaremos que, a pesar de las similitudes, nos encontramos con tres soluciones diferentes en la ejecución práctica y el detalle.

Influence of origin of the beans on protein quality and nutritive value of commercial soybean meals.

Chemical composition and correlations between chemical analyses and protein quality of 454 batches of SBM of 3 different origins (USA, n=168; Brazil (BRA), n=139, and Argentine (ARG), n=147) were studied. Samples were collected during a 6-yr period. SBM from USA had more CP, sucrose and stachyose and less NDF (P<0.001) than SBM from ARG and BRA. CP content was negatively related (P<0.001) with sucrose for USA meals and with NDF for ARG and BRA meals. Also, P content was positively related (P<0.01) with CP content of the meals. PDI and KOH solubility were higher (P<0.001) for USA than for ARG or BRA SBM, values that were positively related (P<0.001) with trypsin inhibitor activity of the meals. In addition, USA meals had more lys, met+cys, thr, and trp than BRA and ARG meals (P < 0.001). Per unit of CP, lys content was negatively related (P<0.001) with CP content for USA, positively for BRA, and no relations was found for ARG meals. It is concluded that nutritive values and protein quality of the meals varied widely among soybean origins. Consequently, the origin of the beans should be considered in the evaluation of the nutritive value of commercial SBM for non-ruminant animals.

Influence of duration of storage on protein quality traits of soybean meals

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of duration of storage of soybean meal (SBM) on variables that define the quality of the protein fraction. Urease activity, protein dispersibility index (PDI), KOH protein solubility (KOHsol), and trypsin inhibitor activity were determined. In experiment 1, 8 samples of SBM, ranging in CP content from 55.4 to 56.5% DM, were collected from a US crushing plant at weekly intervals and analyzed at arrival to the laboratory and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 d of storage. In experiment 2, 7 samples of SBM, ranging in CP content from 49.0 to 55.0% DM, were collected from different Argentinean crushers and analyzed at arrival and after 24, 48, 80, and 136 wk of storage. In both experiments, samples were stored in hermetic glass containers in a laboratory room at 12 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 70 ± 3%. Duration of storage did not affect urease activity or trypsin inhibitor activity values in either of the 2 experiments. However, PDI values decreased linearly with time of storage in both experiments (P menor que 0.001). Also, KOHsol decreased linearly (P menor que 0.05) with duration of storage in experiment 2 (long-term storage) but not in experiment 1(shorter term storage). Therefore, PDI values might not be adequate to compare protein quality of commercial SBM samples that have been stored for different periods of time. The KOHsol values are less affected by length of storage of the meals under current commercial practices.

Influence of origin of the beans on protein quality and nutritive value of commercial soybean meals

Estudio sobre la influencia del origen de los granos en la calidad de proteínas y el valor nutritivo de las harinas de soja comerciales

Nutritive value and protein quality of soybean meals according to origin and crop year

Resultados de la investigación sobre el valor nutritivo y calidad de la proteína de la alimentación basada en soja en función del origen y del año de la recolección.

Variation among origins in nutrient composition and protein quality of soybean meals

Investigación sobre las variaciones en la composición y en la calidad de las proteinas de la alimentación animal basada en la soja en función de los orígenes