Efecto de la temperatura de termotratamiento en el comportamiento eléctrico de la madera de pino radiata

Se analiza el efecto de la temperatura del termotratamiento sobre la conductividad eléctrica de la madera de pino radiata. Sobre probetas de madera de pino radiata de procedencia País Vasco (España), termotratada a 190ºC y 210ºC por el método Thermowood así como sobre piezas testigo de la misma especie, procedencia y dimensiones, acondicionadas todas ellas hasta masa constante a 20ºC/40%HR, 20ºC/65%HR y 20ºC/90%HR se evaluó la resistencia eléctrica (longitudinal y transversal) y, posteriormente, se ajustó el modelo Samuelson para modelizar en cada tipo de material la relación humedad de la madera-resistencia eléctrica. Se concluye que la temperatura empleada en el tratamiento térmico de la madera afecta no sólo a la humedad de equilibrio sino, también, a su conductividad eléctrica, siendo máximo este efecto en el tratamiento efectuado a 210ºC.

Influencia del comportamiento humano en la efectividad de intercambio del conocimiento en la empresa

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y analizar la influencia que el comportamiento y las relaciones humanas ejercen en el intercambio del conocimiento en la empresa para dos tipos de trabajadores: los recién incorporados o ‘novatos’ y los experimentados o ‘veteranos’. Se abordan los efectos de tres variables concretas: la hostilidad del conocimiento, entendida como la negativa del trabajador a compartir su conocimiento; la prescindibilidad del trabajador o percepción de pérdida de relevancia por transmitir el conocimiento a otros; y el interés del conocimiento, que es la motivación por adquirir nuevos conocimientos. Para salvar la dificultad que supone contrastar tales relaciones en la realidad de la empresa, se ha utilizado la metodología de simulación con multiagentes en Netlogo, configurando el estudio sobre tres tipos de simulación con tres opciones para cada una y generando 2000 simulaciones con 250 ciclos de movimientos en cada simulación. Esta metodología ha permitido representar y obtener conclusiones valiosas, abriendo un amplio campo de posibilidades para la investigación de fenómenos relacionados con la Gestión del Conocimiento. El trabajo presenta dos novedades importantes: la identificación de las variables estudiadas y la metodología utilizada. De los resultados destácase que la hostilidad favorece el intercambio cuando aumentan los trabajadores veteranos y lo contrario para el caso de los novatos; el sentimiento de prescindibilidad dificulta compartir conocimientos entre veteranos y novatos; y el interés provoca siempre un aumento de los intercambios, independientemente del número y la categoría de los trabajadores.

Estudio teórico-empírico de las barreras al intercambio del conocimiento en la empresa

El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar las barreras u obstáculos que dificultan el intercambio del conocimiento entre los trabajadores desde las perspectivas teórica y práctica. Se trata de una investigación novedosa en España por el tamaño de la muestra utilizada, pues sólo se han encontrado tres referencias de esta naturaleza para empresas chinas y americanas. A ese fin se han revisado los estudios teóricos de naturaleza psicológica y motivacional que explican el comportamiento y la actitud del trabajador, y los estudios sobre el clima, compromiso y estilo de dirección que afectan a la compartición del conocimiento en la empresa. Esto justifica las bases teóricas en las que se sustenta el estudio, así como su propósito y los beneficios que aporta a la organización. Para la investigación empírica se ha elaborado una encuesta para una muestra de 557 trabajadores de 27 empresas de la provincia de Burgos, España. Los resultados obtenidos, referidos a las personas, revelan que las barreras más importantes al intercambio son la apropiación del conocimiento por los demás, la falta de incentivos explícitos, la ausencia de reciprocidad entre los compañeros y el contrato temporal o eventual. En cuanto a las negligencias o conductas de la dirección destacan la contratación por influencias o ‘enchufismo’, el acoso y humillación hacia el empleado, los climas laborales inadecuados, una estructura organizativa mal diseñada o inexistente, o los estilos de dirección autoritarios y personalistas.

Árboles de clasificación para jerarquizar los recursos intangibles asociados a la innovación en las instituciones de educación superior latinoamericanas

La relación entre recursos intangibles y sistemas de innova- ción es un tema de discusión actual, dada su importancia en la generación de conocimientos que contribuyen al desarrollo de las naciones. La finalidad de este estudio, que se puede caracterizar como una investigación de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva, fue jerarquizar los recursos intangibles presentes en las instituciones de educación superior (IES) basándose en la teoría de los recursos y capacidades, y en investigaciones sobre innovación con base en los recursos. Para el logro del objetivo propuesto, se partió de la revisión de los últimos avances de la temática estudiada, analizando y contrastando los distintos enfoques teóricos y aplicando minería de datos. La presentación de resultados se realiza según un razonamiento que implica el contraste de los hallazgos empíricos con los referentes teóricos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las variables presentan el siguiente orden de jerarquía: primero, la reputación institucional; segundo, la formación y desarrollo del recurso humano; y por último, la capacidad de innovación.

Mejoramiento de la productividad en una industria maderera usando incentivo remunerativo

Se estudió el efecto en la productividad de la elaboración de blanks a partir de la implementación de un modelo de incentivo salarial del tipo Improshare, dirigido al personal de una empresa chilena de remanufacturado de maderera que produce molduras y marcos de puerta (ayudante, operador medio y operador máster), para lo cual se compararon dos periodos de tiempo, antes (19 meses) y después (21 meses) de la implementación de la política de incentivo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la productividad lograda entre periodos que superó el 10%. Se midió el beneficio promedio de la remuneración de los trabajadores, que llegó a más del 10% y el ahorro de la empresa llegó al 4,6% de la unidad monetaria definida, sin que se haya visto afectada la tasa de accidentabilidad. Lo anterior refuerza lo señalado por diferentes autores que concuerdan que este tipo de herramientas contribuye a mejorar la productividad del proceso e incrementar el salario del trabajador. Su implementación como política salarial en la industria maderera, aporta significativamente a los desafíos de una organización por mantenerse competitiva, así como mejorar la remuneración del trabajador en base a una relación de beneficio mutuo con la empresa.

New developments in lycopene analysis by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, accompanied by mathematical modelling

Comunicación Oral sobre los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de las propiedades del lycopeno presente en el tomate como compuesto bioactivo. Se realizó la identificación y cuantificación por diferentes metodologías experimentales. Se muestran los resultados analíticos comapartivamente con distintas técnicas.

Influence of sequential and mixed fermentations with non-Saccharomyces yeasts on the sensory profile of red wine

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of S. pombe and T. delbrueckii species on the sensory quality of red wine when used in sequential and mixed fermentations with S. cerevisiae.

Dietary xylanase increases hepatic vitamin E concentration of chickens fed wheat based diet

The study examined the effect of xylanase supplementation on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and hepatic vitamin E and carotenoids in broiler chickens fed wheat based diets. A total of one hundred forty four male Ross 308 chickens were used in this study. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (8 cages per treatment of 6 male broilers each) for 14 days from 7 to 21 day old. The control treatment was based on wheat-soyabean meal and was either unsupplemented or supplemented with either 1000 or 2000 xylanase units per kg diet. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test linear response to dietary xylanase activity. There was a positive linear relationship (P < 0.05) between dietary AME and doses of supplementary xylanase. A linear relationship (P < 0.05) was also observed between dosage of xylanase supplementation and hepatic vitamin E concentration and retention. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved dietary AME and increased hepatic vitamin E concentration which may have positive effects on the antioxidative status of the birds.

Partioning of dietary energy of chickens fed maize or wheat-based diets with and without a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a standardized mixture of a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives containing 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum on utilization of dietary energy and performance in broiler chickens. Four experimental diets were offered to the birds from 7 to 21 d of age. These included 2 basal control diets based on either wheat or maize that contained 215 g CP/kg and 12.13 MJ/kg ME and another 2 diets using the basal control diets supplemented with the plant extracts combination at 100 mg/kg diet. Each diet was fed to 16 individually penned birds following randomization. Dietary plant extracts improved feed intake and weight gain (P < 0.05) and slightly (P < 0.1) improved feed efficiency of birds fed the maize-based diet. Supplementary plant extracts did not change dietary ME (P > 0.05) but improved (P < 0.05) dietary NE by reducing the heat increment (P < 0.05) per kilogram feed intake. Feeding phytogenics improved (P < 0.05) total carcass energy retention and the efficiency of dietary ME for carcass energy retention. The number of interactions between type of diet and supplementary phytogenic feed additive suggest that the chemical composition and the energy to protein ratio of the diet may influence the efficiency of phytogenics when fed to chickens. The experiment showed that although supplementary phytogenic additives did not affect dietary ME, they caused a significant improvement in the utilization of dietary energy for carcass energy retention but this did not always relate to growth performance.

Towards energy sustainability in ecolodges for latin America: a case in the bolivian Amazon

This project, funded by the Programa Iberoaméricano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED), analyses the energy service requirements in sustainable tourism and will spread knowledge about renewable energies among the ecotourism stakeholders of Latin America. The target groups are local communities in protected areas, because they are the less up to date groups and, frequently, they are living in the most fragile ecosystems, but also the most fertile in biodiversity; their living standard is very low and the ecotourism can be a successful economic resource. The regions considered are ecosystems in Latin America, which have some protection degree, and are managed by local communities. The selected countries to implement renewable energy infrastructures in ecolodges are: Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Also low cost telecommunications infrastructures will be installed to improve the diffusion among potential clients of the ecolodges, in order to permit direct reservation of the services.

Advanced Characterisation of a Coffee Fermenting Tank by Multi-distributed Wireless Sensors: Spatial Interpolation and Phase Space Graphs

The fermentation stage is considered to be one of the critical steps in coffee processing due to its impact on the final quality of the product. The objective of this work is to characterise the temperature gradients in a fermentation tank by multi-distributed, low-cost and autonomous wireless sensors (23 semi-passive TurboTag® radio-frequency identifier (RFID) temperature loggers). Spatial interpolation in polar coordinates and an innovative methodology based on phase space diagrams are used. A real coffee fermentation process was supervised in the Cauca region (Colombia) with sensors submerged directly in the fermenting mass, leading to a 4.6 °C temperature range within the fermentation process. Spatial interpolation shows a maximum instant radial temperature gradient of 0.1 °C/cm from the centre to the perimeter of the tank and a vertical temperature gradient of 0.25 °C/cm for sensors with equal polar coordinates. The combination of spatial interpolation and phase space graphs consistently enables the identification of five local behaviours during fermentation (hot and cold spots).

Non-Destructive Global and Localized 2D T1/T2 NMR Relaxometry to Resolve Microstructure in Apples Affected by Watercore

Apples can be considered as having a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels: macroscale (>100 μm) and microscale (<100 μm). This work implements 2D T1/T2 global and localized relaxometry sequences on whole apples to be able to perform an intensive non-destructive and non-invasive microstructure study. The 2D T1/T2 cross-correlation spectroscopy allows the extraction of quantitative information about the water compartmentation in different subcellular organelles. A clear difference is found as sound apples show neat peaks for water in different subcellular compartments, such as vacuolar, cytoplasmatic and extracellular water, while in watercore-affected tissues such compartments appear merged. Localized relaxometry allows for the predefinition of slices in order to understand the microstructure of a particular region of the fruit, providing information that cannot be derived from global 2D T1/T2 relaxometry.

Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in yeast colonies growing on solid medium: the eccentricity and Fourier indices

The colony shape of four yeast species growing on agar medium wasmeasured for 116 days by image analysis. Initially, all the colonies are circular, with regular edges. The loss of circularity can be quantitatively estimated by the eccentricity index, Ei, calculated as the ratio between their orthogonal vertical and horizontal diameters. Ei can increase from 1 (complete circularity) to a maximum of 1.17–1.30, depending on the species. One colony inhibits its neighbour only when it has reached a threshold area. Then, Ei of the inhibited colony increases proportionally to the area of the inhibitory colony. The initial distance between colonies affects those threshold values but not the proportionality, Ei/area; this inhibition affects the shape but not the total surface of the colony. The appearance of irregularities in the edges is associated, in all the species, not with age but with nutrient exhaustion. The edge irregularity can be quantified by the Fourier index, Fi, calculated by the minimum number of Fourier coefficients that are needed to describe the colony contour with 99% fitness. An ad hoc function has been developed in Matlab v. 7.0 to automate the computation of the Fourier coefficients. In young colonies, Fi has a value between 2 (circumference) and 3 (ellipse). These values are maintained in mature colonies of Debaryomyces, but can reach values up to 14 in Saccharomyces.All the species studied showed the inhibition of growth in facing colony edges, but only three species showed edge irregularities associated with substrate exhaustion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A simple mathematical model that describes the growth of the area and the number of total and viable cells in yeast colonies

We propose a model, based on the Gompertz equation, to describe the growth of yeasts colonies on agar medium. This model presents several advantages: (i) one equation describes the colony growth, which previously needed two separate ones (linear increase of radius and of the squared radius); (ii) a similar equation can be applied to total and viable cells, colony area or colony radius, because the number of total cells in mature colonies is proportional to their area; and (iii) its parameters estimate the cell yield, the cell concentration that triggers growth limitation and the effect of this limitation on the specific growth rate. To elaborate the model, area, total and viable cells of 600 colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces fabryi, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Rhodotorula glutinis have been measured. With low inocula, viable cells showed an initial short exponential phase when colonies were not visible. This phase was shortened with higher inocula. In visible or mature colonies, cell growth displayed Gompertz-type kinetics. It was concluded that the cells growth in colonies is similar to liquid cultures only during the first hours, the rest of the time they grow, with near-zero specific growth rates, at least for 3 weeks.

Hyperspectral to multispectral imaging for detection of tree nuts and peanut traces in wheat flour.

In current industrial environments there is an increasing need for practical and inexpensive quality control systems to detect the foreign food materials in powder food processing lines. This demand is especially important for the detection of product adulteration with traces of highly allergenic products, such as peanuts and tree nuts. Manufacturing industries dealing with the processing of multiple powder food products present a substantial risk for the contamination of powder foods with traces of tree nuts and other adulterants, which might result in unintentional ingestion of nuts by the sensitised population. Hence, the need for an in-line system to detect nut traces at the early stages of food manufacturing is of crucial importance. In this present work, a feasibility study of a spectral index for revealing adulteration of tree nut and peanut traces in wheat flour samples with hyperspectral images is reported. The main nuts responsible for allergenic reactions considered in this work were peanut, hazelnut and walnut. Enhanced contrast between nuts and wheat flour was obtained after the application of the index. Furthermore, the segmentation of these images by selecting different thresholds for different nut and flour mixtures allowed the identification of nut traces in the samples. Pixels identified as nuts were counted and with the actual percentage of peanut adulteration. As a result, the multispectral system was able to detect and provide good visualisation of tree nut and peanut trace levels down to 0.01% by weight. In this context, multispectral imaging could operate in conjuction with chemical procedures, such as Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to save time, money and skilled labour on product quality control. This approach could enable not only a few selected samples to be assessed but also to extensively incorporate quality control surveyance on product processing lines.