Networking among female ethnic minority entrepreneurs

The labor market in the multicultural society is a major arena where the interrelation of gender and ethnicity is expressed in processes of discrimination, sexism and racism. For women from ethnic minorities, one way to avoid these problems is to work in migrant enterprises. As this may ease tensions related to ethnicity, it does not solve gender-related problems like the subordination of women and the perception of female migrants as ‘just’ daughters, mothers and wives by male co-migrants. Female ethnic minority entrepreneurship may be the way to escape such processes. In the Netherlands, 25% of all ethnic minority entrepreneurs are female. However, little is known about their socio-economic background and the way they perceive their businesses. Moreover, there is a theoretical haphazardness concerning the phenomenon female ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Although recently researchers have opted for an integral theory called the ‘mixed-embeddedness’ approach as to explain ethnic minority entrepreneurship through a combination of personal, sociocultural and structural factors, the role of gender still seems to be underexposed in this theory. Likewise, the literature concerning entrepreneurial networking has hardly interfered with both gender and ethnicity. Therefore, this paper provides a state of affairs concerning the research and literature on ethnic minority entrepreneurship, gender and networks. It argues that a better understanding of female ethnic minority entrepreneurship requires further scientific attention and that a contribution needs to be made to theory development regarding the interrelation of ethnicity and gender in entrepreneurship and in entrepreneurial networks particularly.

Empresarialidade e empresário: Revisão da literatura

Nas últimas décadas o entrepreneurship tem vindo a merecer uma crescente atenção por parte de investigadores provenientes de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Pretende-se com este artigo apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema de forma a evidenciar as diversas abordagens que daí resultaram. Para tal, discutiu-se o conceito e objecto de estudo do entrepreneurship, propondo-se a utilização do termo “empresarialidade” para designar esta área de estudo. Prossegue-se com a sistematização das diversas abordagens ao tema, particularmente das que se centram sobre o estudo do empresário: a abordagem económica – a primeira a surgir na literatura e que procura explicar a função do empresário na economia; a abordagem pessoal – centrada sobre as questões quem é o empresário e porquê inicia uma empresa; a abordagem comportamental – que procura dar resposta a o que faz o empresário; e a abordagem sócio-cultural – que procura compreender a influência dos factores contextuais que afectam a empresarialidade.

Uso de literatura infantil para o desenvolvimento de capacidades emocionais

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional

Contraexemplos e raciocínio dedutivo

Tese de Doutoramento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário