Relação entre a prática deliberada e continuada da atividade física e o desempenho cognitivo, em idosos

A atividade física (AF) previne e atrasa o declínio cognitivo que se desenvolve com o envelhecimento (Middleton et al, 2010; Ratey & Loehr, 2011; WHO, 2012; Buckworth, 2013; Chang & Etnier, 2014). Este estudo tem como objectivo identificar a relação entre o número de horas de prática de AF, deliberada e continuada no tempo, e o desempenho cognitivo na população idosa. A amostra contém um n=43 (34♀, 9♂) com idades compreendidas entre os 60 e os 90 anos (69.7±7.77 anos), e com escolaridade de 7.4±3.8 anos. Os instrumentos usados foram o teste de Stroop que mediu o desempenho cognitivo (função executiva), o questionário YPAS que mediu a atividade física semanal e o guião de entrevista de prática deliberada que mediu o número de horas consecutivas de prática de atividade física (PDAF). Os resultados indicam que a variável PDAF correlaciona-se negativamente com o valor total do teste de Stroop (quanto mais baixo, melhor o desempenho), i.e. mais horas de prática deliberada e continuada de atividade física estão associados a um melhor desempenho cognitivo. Juntamente com o efeito bem demonstrado na prevenção de doença cardiovascular e metabólica, a prática deliberada e continuada de atividade física poderá ser importante para a melhoria da função cognitiva ao longo da vida.

Relationship between estimation and real motor performance in school-age children

The relationship between estimated and real motor competences was analyzed for several tasks. Participants were 303 children (160 boys and 143 girls), which had between 6 and 10 years of age (M=8.63, SD=1.16). None of the children presented developmental difficulties or learning disabilities, and all attended age-appropriate classes. Children were divided into three groups according to their age: group 1 (N= 102; age range: 6.48-8.01 years); group 2 (N= 101; age range: 8.02-9.22 years); and group 3 (N=100; age range: 9.24-10.93 years). Children were asked to predict their maximum distance for a locomotor, a manipulative, and a balance task, prior to performing those tasks. Children’s estimations were compared with their real performance to determine their accuracy. Children had, in general, a tendency to overestimate their performance (standing long jump: 56.11%, kicking: 63.37%, throwing: 73.60%, and Walking Backwards (WB) on a balance beam: 45.21%), and older children tended to be more accurate, except for the manipulative tasks. Furthermore, the relationship between estimation and real performance in children with different levels of motor coordination (Köperkoordinationstest für Kinder, KTK) was analyzed. The 75 children with the highest score comprised the Highest Motor Coordination (HMC) group, and the 78 children with the lowest score were placed in the Lowest Motor Coordination (LMC) group. There was a tendency for LMC and HMC children to overestimate their skills at all tasks, except for the HMC group at the WB task. Children with the HMC level tended to be more accurate when predicting their motor performance; however, differences in absolute percent error were only significant for the throwing and WB tasks. In conclusion, children display a tendency to overestimate their performance independently of their motor coordination level and task. This fact may be determinant to the development of their motor competences, since they are more likely to engage and persist in motor tasks, but it might also increase the occurrence of unintended injuries.