Nota de apresentação

Neste sétimo número da Revista Infância e Educação: Investigação e Práticas, coordenado por Ana Paula Cardoso e Esperança Jales Ribeiro, são essencialmente divulgados os trabalhos apresentados no IV Simpósio Internacional do GEDEI, Grupo de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Educação de Infância, que teve lugar na Aula Magna do Instituto Politécnico de Viseu.

Pressupostos epistemológicos da Ciência: Implicações em alguns domínios - Psicologia e Psicopedagogia

Destacamos dois grandes objectivos que presidiram à elaboração do presente documento de reflexão: 1. Evidenciar a relatividade do conhecimento científico e, consequentemente, de todas as eventuais "teses" dadas como certezas ou verdades absolutas, quer relativamente ao Homem quer relativamente ao Mundo. 2. Reflectir sobre as implicações que a alteração dos pressupostos epistemológicos da ciência trouxe para vários domínios, nomeadamente social, psicológico e psicopedagógico. Esperamos que este contributo possa de alguma forma, ainda que modestamente, suscitar a reflexão e a problematização de algumas das questões decorrentes dos referidos objectivos.

Emotional competences and promotion of school success: Preliminary data of an intervention programme with teachers

Teachers’ emotional competences and well-being are fundamentally important to developing and maintaining positive relationships in the classroom, which can contribute to improving pedagogical action. References to several intervention programmes are found in the literature with the purpose of changing the practices, attitudes, and beliefs of teachers, who show evidence of a significant improvement in personal competences and school success. Therefore, an intervention with teachers integrating a broader line of research was carried out, involving parents and students as well. It consists of a programme which promotes personal (well-being and emotional intelligence) and professional (acquiring differentiated pedagogical strategies) competences over a period of six months, followed by a focus group to assess the contribution of an empowerment programme with the intention of promoting school success. The preliminary action-research study involved 10 teachers of two classes with students who show disruptive behaviour in the 7th year in a school in the central region of Portugal. The teachers, of both genders, are aged between 44 and 52, and belong to several recruitment groups. The main research question was: “To what extent does an intervention programme, intended for training, contribute to developing personal and professional competences in teachers of the 3rd cycle of basic education?” The teachers revealed a rather favourable view of their participation in the programme, considering that it helped them perceive some behaviours and practices which are less adjusted to their action in the classroom with these students (shouting, scolding, etc.). From the pretest to the posttest, statistically significant differences were found in assessing their own emotions and in their use. Signs of improvement in positive affections and satisfaction with life were also found, though with a marginal significance. The preliminary data in this empowerment programme for these educational agents points towards the importance of teachers’ awareness in what concerns their pedagogical action, as well as the need to change traditional pedagogical practices that contribute to discouraging students towards learning. The need to establish closer and systematic contact with the students and their families in order to meet their needs and expectations was also highlighted.

Representações sobre a leitura e sua influência em práticas educativas: um estudo de caso no 1.º ciclo de Bolonha

É hoje amplamente reconhecida na literatura de especialidade a importância da leitura, no âmbito de uma reconstrução em pleno de um exercício de cidadania que se (re)quer crescentemente multidimensional. No que respeita aos estudantes do ensino superior, aumentam hodiernamente os desdobramentos da leitura, cruzando-se no seu quotidiano e na escola, em práticas cujas diversidade e funcionalidade adquirem considerável relevância. Nesse sentido, neste estudo procuramos indagar que representações sobre a leitura evidenciam estudantes futuros profissionais da Educação a frequentar um 1.º ciclo de estudos de Bolonha sobre: i) a sua motivação para a leitura; ii) o seu desempenho em compreensão na leitura; iii) os fatores que os influenciam; iv) estratégias didáticas orientadas para a motivação para a leitura e o desenvolvimento da compreensão na leitura no seu futuro público. Adicionalmente refletimos sobre as possíveis repercussões de tais representações nas suas práticas educativas futuras centradas: i) na motivação do seu futuro público para a leitura; ii) no desempenho da compreensão na leitura nesse mesmo público. Face aos objetivos delineados, considerámos adequada uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, tendo como referencial metodológico o estudo de caso. Os participantes neste estudo foram 53 estudantes inscritos na unidade curricular de Iniciação à Leitura e à Escrita que integra o plano de estudos da licenciatura em Educação Básica na Escola Superior de Educação de Viseu (3.º ano, 1.º semestre do ano letivo 2012/2013). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de recolha e análise dos dados: um inquérito por questionário; duas reflexões escritas individuais; um depoimento escrito individual sobre o processo de seleção de um álbum/obra e um relatório escrito final com uma componente coletiva e outra individual. Concluímos que as representações sobre a leitura evidenciadas por estes estudantes eram um constructo complexo e multidimensional, existindo múltiplos fatores que as influenciariam. Tais representações teriam repercussões no modo como os estudantes encaravam as suas futuras práticas educativas e o seu futuro público. Face ao interesse de que se revestem representações sobre a leitura dos estudantes futuros profissionais da Educação, pela sua responsabilidade na formação de leitores, importará realizar mais estudos que permitam (re)descobrir a sua possível riqueza e diversidade.

Práticas de leitura e de escrita de futuros profissionais da educação social – dos fios que se tecem as suas representações

Numa época pautada por desafios comunicacionais de elevada exigência, as práticas de leitura e de escrita assumem particular relevância. Os futuros profissionais da Educação Social, dado o pendor educacional e comunicacional de que se revestirá a sua atividade, terão de ler e escrever de forma proficiente. Deste modo, o propósito deste estudo é identificar e compreender os principais aspetos que caracterizam as representações dos estudantes futuros profissionais da Educação Social sobre a importância da leitura e da escrita, relativamente ao seu futuro labor. Considerou-se adequada uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, tendo como referencial metodológico o estudo de caso. Participaram 105 estudantes do 1.º ano do curso de Educação Social, inscritos na unidade curricular de Técnicas de Produção de Texto, no 1.º semestre de 2014/2015 e de 2015/2016. Foram analisadas 210 reflexões individuais realizadas no início e no final da unidade curricular. Concluiu-se que os estudantes atribuíam considerável relevância à leitura e à escrita para o seu futuro profissional, tendo sido possível compreender que as suas representações se caracterizavam por alguma diversidade, destacando-se o «desenvolvimento profissional», a «comunicação interpessoal» e o «desenvolvimento de técnicas de produção de texto». Inferiu-se igualmente a necessidade de realizar mais estudos que possibilitem aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a relevância da leitura e da escrita para os futuros profissionais da Educação Social, de modo a que a formação destes estudantes se possa adequar aos desafios crescentes que os aguardam.

Sleep and academic performance of Portuguese teenagers

Abstract: Sleep has numerous important functions in the body, such as consolidation of memory, concentration and learning. Changes in sleep cycles in adolescents lead to sleep deprivation with consequences to academic performance. Our research question was What are the sleep habits that influence school performance (study environment, study planning, study method, reading skills, motivation to study, overall school performance) in adolescents? We aimed to identify sleep habits predictors of the quality of school performance in adolescents. Research Methods: Crosssectional analytical study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic questions, sleep habits and school performance scale. The sample consisted of 380 students between 7th and 9th grade, with an average age of 13.56 ± 1.23 years in the school year 2011/2012, from a 2nd and 3rd Cycle Basic School of the municipality of Viseu, Portugal. Findings: School performance in adolescents was associated with better subjective quality of sleep (p=0.000), with longer sleep duration (p=0.000), with watching tv/video before sleep (p=0.000), with the habit of studying before bedtime (p=0.012), with no computer use (p=0.013) and with reading habits before bed (p=0.000). School performance was also associated with adolescents who reported not feeling sleepy during class. The teenagers who sleep more and better, and who watch tv/video, study, do not use computers, and who read before going to bed, have a better school performance.

Traditional Toys and Student Motivation and Commitment in Technological Education

Technological Education is a subject where students acquire knowledge and technical skills, which will enable them to analyse and resolve specific situations and will prepare them for an increasingly technological world. This course requires students to gain knowledge and know-how such that motivation and commitment are crucial for the development of classroom projects and activities. It is in this context that traditional toys come up in this study as catalysts for motivation and student interest. Thus, the aim of the research performed is to understand whether the units of work related to traditional toys promote the students’ motivation and commitment on Technological Education. In terms of methodology, we carried out an exploratory research of qualitative nature, based on semi-structured interviews with teachers and students in the 2nd cycle of basic education at five schools in the municipality of Viseu, Portugal. Nine teachers and forty-five Technological Education students, aged between 10 and 12 years, attending the 5th and 6th years of schooling participated. Content analysis of the answers revealed that the implementation of units of work involving the construction of traditional toys are conducive to students’ motivation and commitment, constituting an added value in Technological Education. As this is a classroom project, it allows students to apply technical knowledge they have acquired. Thus, starting from a first idea, it allows them to experience all of the stages of toy building, from conception to completion, contributing to greater student satisfaction in the teaching-learning process.

Traditional Toys and Student Motivation and Commitment in Technological Education

Problem Statement: This research aims to understand the contribution of traditional toys as catalysts for motivation and student commitment in the development of Technological Education projects and activities. Research Questions: To what extent do work units related to traditional toys promote student motivation and commitment in the subject of Technological Education. Purpose of Study: Technological Education requires students to gain knowledge and know-how such that motivation and commitment are crucial for the development of classroom projects and activities. It is in this context that traditional toys are assumed to be catalysts for motivation and student interest. Research Methods: In terms of methodology, an exploratory research of a qualitative nature was carried out, based on semi-structured interviews to teachers and students within a 2nd cycle of Basic Education environment, encompassing five state schools in the Viseu municipality, Portugal. Nine teachers and forty-five technological education pupils, aged between 10 and 12, attending the 5th and 6th years of schooling participated. Findings: Content analysis of the answers revealed that the implementation of work units involving the construction of traditional toys are conducive to student motivation and commitment. Starting off with an initial idea, pupils are enabled to experience all the stages of toy building, from conception to completion, contributing to greater student satisfaction in the teaching-learning process. Conclusions: The traditional toys constitute an added value in the subject of Technological Education, promoting student motivation and commitment in the development of projects and activities. Students acquire knowledge and skills, which will enable them to analyze and thus resolve specific situations and prepare them for an increasingly technological world.

O trabalho de grupo como fator potenciador da integração curricular no 1.º ciclo do ensino básico

Esta investigação visa perceber se o trabalho de grupo poderá ser uma estratégia potenciadora de integração curricular o 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1.º CEB). Para isso, efetuou-se uma investigação de caráter descritivo, com recurso ao inquérito por questionário, a uma amostra de 43 professores do 1.º CEB a lecionarem em turmas de um agrupamento de escolas do concelho de Viseu (Portugal). Os dados revelam que os docentes atribuem grande importância à metodologia de trabalho de grupo, mas utilizam-na com uma frequência variável, na sua prática letiva, em sala de aula. Indicam também o trabalho de grupo como estratégia bastante utilizada para proceder à integração curricular. Todavia, são identificados alguns obstáculos a esta prática, sugerindo mudanças na organização escolar e nas atividades letivas dos professores.

Educar para a cidadania: Um projecto de investigação-acção em educação de infância

Pretendemos com este artigo dar a conhecer um trabalho final de Seminário realizado no âmbito do curso de Complementos de Formação de Educadores de Infância, em 2005-06, na Escola Superior de Educação de Viseu (Portugal) e que teve subjacente um projecto de investigação-acção desenvolvido num Jardim-de-Infância da rede pública. A questão central desta investigação foi a de determinar até que ponto a educadora, através da sua prática pedagógica, poderia contribuir para a aproximação no mesmo espaço educativo de crianças oriundas de culturas e etnias diferentes. A reflexão, baseada na autoscopia (autoavaliação feita pela própria das suas práticas pedagógicas) e na heteroscopia (avaliação feita pelos pares), através da observação de gravações vídeo e da utilização de uma grelha de registo de dados, permitiu à educadora questionar as suas atitudes no desempenho profissional, com vista à renovação da sua prática pedagógica.

The user participation on facebook pages of the three Portuguese tv news channels – RTP3, SIC NOTÍCIAS, AND TVI24

In recent decades, the national and international media contexts, in particular television media, significantly changed. The role that social networks, in particular Facebook, have taken as a content diffusion platform is unquestionable. Nowadays, traditional media (radio, newspaper, television) use the Web’s potential to distribute news content (Canelas, 2011). Currently, all TV news channels in Portugal have a website or a page on social networks. TV stations have increased communication channels with the public on digital platforms and study strategies that promote the participation and interaction with the news content (Cazajeira, 2015). The TV / Internet convergence will not only reach the content, but also the consumer, who becomes an interactive and participative audience. This reality imposes on journalism a continuous and updated news production system, dependent on a user being permanently connected to the Internet (Cazajeira, 2015). In fact, a report launched by an autonomous institution that has the function of supervising and regulating the media Portugal (ERC, 2015), confirms the relevance that social media has assumed in the publication and consumption of news. Social networks are recognised as one of the most important means for news media consultation, right after television, and the practice of sharing news is very common among consumers of online news in Portugal. Furthermore, when compared to other countries analysed by Reuters Institute (Newman, Levy, & Nielsen, 2015), Portuguese consumers are those who make the most comments to online news, preferring social networks to news sites. Considering the importance of new online platforms for journalism, this study aims to present a quantitative analysis of user participation on the Facebook pages of the three Portuguese TV news channels, specifically RTP3, SIC Notícias and TVI24, between 8 and 14 February 2016. To track this participation, the following parameters were used: the "like" button as a way to study the demonstration of publication interest; "sharing" of a particular element, be it a photo, a video or a text, on the user Timeline, the Timeline of a friend or by private message. This monitoring is important to understand the dissemination of news content; and the comments area. The number of comments will help understand the dynamics and the discussion that the publication has on the public. The results of 1063 posts indicate that of the analysed parameters - "Like", "Comment", and "Share" – the one with the greatest power of participation among the users of the pages of the three Portuguese TV news channels is the "Like" system, followed by "Share" and then "Comment". The theme that generates the most user participation with "Likes" and “Comments” parameters are "Science and Technology", “Education” and “Humorous/Satirical/Unusual”. Finally, the publications available end of the night (10pm-1am) has better participation rates.

The presence of three Portuguese TV news channels (RTP3, SIC NOTÍCIAS, and TVI24) on facebook

The growing popularity of social networks, and their impact on the daily lives of consumers, contributed to news organizations marking their presence on different online platforms. In the case of Facebook, a social network that began as a personal space, it has gradually transformed into a content-sharing space (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Nowadays, Facebook is the second most viewed website in Portugal (Alexa, 2016), and therefore, it has become crucial for Portuguese news agencies to be present on this social network. Although television continues to be the main information source in Portugal, social networks, and specifically Facebook, are increasingly important in news consumption by users (ERC, 2015). This new way of news dissemination, as well as the proliferation that these contents reach in social networks, led to news agencies exploiting these new channels, both to attract new audiences, and to redirect users to their own websites (Castillo, El-Haddad, Pfeffer, & Stempeck, 2014). Thus, it is important to understand how, and what kind of content these agencies put on their Facebook channels, as well as the strategies they use to share these same contents. This study aims to understand how the main news channels of Portuguese TV (RTP3, SIC Notícias, and TVI24) manage and use the social network Facebook to share news contents. To this end, the authors collected quantitative data of all posts placed on Facebook between February 8 and February 14 2016. Approximately 1063 posts were collected and analysed from the three Facebook pages. The results indicate that two of the three channels extensively used their Facebook pages to share and target content to their official websites. Regarding the news sources and type of media used, the three Portuguese TV news channels use similar strategies. However, in what concerns the main themes and quantity of messages per day, as well as the level of redundancy of information, the three channels manage their pages differently.

The presence of three portuguese TV news channels (RTP3, SIC Notícias, and TVI24) on Facebook

The growing popularity of social networks, and their impact on the daily lives of consumers, contributed to news organizations marking their presence on different online platforms. In the case of Facebook, a social network that began as a personal space, it has gradually transformed into a content-sharing space (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Nowadays, Facebook is the second most viewed website in Portugal (Alexa, 2016), and therefore, it has become crucial for Portuguese news agencies to be present on this social network. Although television continues to be the main information source in Portugal, social networks, and specifically Facebook, are increasingly important in news consumption by users (ERC, 2015). This new way of news dissemination, as well as the proliferation that these contents reach in social networks, led to news agencies exploiting these new channels, both to attract new audiences, and to redirect users to their own websites (Castillo, El-Haddad, Pfeffer, & Stempeck, 2014). Thus, it is important to understand how, and what kind of content these agencies put on their Facebook channels, as well as the strategies they use to share these same contents. This study aims to understand how the main news channels of Portuguese TV (RTP3, SIC Notícias, and TVI24) manage and use the social network Facebook to share news contents. To this end, the authors collected quantitative data of all posts placed on Facebook between February 8 and February 14 2016. Approximately 1063 posts were collected and analysed from the three Facebook pages. The results indicate that two of the three channels extensively used their Facebook pages to share and target content to their official websites. Regarding the news sources and type of media used, the three Portuguese TV news channels use similar strategies. However, in what concerns the main thematic and quantity of messages per day, as well as the level of redundancy of information, the three channels operate their pages differently.

The presence of three Portuguese TV news channels (RTP3, SIC NOTÍCIAS, and TVI24) on facebook

In recent decades, the national and international media contexts, in particular television, media significantly changed. Although they were not created for the purpose, the role that social networks, in particular Facebook, have taken as a content diffusion platform is unquestionable. Nowadays, traditional media (radio, newspaper, television) use the Web’s potential to distribute news content (Canelas, 2011). Currently, all TV news channels in Portugal have a website or a page on social networks. TV stations have increased communication channels with the public on digital platforms and study strategies that promote the participation and interaction with the news content (Cazajeira, 2015). The TV / Internet convergence will not only reach the content, but also the consumer, who becomes an interactive and participative audience. This reality imposes on journalism a continuous and updated news production system, dependent on a user being permanently connected to the Internet (Cazajeira, 2015). In fact, an ERC report (2015) confirms the relevance that social media has assumed in the publication and consumption of news. Social networks are recognised as one of the most important means for news media consultation, right after television, and the practice of sharing news is very common among consumers of online news in Portugal. Furthermore, when compared to other countries analysed by Reuters Institute (Newman, Levy, & Nielsen, 2015), Portuguese consumers are those who make the most comments to online news, preferring social networks to news sites. Considering the importance of new online platforms for journalism, this study aims to present a quantitative analysis of user participation on the Facebook pages of the three Portuguese TV news channels, specifically RTP3, SIC Notícias and TVI24, between 8 and 14 February 2016. To track this participation, the following parameters were used: the "like" button as a way to study the demonstration of publication interest; "sharing" of a particular element, be it a photo, a video or a text, on their own Timeline, the Timeline of a friend or by private message. This monitoring is important to understand the dissemination of news content; and the comments area. The number of comments will help understand the dynamics and the discussion that the publication has on the public. The results of 1063 posts indicate that of the analysed parameters - "Like", "Comment", and "Share" – the one with the greatest power of participation among the users of the pages of the three Portuguese TV news channels is the "Like" system, followed by "Share" and then "Comment". Analysing the thematic that create the most user participation with "Likes" and “Comments” parameters are "Science and Technology". “Education” and “Humorous/Satirical/Unusual Finally, the publications available end of the night (10pm-1am) has better participation rates.