Nail Lichen Planus: Successful Treatment with Etanercept

BACKGROUND: Etanercept is a fully human tumor necrosis factor a receptor fusion protein that binds tumor necrosis factor a with greater affinity than natural receptors. Biologics are widely used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriasis arthritis and may represent a new therapeutic option for some patients with psoriatic nail disease. CASE REPORT: We report a case of lichen planus limited to the toe nails successfully treated with etanercept monotherapy. CONCLUSION: The significant improvement of our case suggests that etanercept is an effective treatment modality for lichen planus limited particularly to the nails. Further controlled studies are needed to establish the effectiveness and therapeutic regimes.

Tumefactive demyelinating lesions during etanercept treatment requiring decompressive hemicraniectomy

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders. Etanercept, a TNF-α antagonist (anti-TNF-α) acting as a soluble TNF-α receptor, has been associated with neurological demyelinating disorders. This paper aims to report an unusual case showing tumefactive central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelination in a patient in the course of TNF -α antagonist therapy, requiring decompressive hemicraniectomy. This report is based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and histology. A biopsy confirmed the inflammatory demyelinating nature of the lesions. The clinical presentation is unusual due to the severity of the disease process, requiring decompressive hemicraniotomy with a clinically favorable outcome.

The effectiveness of leflunomide etanercept and infliximab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis:a systematic review

DUE TO COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS ONLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTATION AT ASTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES WITH PRIOR ARRANGEMENT

Bilateral Panuveitis at Etanercept Initiation for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Introduction: Uveitis is a well-known extra-rheumatological manifestation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Tumor necrosis factor has been used to treat uveitis associated with inflammatory diseases. A new onset uveitis under anti-TNF therapy is uncommon. Case presentation: A 12-years-old male, affected since the age of six years, by a severe form of polyarticular JIA. When etanercept was started, he presented panuveitis bilaterally, so we switched to infliximab with good response. Conclusions: The TNF soluble receptor could be considered as a possible promoter in inducing endogenous new onset uveitis in JIA.

The ASAS criteria for axial spondyloarthritis: Strengths, weaknesses, and proposals for a way forward

Classification criteria should facilitate selection of similar patients for clinical and epidemiologic studies, therapeutic trials, and research on etiopathogenesis to enable comparison of results across studies from different centers. We critically appraise the validity and performance of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). It is still debatable whether all patients fulfilling these criteria should be considered as having true axSpA. Patients with radiographically evident disease by the ASAS criteria are not necessarily identical with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as classified by the modified New York criteria. The complex multi-arm selection design of the ASAS criteria induces considerable heterogeneity among patients so classified, and applying them in settings with a low prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) greatly increases the proportion of subjects falsely classified as suffering from axial SpA. One of the unmet needs in non-radiographic form of axial SpA is to have reliable markers that can identify individuals at risk for progression to AS and thereby facilitate early intervention trials designed to prevent such progression. We suggest needed improvements of the ASAS criteria for axSpA, as all criteria sets should be regarded as dynamic concepts open to modifications or updates as our knowledge advances.

Developments in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are common conditions for which treatment options have until recently been extremely limited. Recent advances in our understanding of the immunology and genetics underlying these conditions have been rapid, and have contributed to the development of new therapies for these diseases. This article discusses the current state of the art in our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and current therapies for the diseases.

Health-Related Quality of Life, Costs and Treatment of Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases in Routine Practice : With special emphasis on biological drugs

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other chronic inflammatory joint diseases already begin to affect patients health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the earliest phases of these diseases. In treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, the last two decades have seen new strategies and treatment options introduced. Treatment is started at an earlier phase; combinations of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and corticosteroids are used; and in refractory cases new drugs such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors or other biologicals can be started. In patients with new referrals to the Department of Rheumatology of the Helsinki University Central Hospital, we evaluated the 15D and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) results at baseline and approximately 8 months after their first visit. Altogether the analysis included 295 patients with various rheumatic diseases. The mean baseline 15D score (0.822, SD 0.114) was significantly lower than for the age-matched general population (0.903, SD 0.098). Patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and spondyloarthropathies (SPA) reported the poorest HRQoL. In patients with RA and reactive arthritis (ReA) the HRQoL improved in a statistically significant manner during the 8-month follow-up. In addition, a clinically important change appeared in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. HAQ score improved significantly in patients with RA, arthralgia and fibromyalgia, and ReA. In a study of 97 RA patients treated either with etanercept or adalimumab, we assessed their HRQoL with the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND-36) questionnaire. We also analysed changes in clinical parameters and the HAQ. With etanercept and adalimumab, the values of all domains in the RAND-36 questionnaire increased during the first 3 months. The efficacy of each in improving HRQoL was statistically significant, and the drug effects were comparable. Compared to Finnish age- and sex-matched general population values, the HRQoL of the RA patients was significantly lower at baseline and, despite the improvement, remained lower also at follow-up. Our RA patients had long-standing and severe disease that can explain the low HRQoL also at follow-up. In a pharmacoeconomic study of patients treated with infliximab we evaluated medical and work disability costs for patients with chronic inflammatory joint disease during one year before and one year after institution of infliximab treatment. Clinical and economic data for 96 patients with different arthritis diagnoses showed, in all patients, significantly improved clinical and laboratory variables. However, the medical costs increased significantly during the second period by 12 015 (95% confidence interval, 6 496 to 18 076). Only a minimal decrease in work disability costs occurred mean decrease 130 (-1 268 to 1 072). In a study involving a switch from infliximab to etanercept, we investigated the clinical outcome in 49 patients with RA. Reasons for switching were in 42% failure to respond by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50% criteria; in 12% adverse event; and in 46% non-medical reasons although the patients had responded to infliximab. The Disease Activity Score with 28 joints examined (DAS28) allowed us to measure patients disease activity and compare outcome between groups based on the reason for switching. In the patients in whom infliximab was switched to etanercept for nonmedical reasons, etanercept continued to suppress disease activity effectively, and 1-year drug survival for etanercept was 77% (95% CI, 62 to 97). In patients in the infliximab failure and adverse event groups, DAS28 values improved significantly during etanercept therapy. However, the 1-year drug survival of etanercept was only 43% (95% CI, 26 to 70) and 50% (95% CI, 33 to 100), respectively. Although the HRQoL of patients with inflammatory joint diseases is significantly lower than that of the general population, use of early and aggressive treatment strategies including TNF-inhibitors can improve patients HRQoL effectively. Further research is needed in finding new treatment strategies for those patients who fail to respond or lose their response to TNF-inhibitors.

Anti-TNF treatment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and associated uveitis : Clinical perspectives on growth, uveitis, and drug survival

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of childhood chronic arthritides, associated with chronic uveitis in 20% of cases. For JIA patients responding inadequately to conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic therapies, anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents are available. In this retrospective multicenter study, 258 JIA-patients refractory to DMARDs and receiving biologic agents during 1999-2007 were included. Prior to initiation of anti-TNFs, growth velocity of 71 patients was delayed in 75% and normal in 25%. Those with delayed growth demonstrated a significant increase in growth velocity after initiation of anti-TNFs. Increase in growth rate was unrelated to pubertal growth spurt. No change was observed in skeletal maturation before and after anti-TNFs. The strongest predictor of change in growth velocity was growth rate prior to anti-TNFs. Change in inflammatory activity remained a significant predictor even after decrease in glucocorticoids was taken into account. In JIA-associated uveitis, impact of two first-line biologic agents, etanercept and infliximab, and second-line or third-line anti-TNF agent, adalimumab, was evaluated. In 108 refractory JIA patients receiving etanercept or infliximab, uveitis occurred in 45 (42%). Uveitis improved in 14 (31%), no change was observed in 14 (31%), and in 17 (38%) uveitis worsened. Uveitis improved more frequently (p=0.047) and frequency of annual uveitis flares was lower (p=0.015) in those on infliximab than in those on etanercept. In 20 patients taking adalimumab, 19 (95%) had previously failed etanercept and/or infliximab. In 7 patients (35%) uveitis improved, in one (5%) worsened, and in 12 (60%) no change occurred. Those with improved uveitis were younger and had shorter disease duration. Serious adverse events (AEs) or side-effects were not observed. Adalimumab was effective also in arthritis. Long-term drug survival (i.e. continuation rate on drug) with etanercept (n=105) vs. infliximab (n=104) was at 24 months 68% vs. 68%, and at 48 months 61% vs. 48% (p=0.194 in log-rank analysis). First-line anti-TNF agent was discontinued either due to inefficacy (etanercept 28% vs. infliximab 20%, p=0.445), AEs (7% vs. 22%, p=0.002), or inactive disease (10% vs. 16%, p=0.068). Females, patients with systemic JIA (sJIA), and those taking infliximab as the first therapy were at higher risk for treatment discontinuation. One-third switched to the second anti-TNF agent, which was discontinued less often than the first. In conclusion, in refractory JIA anti-TNFs induced enhanced growth velocity. Four-year treatment survival was comparable between etanercept and infliximab, and switching from first-line to second-line agent a reasonable therapeutic option. During anti-TNF treatment, one-third with JIA-associated anterior uveitis improved.

Relationship between abnormal maternal inflammation and insulin resistance during pregnancy

Abnormal maternal inflammation during pregnancy is linked to complications such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. There is growing evidence that insulin resistance is also associated with a heightened inflammatory state, and is linked to pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes. This study tested the hypothesis that abnormal inflammation during pregnancy is causally linked to elevations in blood glucose and insulin resistance. To induce a state of abnormal systemic inflammation, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to pregnant rats on gestational days (GD) 13.5-16.5. Dams treated with LPS exhibited an abnormal immune response characterized by an elevation in white blood cells, which was linked to reduced fetal weight and increased glucose levels over pregnancy. Abnormal inflammation is characterized by increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-6, which contribute to insulin resistance by inhibiting the insulin signalling pathway. TNF in particular induces a serine phosphorylation (pSer307) of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). In our model, insulin resistance was assessed by measuring the extent of pSer307 of IRS-1 and total IRS-1 expression in skeletal muscle, as well as changes in metabolic parameters and pancreas tissue morphology associated with insulin resistance. LPS-treated dams exhibited a significant reduction in IRS-1 expression, elevation in fasting glucose levels, and reduction in insulin sensitivity indices. There were also biologically relevant increases in fasting plasma insulin levels and insulin resistance indices, but not pSer307 of IRS-1 and pancreatic islet size. To determine whether inflammation plays a role in reducing insulin signalling and the other changes associated with LPS administration, etanercept, a TNF antagonist, was administered on GDs 13.5 and 15.5 prior to LPS injections. With the exception of IRS-1 expression, in rats treated with etanercept all of the measured parameters remained at the levels observed in saline controls, indicating a link between abnormal inflammation and insulin resistance. The results of this study support the practice of monitoring the inflammatory conditions of the mother prior to and during pregnancy, and support further investigation into the potential use of anti-inflammatory agents during pregnancy in women at risk of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes.

Biologics in rheumatoid arthritis - recommendations for Swiss practice.

The new paradigm of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is to aim toward early and complete remission, using a larger use of conventional DMARDs and biologic agents. The present recommendations were established through a consensus to help practitioners in their daily use of those agents, to reflect the current "best practice" in Switzerland.

Le rôle de l’inflammation dans le développement des complications neurologiques associées à l’insuffisance hépatique aiguë chez la souris

L’insuffisance hépatique aiguë (IHA) se caractérise par la perte soudaine de la fonction hépatique résultant de la nécrose massive des hépatocytes en l’absence de pathologie hépatique préexistante. L’IHA s’accompagne de perturbations métaboliques et immunologiques qui peuvent entraîner l’apparition de complications périphériques et cérébrales telles qu’un syndrome de réponse inflammatoire systémique (SIRS), une encéphalopathie hépatique (EH), un œdème cérébral, une augmentation de la pression intracrânienne, et la mort par herniation du tronc cérébral. Les infections sont une complication fréquente de l’IHA et elles sont associées à un risque accru de développer un SIRS et une aggravation subséquente de l’EH avec un taux de mortalité augmenté. L’ammoniaque joue un rôle majeur dans les mécanismes physiopathologiques qui mènent au développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral, et des études récentes suggèrent que les cytokines pro-inflammatoires sont également impliquées. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des cytokines pro-inflammatoires circulantes et cérébrales dans le développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral lors d’IHA. Dans l’article 1, nous démontrons que l’inhibition périphérique du facteur de nécrose tumorale-α (TNF-α) par l’etanercept retarde la progression de l’EH en diminuant le dommage hépatocellulaire, réduisant l’inflammation périphérique et centrale ainsi que le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif hépatique et cérébral associé chez la souris avec une IHA induite par l’azoxyméthane (AOM). Ces résultats démontrent un rôle important du TNF-α dans la physiopathologie de l’EH lors d’IHA d’origine toxique et suggèrent que l’etanercept pourrait constituer une approche thérapeutique dans la prise en charge des patients en attente de transplantation hépatique. Dans l’article 2, nous simulons la présence d’une infection chez la souris avec une IHA induite par l’AOM pour mettre en évidence une éventuelle augmentation de la réponse inflammatoire. Nous démontrons que l’endotoxémie induite par le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) précipite la survenue du coma et aggrave la pathologie hépatique. Les cytokines pro-inflammatoires systémiques et cérébrales sont augmentées de façon synergique par le LPS lors d’IHA et résultent en une activation accrue de la métalloprotéinase matricielle-9 cérébrale qui s’accompagne d’une extravasation d’immunoglobulines G (IgG) dans le parenchyme cérébral. Ces résultats démontrent une augmentation majeure de la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) qui contribue à la pathogenèse de l’EH lors d’IHA en condition infectieuse. Les résultats de l’article 3 démontrent que l’augmentation de la perméabilité de la BHE lors d’IHA induite par l’AOM en condition non infectieuse ne résulte pas de l’altération de l’expression des protéines constitutives de la BHE. Dans l’article 4, nous démontrons que l’exposition d’astrocytes en culture à des concentrations physiopathologiques d’ammoniaque ou d’interleukine-1β résulte en l’altération de gènes astrocytaires impliqués dans la régulation du volume cellulaire et dans le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif. Un effet additif est observé dans le cas d’un traitement combiné au niveau des gènes astrocytaires impliqués dans le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse démontre un rôle important de l’inflammation périphérique et cérébrale dans la survenue des complications neurologiques lors d’IHA et une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués pourrait contribuer à la mise en place de stratégies thérapeutiques chez les patients atteints d’IHA en attente de transplantation.

Productos Bioterapéuticos Similares (PBS). Panorama actual en América Latina en el contexto de la Artritis Reumatoide. Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Los productos bioterapéuticos han revolucionado la terapéutica de enfermedades como la artritis reumatoide (AR). Los altos costos y el vencimiento de las patentes de productos bioterapéuticos de referencia (innovadores) han promovido el interés en productos bioterapéuticos similares (PBS), también conocidos como biosimilares. METODOLOGÍA: revisión sistemática con el objetivo de presentar el panorama actual (a Octubre del 2012) de los PBS en Latinoamérica (LA) en el contexto de AR. Consulta de: bases de datos internacionales y latinoamericanas, sitios web gubernamentales, registros de ensayos clínicos, noticias y páginas web relevantes. Se siguieron las guías PRISMA. RESULTADOS: Bases de datos: Selección de 30 artículos según criterios de inclusión. Selección de 17 artículos según revisión detallada. Búsqueda manual: selección de 45 referencias. Consolidado de 62 documentos. Regulaciones vigentes sobre PBS: México, Cuba, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panamá, Venezuela, Perú, Brasil, Chile y Argentina. En Colombia se encontró una propuesta en desarrollo. PBS aprobados: Colombia (Etanar®, PBS de Etanercept), México (Kikuzubam®, PBS de Rituximab), Perú, Chile y Bolivia (En estos últimos 3 países, Reditux®, PBS de Rituximab). DISCUSIÓN: La situación regulatoria sobre PBS en LA ha mejorado en los últimos 6 años, sin embargo las regulaciones deben buscar mayor claridad. Deben desarrollarse esfuerzos para establecer regulaciones en los países de LA que no las tienen. Países como México, Cuba y Brasil tienen una industria biotecnológica creciente. La aprobación de PBS en LA ha generado controversia y opiniones divididas entre los diferentes actores. El ingreso de PBS es beneficioso pero debe seguir regulaciones claras que garanticen eficacia y seguridad.

Tratamiento de Artritis reumatoide con antagonistas del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y su asociación con el desarrollo de melanoma cutáneo: revisión sistemática de la literatura y meta-análisis.

Introducción: El tratamiento con antagonistas del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (anti TNF) ha impactado el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) positivamente, sin embargo, se interroga un incremento en el riesgo de desarrollar melanoma. Objetivo: Conocer la asociación entre el uso de anti TNF y el desarrollo de melanoma maligno en pacientes con AR. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE LIBRARY y LILACS para ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales, revisiones y meta-análisis en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de AR y manejo con anti TNF (Certolizumab pegol, Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab y Golimumab). Resultados: 37 estudios clínicos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para el meta-análisis, con una población de 16567 pacientes. El análisis de heterogeneidad no fue significativo (p=1), no se encontró diferencia en el riesgo entre los grupos comparados DR -0.00 (IC 95% -0.001; -0.001). Un análisis adicional de los estudios en los que se reportó al menos 1 caso de melanoma (4222 pacientes) tampoco mostró diferencia en el riesgo DR -0.00 (IC 95% -0.004 ; -0.003). Conclusión: En la evidencia disponible a la fecha no encontramos asociación significativa entre el tratamiento con anti TNF en pacientes con diagnóstico de AR y el desarrollo de melanoma cutáneo.