Estudo da suscetibilidade aos antibióticos em isolados de Enterobacteriaceae provenientes de suiniculturas Portuguesas

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Caracterização molecular de isolados de Enterobacteriaceae produtores de beta-lactamases de espectro alargado (ESBLs) provenientes de suiniculturas de produção intensiva e extensiva de Portugal

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Tiflocolitis syndrome acute for "Klebsiella" sp. in a spanish pure breed horse. A case report

Were study a horse (Equus caballus), Purebred Spanish Horse, 6 years old, intact male sex, weight about 550kg, from equestrian center in Fregenal Sierra-Extremadura, Spain. History of acute diarrhea, are apply conventional treatment (hydration, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic). Physical examination showed severe profuse, fetid diarrhea deep red, tachypnea. The physiological parameters were: heart rate 60 bpm, respiratory rate 39 rpm and mucous cyanotic. Temperature: 40°C. Hematological examination showed severe leucopenia, decreased total serum protein, albumin and globulin also diminished. Serum chemistry evidenced severe hyponatremia and hypokalemia, with high levels of chlorine indicating metabolic acidosis. A stool analysis, which was negative and showed no eggs or larvae in the samples studied was performed. The microbial culture allowed the isolation of Klebsiella sp. and susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to ampicillin, Cetafzidine, Ciprofloxacin, Cefepine, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, Piperaciclina, piperacillin / tazobactam and trimethoprim sulfa resistance. The horse presented systemic complications associated with endotoxemia and death 36 hours after the onset of diarrhea. At necropsy, severe bleeding was observed enterotiflocolitis. The histological sections showed proliferative enteritis characterized by lymphocyte and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate plasmocytorious mucosa and submucosa, coagulation necrosis, bacteria and short rod type morphology with no specific grouping. In conclusion a case of acute syndrome enterotiflocolitis reported Klebsiella sp. on a horse Purebred Spanish.

Emergence of CTX-M Group 1-ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumonia from a tertiary care centre in Karachi, Pakistan.

http://www.jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/20818098/422 Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported previously from Pakistan but the genotypic characteristics of these enzymes is not known. Hence the aim of the study was first to characterise the genotypic content of these beta-lactamases and secondly to assess the clonal relationship of these isolates. Methodology: We analysed 65 non-duplicate ESBL positive, K. pneumoniae isolates prospectively collected based on phenotype as detected using the two-disc method. Isolates were collected from different sources: blood cultures (46.15%; n = 30); tracheal aspirates (24.6%; n = 16); urine (10.7%; n = 7); wound swabs, pus and tissue (18.4%; n = 12). ESBL production was confirmed by the ESBL E-test method and the presence of the blaCTX-M encoding genes was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The clonal relationship of clinical isolates was studied by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Results: The results showed that 93.84% (n = 61) isolates of K. pneumoniae were positive for the blaCTX-M-1 group. One isolate showed PCR signals for blaCTX-M-25 group. None of our isolates were positive for CTX-M groups 2, 8 and 9. The majority of blaCTX-M positive isolates were genetically unrelated and no epidemic clones were identified. Conclusion: This study reports the emergence of CTX-M groups 1 and 25 producing isolates of K. pneumoniae with genetic diversity in Karachi, Pakistan.

Role of AcrR and ramA in fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Singapore

The MICs of ciprofloxacin for 33 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins from three hospitals in Singapore ranged from 0.25 to >128 microg/ml. Nineteen of the isolates were fluoroquinolone resistant according to the NCCLS guidelines. Strains for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was >or=0.5 microg/ml harbored a mutation in DNA gyrase A (Ser83-->Tyr, Leu, or IIe), and some had a secondary Asp87-->Asn mutation. Isolates for which the MIC was 16 microg/ml possessed an additional alteration in ParC (Ser80-->IIe, Trp, or Arg). Tolerance of the organic solvent cyclohexane was observed in 10 of the 19 fluoroquinolone-resistant strains; 3 of these were also pentane tolerant. Five of the 10 organic solvent-tolerant isolates overexpressed AcrA and also showed deletions within the acrR gene. Complementation of the mutated acrR gene with the wild-type gene decreased AcrA levels and produced a two- to fourfold reduction in the fluoroquinolone MICs. None of the organic solvent-tolerant clinical isolates overexpressed another efflux-related gene, acrE. While marA and soxS were not overexpressed, another marA homologue, ramA, was overexpressed in 3 of 10 organic solvent-tolerant isolates. These findings indicate that multiple target and nontarget gene changes contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in K. pneumoniae. Besides AcrR mutations, ramA overexpression (but not marA or soxS overexpression) was related to increased AcrAB efflux pump expression in this collection of isolates.

Resistance to last-resort antibiotics in natural environments

Last-resort antibiotics are the final line of action for treating serious infections caused by multiresistant strains. Over the years the prevalence of resistant bacteria has been increasing. Natural environments are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, highly influenced by human-driven activities. The importance of aquatic systems on the evolution of antibiotic resistance is highlighted from the assumption that clinically-relevant resistance genes have originated in strains ubiquitous in these environments. We hypothesize that: a) rivers are reservoirs and disseminators of antibiotic resistance; b) anthropogenic activities potentiate dissemination of resistance to last-resort antibiotics. Hence, the main goal of the work is to compare the last-resort antibiotics resistome, in polluted and unpolluted water. Rivers from the Vouga basin, exposed to different anthropogenic impacts, were sampled. Water quality parameters were determined to classify rivers as unpolluted or polluted. Two bacterial collections were established enclosing bacteria resistant to cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin) and to imipenem (carbapenem). Each collection was characterized regarding: phylogenetic diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance mechanisms and mobile genetic elements. The prevalence of cefotaxime- and imipenem-resistant bacteria was higher in polluted water. Results suggested an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. The occurrence of bacteria resistant to non-beta-lactams was higher among isolates from polluted water as also the number of multiresistant strains. Among strains resistant to cefotaxime, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were detected (predominantly blaCTX-M-like) associated to mobile genetic elements previously described in clinical strains. ESBL-producers were often multiresistant as a result of co-selection mechanisms. Culture-independent methods showed clear differences between blaCTX-M-like sequences found in unpolluted water (similar to ancestral genes) and polluted water (sequences identical to those reported in clinical settings). Carbapenem resistance was mostly related to the presence of intrinsically resistant bacteria. Yet, relevant carbapenemase genes were detected as blaOXA-48-like in Shewanella spp. (the putative origin of these genes), and blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from polluted rivers. Culture-independent methods showed an higher than the previously reported diversity of blaOXA-48-like genes in rivers. Overall, clear differences between polluted and unpolluted systems were observed, regarding prevalence, phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility profiles of resistant bacteria and occurrence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes, thus validating our hypotheses. In this way, rivers act as disseminators of resistance genes, and anthropogenic activities potentiate horizontal gene transfer and promote the constitution of genetic platforms that combine several resistance determinants, leading to multiresistance phenotypes that may persist even in the absence of antibiotics.

ß-Lactams: chemical structure, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance

This synopsis summarizes the key chemical and bacteriological characteristics of β-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbanpenems, monobactams and others. Particular notice is given to first-generation to fifth-generation cephalosporins. This review also summarizes the main resistance mechanism to antibiotics, focusing particular attention to those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by means of production of emerging cephalosporinases (extended-spectrum β-lactamases and AmpC β-lactamases), target alteration (penicillin-binding proteins from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and membrane transporters that pump β-lactams out of the bacterial cell.

Post-surgical wound infections involving Enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to ß-lactams in two Portuguese hospitals

The post-surgical period is often critical for infection acquisition. The combination of patient injury and environmental exposure through breached skin add risk to pre-existing conditions such as drug or depressed immunity. Several factors such as the period of hospital staying after surgery, base disease, age, immune system condition, hygiene policies, careless prophylactic drug administration and physical conditions of the healthcare centre may contribute to the acquisition of a nosocomial infection. A purulent wound can become complicated whenever antimicrobial therapy becomes compromised. In this pilot study, we analysed Enterobacteriaceae strains, the most significant gram-negative rods that may occur in post-surgical skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) presenting reduced β-lactam susceptibility and those presenting extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). There is little information in our country regarding the relationship between β-lactam susceptibility, ESBL and development of resistant strains of microorganisms in SSTI. Our main results indicate Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. are among the most frequent enterobacteria (46% and 30% respectively) with ESBL production in 72% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from SSTI. Moreover, coinfection occurred extensively, mainly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18% and 13%, respectively). These results suggest future research to explore if and how these associations are involved in the development of antibiotic resistance.

β-Lactams: chemical structure, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance

This synopsis summarizes the key chemical and bacteriological characteristics of β-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbanpenems, monobactams and others. Particular notice is given to first-generation to fifth-generation cephalosporins. This reviewalso summarizes the main resistancemechanism to antibiotics, focusing particular attention to those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by means of production of emerging cephalosporinases (extended-spectrum β-lactamases and AmpC β-lactamases), target alteration (penicillin-binding proteins from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and membrane transporters that pump β-lactams out of the bacterial cell.

Evolution of Drug Resistance: Insight on TEM -Lactamases Structure and Activity and Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) prevalence was studied in the north of Portugal, among 193 clinical isolates belonging to citizens in a district in the boundaries between this country and Spain from a total of 7529 clinical strains. In the present study we recovered some members of Enterobacteriaceae family, producing ESBL enzymes, including Escherichia coli (67.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.6%), Klebsiella oxytoca (0.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%), and Citrobacter freundii (0.5%). β-lactamases genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing approaches. TEM enzymes were among the most prevalent types (40.9%) followed by CTX-M (37.3%) and SHV (23.3%). Among our sample of 193 ESBL-producing strains 99.0% were resistant to the fourth-generation cephalosporin cefepime. Of the 193 isolates 81.3% presented transferable plasmids harboring genes. Clonal studies were performed by PCR for the enterobacterial repetitive intragenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. This study reports a high diversity of genetic patterns. Ten clusters were found for E. coli isolates and five clusters for K. pneumoniae strains by means of ERIC analysis. In conclusion, in this country, the most prevalent type is still the TEM-type, but CTX-M is growing rapidly.

A point-prevalence survey of antimicrobial utilisation within New Brunswick hospitals to focus antimicrobial stewardship efforts and decrease low-value care.

Introduction: Il est important de minimiser le gaspillage et les risques associés aux soins sans valeur. La gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens vise à optimiser leur emploi et doit être adaptée au milieu et à sa population. Objectifs: Évaluer les profiles d’utilisation actuels des antimicrobiens et fixer des objectifs pour les interventions en matière de gestion des antimicrobiens. Méthode: Vingt-et-un hôpitaux du Nouveau-Brunswick offrant des soins de courte durée en médecine générale, en chirurgie et en pédiatrie ont pris part à une enquête sur la prévalence ponctuelle. Tous les patients admis aux hôpitaux participants et ayant reçu au moins un antimicrobien systémique ont été inscrits à l’étude. Les principaux critères d’évaluation étaient le profil d’utilisation, selon l’indication et l’antimicrobien prescrit, le bienfondé de l’utilisation et la durée de la prophylaxie chirurgicale. Des statistiques descriptives et un test d’indépendance 2 furent utilisés pour l’analyse de données. Résultats: L’enquête a été menée de juin à août 2012. Un total de 2244 patients ont été admis pendant la durée de l’étude et 529 (23,6%) ont reçu un antimicrobien. Au total, 691 antimicrobiens ont été prescrits, soit 587 (85%) pour le traitement et 104 (15%) pour la prophylaxie. Les antimicrobiens les plus souvent prescrits pour le traitement (n=587) étaient des classes suivantes : quinolones (25,6%), pénicillines à spectre étendu (10,2%) et métronidazole (8,5%). Les indications les plus courantes du traitement étaient la pneumonie (30%), les infections gastro-intestinales (16%) et les infections de la peau et des tissus mous (14%). Selon des critères définis au préalable, 23% (n=134) des ordonnances pour le traitement étaient inappropriées et 20% (n=120) n’avaient aucune indication de documentée. Les domaines où les ordonnances étaient inappropriées étaient les suivants : défaut de passage de la voie intraveineuse à la voie orale (n=34, 6%), mauvaise dose (n=30, 5%), traitement d’une bactériurie asymptomatique (n=24, 4%) et doublement inutile (n=22, 4%). Dans 33% (n=27) des cas, les ordonnances pour la prophylaxie chirurgicale étaient pour une période de plus de 24 heures. Conclusions: Les résultats démontrent que les efforts de gestion des antimicrobiens doivent se concentrer sur les interventions conventionnelles de gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens, l’amélioration de la documentation, l’optimisation de l’utilisation des quinolones et la réduction au minimum de la durée de la prophylaxie chirurgicale.

Les Escherichia coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC) et la résistance aux antimicrobiens des carcasses de poulets au détail au Vietnam

Les marchés traditionnels et maintenant les supermarchés approvisionnent les demandes sans cesse en augmentation pour la viande de volaille au Vietnam. Peu d’études ont examiné la présence des E. coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC), une cause commune d’infection urinaire chez les humains, de même que la résistance aux antimicrobiens, la multi-résistance des Escherichia coli dans la viande de volaille au Vietnam. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer la salubrité de la viande de volaille au Vietnam et de comparer les patrons de résistance aux antimicrobiens entre le Canada et le Vietnam. Des carcasses fraîches et congelées des marchés traditionnels et des supermarchés ont été échantillonnées au Vietnam. Les E. coli obtenus par rinçage des carcasses ont été caractérisé pour les gènes de virulence ExPEC (iucD, cnf, papC, tsh, Kps, afa, sfa) et pour la résistance aux antimicrobiens, phénotypiquement (Sensititre Aris®) et génotypiquement par PCR. Une multi-résistance et une fréquence élevée de résistance aux antimicrobiens d’importance pour les humains ont été détectées dans les isolats ExPEC. Les E. coli producteurs de β-lactamases à spectre élargi et de type AmpC et les gènes de résistance CTX-M et CMY correspondant ont été détectés. Des isolats multi-résistants BLSE putatif ont été identifiés appartenant au phylogroupe F. Les stratégies sur les antimicrobiens employés sur la ferme au Canada et au Vietnam pourraient influencer les profils de résistance des E. coli provenant des carcasses de poulets. En conclusion, la présence des ExPEC, la fréquence élevée de la résistance aux antimicrobiens et la détection des beta-lactamases soulignent la présence de danger pour la santé humaine de la viande de volaille crue ou insuffisamment cuite au Vietnam.

Factores de riesgo para bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de blee en una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal en Bogotá 2004-2005

El incremento en la prevalencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias causadas por especies de Klebsiella spp. productora de ß-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE) se ha incrementado en la población hospitalizada constituyendo un problema de salud pública, aunque datos locales en infantes y neonatos es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE en neonatos que ingresan a la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en una UCIN de Bogotá (Colombia) de Enero de 2004 a Diciembre de 2005. Fueron definidos como caso los neonatos con diagnóstico de bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE nosocomial, y como controles a los neonatos admitidos en el mismo periodo de tiempo sin bacteremia por éste microorganismo. Un total de 72 neonatos fueron analizados (24 casos y 48 controles) encontrando en el análisis multivariado una asociación significativa con la exposición previa a antibióticos (OR: 12.85; IC 95%: 1.08–91.6; p<0.001) y con el uso de ventilación mecánica (OR: 40.2; IC 95%: 5.67–285.94; p<0.001). Resultados que presentan concordancia con otros estudios publicados. En conclusión la ventilación mecánica y el uso previo de de antibióticos se relacionan con la presencia de bacteremia nosocomial por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE en neonatos. Esta relación debe ser confirmada con estudios de mayor nivel de evidencia.

Factores de riesgo para infección de vías urinarias por enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido o AmpC adquiridas en la comunidad

Las infecciones de vías urinarias (IVU) son frecuentes en la comunidad, existe un incremento progresivo en los mecanismos de resistencia de las enterobacterias, conocer los factores de riesgo representa un interés en la investigación actual. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo para IVU adquirida en la comunidad por enterobacterias productoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) o AmpC positivas. Diseño: estudio observacional analítico tipo casos y controles, 50 casos y 100 controles Medición: análisis de las variables de interés para la determinación de las asociaciones en los respectivos Odd ratios (OR). Resultados: se obtuvo un total de 25 casos y 50 controles, en el análisis univariado el uso previo de antibióticos (OR, 6.68; CI 95%, 2-22.32; P 0.001) y los procedimientos previos de la vía urinaria (OR, 3.45; CI 95%, 1.102-10.83; P 0.028) son factores de riesgo para IVU por BLEE o AmpC, en el análisis multivariado el uso previo de antibiótico represento el principal factor de riesgo (OR, 7.36; CI 95%, 1.76-30.77; P 0.006), las quinolonas fueron el antibiótico de uso previo más frecuente. Conclusiones: El uso previo de antibióticos es el principal factor de riesgo para adquirir IVU por enterobacterias productoras de BLEE o AmpC, es necesario ampliar el tamaño de la muestra actual para determinar el impacto que puedan tener las otras variables a estudio.

Evaluación muticéntrica de la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de tigeciclina en aislados obtenidos de pacientes hospitalizados en Colombia

El aumento en la resistencia bacteriana es un problema global que afecta también a nuestro país y que puede llevar a fracasos terapéuticos, peores desenlaces clínicos, uso de terapia combinada, mayor riesgo de interacciones medicamentosas y de reacciones adversas asi como a aumento de los costos del tratamiento. Tigeciclina, un nuevo antibiótico de la clase de las glicilciclinas ha mostrado una promisoria actividad antibacteriana in vitro contra bacterias comunes incluyendo multiresistentes que cada vez son más prevalentes en nuestro país especialmente a nivel hospitalario. Este estudio fue desarrollado para determinar la actividad de tigeciclina en nuestro medio y conocer su potencial utilidad.