Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 and associated molecules in gastric cancer

Background and aims: Low stage and curative surgery are established factors for improved survival in gastric cancer. However, not all low-stage patients have a good prognosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is known to associate with reduced survival in several cancers, and has been shown to play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Since new and better prognostic markers are needed for gastric cancer, we studied the prognostic significance of COX-2 and of markers that associate with COX-2 expression. We also studied markers reflecting proliferation and apoptosis, and evaluated their association with COX-2. Our purpose was to construct an accurate prognostic model by combining tissue markers and clinicopathogical factors. Materials and methods: Of 342 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer at Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 337 were included in this study. Low stages I to II were represented by 141 (42%) patients, and high stages III to IV by 196 (58%). Curative surgery was performed on 176 (52%) patients. Survival data were obtained from the national registers. Slides from archive tissue blocks were prepared for immunohistochemistry by use of COX-2, human antigen R (HuR), cyclin A, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), and Ki-67 antibodies. Immunostainings were scored by microscopy, and scores were entered into a database. Associations of tumor markers with clinicopathological factors were calculated, as well as associations with p53, p21, and results of flow cytometry from earlier studies. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox multivariate models were reconstructed. Cell culture experiments were performed to explore the effect of small interfering (si)RNA of HuR on COX-2 expression in a TMK-1 gastric cancer cell line. Results: Overall 5-year survival was 35.1%. Study I showed that COX-2 was an independent prognostic factor, and that the prognostic impact of COX-2 was more pronounced in low-stage patients. Cytoplasmic HuR expression also associated with reduced survival in gastric cancer patients in a non-independent manner. Cell culture experiments showed that HuR can regulate COX-2 expression in TMK-1 cells in vitro, with an association also between COX-2 and HuR tissue expression in a clinical material. In Study II, cyclin A was an independent prognostic factor and was associated with HuR expression in the gastric cancer material. The results of Study III showed that epithelial MMP-2 associated with survival in univariate, but not in multivariate analysis. However, MMP-9 showed no prognostic value. MMP-2 expression was associated with COX-2 expression. In Study IV, the prognostic power of COX-2 was compared with that of all tested markers associated with survival in Studies I to III, as well as with p21, p53, and flow cytometry results. COX-2 and p53 were independent prognostic factors, and COX-2 expression was associated with that of p53 and Ki-67 and also with aneuploidy. Conclusions: COX-2 is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and its prognostic power emerges especially in low stage cancer. COX-2 is regulated by HuR, and is associated with factors reflecting invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis. In an extended multivariate model, COX-2 retained its position as an independent prognosticator. COX-2 can be considered a promising new prognostic marker in gastric cancer.

The neuronal cell adhesion molecule ICAM-5

The neuronal cell adhesion molecule ICAM-5 ICAM-5 (telencephalin) belongs to the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). ICAMs participate in leukocyte adhesion and adhesion-dependent functions in the central nervous system (CNS) through interacting with the leukocyte-specific b2 integrins. ICAM-5 is found in the mammalian forebrain, appears at the time of birth, and is located at the cell soma and neuronal dendrites. Recent studies also show that it is important for the regulation of immune functions in the brain and for the development and maturation of neuronal synapses. The clinical importance of ICAM-5 is still under investigation; it may have a role in the development of Alzheimer s disease (AD). In this study, the role of ICAM-5 in neuronal differentiation and its associations with a-actinin and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors were examined. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are known to be involved in many neuronal functions, including the passage of information from one neuron to another one, and thus it was thought important to study their role related to ICAM-5. The results suggested that ICAM-5 was able to induce dendritic outgrowth through homophilic adhesion (ICAM-5 monomer binds to another ICAM-5 monomer in the same or neighbouring cell), and the homophilic binding activity appeared to be regulated by monomer/multimer transition. Moreover, ICAM-5 binding to a-actinin was shown to be important for neuritic outgrowth. It was examined whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main enzymes involved in ICAM-5 ectodomain cleavage. The results showed that stimulation of NMDARs leads to MMP activation, cleavage of ICAM-5 and it is accompanied by dendritic spine maturation. These findings also indicated that ICAM-5 and NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1) compete for binding to a-actinin, and ICAM-5 may regulate the NR1 association with the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, it is concluded that ICAM-5 is a crucial cell adhesion molecule involved in the development of neuronal synapses, especially in the regulation of dendritic spine development, and its functions may also be involved with memory formation and learning.

Noninvasive biomarkers for early smoking related lung disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disease characterized by airway inflammation and largely irreversible airflow limitation. One major risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking. Since the inflammatory process starts many years prior to the onset of clinical symptoms and still continues after smoking cessation, there is an urgent need to find simple non-invasive biomarkers that can be used in the early diagnosis of COPD and which could help in predicting the disease progression. The first aim of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of different oxidative/nitrosative stress markers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) in smokers and in COPD. Elevated numbers of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) positive cells and increased levels of 8-isoprostane and lactoferrin were found in sputum of non-symptomatic smokers compared to non-smokers, and especially in subjects with stable mild to moderate COPD, and they correlated with the severity of airway obstruction. This suggests that an increased oxidant burden exists already in the airways of smokers with normal lung function values. However, none of these markers could differentiate healthy smokers from symptomatic smokers with normal lung function values i.e. those individuals who are at risk of developing COPD. In contrast what is known about asthma exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was lower in smokers than in non-smokers, the reduced FENO value was significantly associated with neutrophilic inflammation and the elevated oxidant burden (positive cells for iNOS, nitrotyrosine and MPO). The levels of sputum MMP-8 and plasma MMP-12 appeared to differentiate subjects who have a risk for COPD development but these finding require further investigations. The levels of all studied MMPs correlated with the numbers of neutrophils, and MMP-8 and MMP-9 with markers of neutrophil activation (MPO, lactoferrin) suggesting that especially neutrophil derived oxidants may stimulate the tissue destructive MMPs already in lungs of smokers who are not yet experiencing any airflow limitation. When investigating the role of neutrophil proteases (neutrophil elastase, MMP-8, MMP-9) during COPD exacerbation and its recovery period, we found that levels of all these proteases were increased in sputum of patients with COPD exacerbation as compared to stable COPD and controls, and decreased during the one-month recovery period, giving evidence for a role of these enzymes in COPD exacerbations. In the last study, the effects of subject`s age and smoking habits were evaluated on the plasma levels of surfactant protein A (SP-A), SP-D, MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Long-term smoking increased the levels of all of these proteins. SP-A most clearly correlated with age, pack years and lung function decline (FEV1/FVC), and based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, SP-A was the best marker for discriminating subjects with COPD from controls. In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that especially neutrophil derived oxidants may activate MMPs and induce an active remodeling process already in the lungs of smokers with normal lung function values. The marked increase of sputum levels of neutrophil proteases in smokers, stable COPD and/or during its exacerbations suggest that these enzymes play a role in the development and progression of COPD. Based on the comparison of various biomarkers, SP-A can be proposed to serve as sensitive biomarker in COPD development.

Identification of collagenolytic MMP networks as potential biomarkers in progressive chronic periodontitis subjects and MMP-8 null allele model

Chronic periodontitis results from a complex aetiology, including the formation of a subgingival biofilm and the elicitation of the host s immune and inflammatory response. The hallmark of chronic periodontitis is alveolar bone loss and soft periodontal tissue destruction. Evidence supports that periodontitis progresses in dynamic states of exacerbation and remission or quiescence. The major clinical approach to identify disease progression is the tolerance method, based on sequential probing. Collagen degradation is one of the key events in periodontal destructive lesions. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-13 are the primary collagenolytic MMPs that are associated with the severity of periodontal inflammation and disease, either by a direct breakdown of the collagenised matrix or by the processing of non-matrix bioactive substrates. Despite the numerous host mediators that have been proposed as potential biomarkers for chronic periodontitis, they reflect inflammation rather than the loss of periodontal attachment. The aim of the present study was to determine the key molecular MMP-8 and -13 interactions in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissue from progressive periodontitis lesions and MMP-8 null allele mouse model. In study (I), GCF and gingival biopsies from active and inactive sites of chronic periodontitis patients, which were determined clinically by the tolerance method, and healthy GCF were analysed for MMP-13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. Chronic periodontitis was characterised by increased MMP-13 levels and the active sites showed a tendency of decreased TIMP-1 levels associated with increments of MMP-13 and total protein concentration compared to inactive sites. In study (II), we investigated whether MMP-13 activity was associated with TIMP-1, bone collagen breakdown through ICTP levels, as well as the activation rate of MMP-9 in destructive lesions. The active sites demonstrated increased GCF ICTP levels as well as lowered TIMP-1 detection along with elevated MMP-13 activity. MMP-9 activation rate was enhanced by MMP-13 in diseased gingival tissue. In study (III), we analysed the potential association between the levels, molecular forms, isoenzyme distribution and degree of activation of MMP-8, MMP-14, MPO and the inhibitor TIMP-1 in GCF from periodontitis progressive patients at baseline and after periodontal therapy. A positive correlation was found for MPO/MMP-8 and their levels associated with progression episodes and treatment response. Because MMP-8 is activated by hypochlorous acid in vitro, our results suggested an interaction between the MPO oxidative pathway and MMP-8 activation in GCF. Finally, in study (IV), on the basis of the previous finding that MMP-8-deficient mice showed impaired neutrophil responses and severe alveolar bone loss, we aimed to characterise the detection patterns of LIX/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL in P. gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis and in the MMP-8-/- murine model. The detection of neutrophil-chemoattractant LIX/CXCL5 was restricted to the oral-periodontal interface and its levels were reduced in infected MMP-8 null mice vs. wild type mice, whereas the detection of SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL in periodontal tissues increased in experimentally-induced periodontitis, irrespectively from the genotype. Accordingly, MMP-8 might regulate LIX/CXCL5 levels by undetermined mechanisms, and SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL might promote the development and/or progression of periodontitis.

Infection of Human Endothelial Cells by Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Increased Expression and Release of Soluble HLA-E

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded RNA virus that infects the central nervous system leading to acute encephalitis in children. Alterations in brain endothelial cells have been shown to precede the entry of this flavivirus into the brain, but infection of endothelial cells by JEV and their consequences are still unclear. Productive JEV infection was established in human endothelial cells leading to IFN-beta and TNF-alpha production. The MHC genes for HLA-A, -B, -C and HLA-E antigens were upregulated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, the endothelial-like cell line, ECV 304 and human foreskin fibroblasts upon JEV infection. We also report the release/shedding of soluble HLA-E (sHLA-E) from JEV infected human endothelial cells for the first time. This shedding of sHLA-E was blocked by an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). In addition, MMP-9, a known mediator of HLA solubilisation was upregulated by JEV. In contrast, human fibroblasts showed only upregulation of cell-surface HLA-E. Addition of UV inactivated JEV-infected cell culture supernatants stimulated shedding of sHLA-E from uninfected ECV cells indicating a role for soluble factors/cytokines in the shedding process. Antibody mediated neutralization of TNF-alpha as well as IFNAR receptor together not only resulted in inhibition of sHLA-E shedding from uninfected cells, it also inhibited HLA-E and MMP-9 gene expression in JEV-infected cells. Shedding of sHLA-E was also observed with purified TNF-alpha and IFN-beta as well as the dsRNA analog, poly (I:C). Both IFN-beta and TNF-alpha further potentiated the shedding when added together. The role of soluble MHC antigens in JEV infection is hitherto unknown and therefore needs further investigation.

Avaliação dos níveis de metaloproteinases da matriz no fluido gengival durante a movimentação dentária ortodôntica

Durante o tratamento ortodôntico, a resposta inicial dos tecidos periodontais ao estímulo mecânico envolve várias alterações estruturais e bioquímicas que permitem a movimentação do dente. As metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) parecem desempenhar um papel importante na manutenção da integridade funcional da matriz extracelular periodontal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, em diferentes intervalos de tempo, os níveis de metaloproteinases da matriz -1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -12 e -13 no fluido gengival (FG) de caninos superiores submetidos ao movimento de distalização e testar a hipótese de possíveis alterações nos níveis destas MMPs com o emprego de forças ortodônticas. Amostras de FG foram obtidas de dezesseis pacientes ortodônticos saudáveis (nove do sexo masculino e sete do sexo feminino, com idades entre 13 e 27 anos, média de idade 17,7 anos) que possuíam indicação de exodontias dos primeiros pré-molares superiores e tiveram os caninos distalizados como parte da terapia ortodôntica. Um dos caninos superiores foi distalizado ortodonticamente, sendo considerado dente teste. O canino contralateral não foi submetido a nenhuma força, no entanto foi incluído na aparatologia ortodôntica e utilizado como controle. A coleta de FG foi realizada nos sítios mesial (tensão) e distal (pressão) dos dentes testes e controles 7 dias antes da montagem da aparatologia ortodôntica, imediatamennte após a aplicação da força ortodôntica, e após 1 h, 24 h, e 7, 14 e 21 dias, respectivamente denominados -7d, 0h, 1h, 24h, 7d, 14d e 21d. A arcada superior de cada paciente foi dividida em um lado teste e um lado controle. Os resultados mostraram que foram encontradas diferenças significativas no volume do FG apenas nos intervalos de tempo entre -7d e 0h nos lados controle-pressão (CP), teste-tensão (TT) e teste-pressão (TP). Em TP foi observado ainda aumento do volume entre os tempos 0h e 14d. Foi possível detectar no FG as MMPs estudadas nos lados controle/teste e lados pressão/tensão, em todos os intervalos de tempo. As flutuações dos níveis das MMPs apresentaram poucas alterações significativas nos diferentes intervalos de tempo, nos lados controle/teste e lados pressão/ tensão. As diferenças intergrupos (TT, TP, CT e CP) em cada tempo não mostraram resultados significativos assim como as comparações entre os lados pressão e tensão para cada tempo individualmente. Os níveis de expressão da MMP-8 foram muito superiores aos das outras MMPs avaliadas, porém sem diferenças signficativas entre os lados teste e controle.

O transplante de células mononucleares de medula óssea contribui para o remodelamento da matriz extracelular durante a regeneração do fígado em ratos com fibrose hepática induzida por ligadura do ducto biliar

A fibrose hepática é o resultado de uma lesão crônica, com a ativação de células inflamatórias e fibrogênicas no fígado, as quais levam a um acúmulo excessivo de proteínas de matriz extracelular (MEC). Essas alterações resultam na morte de células do fígado, com desorganização e perda da função do parênquima hepático. A cirrose é o estágio avançado da fibrose, e culmina na falência hepática, uma condição potencialmente fatal cujo único tratamento efetivo é o transplante de fígado, o qual é limitado pela disponibilidade de órgãos. Na busca por terapias alternativas visando a regeneração hepática, o transplante de células mononucleares de medula óssea (CMMO) mostrou resultados benéficos e promissores em modelos animais e alguns protocolos clínicos. Entre essas células, estão as células-tronco hematopoiéticas e mesenquimais, que apresentam potencial regenerativo e modulador da resposta inflamatória. Este estudo pretendeu avançar na compreensão dos mecanismos pelos quais as CMMO podem ajudar na regeneração hepática. Ratos com fibrose hepática induzida por ligadura do ducto biliar (LDB) foram transplantados com CMMO e comparados com ratos com fibrose sem transplante e ratos normais. Parâmetros hepáticos como componentes da MEC (colágeno total, colágenos tipos I e IV, laminina, metaloproteinases de matriz MMPs), componentes celulares (células fibrogênicas, células de Kupffer e colangiócitos) e enzimas hepáticas foram analisados por microscopia de luz, microscopia confocal, western blotting e espectrofotometria. Os resultados mostraram que o transplante de CMMO contribui para a regeneração hepática de maneira global, (a) diminuindo o acúmulo de colágeno e laminina; (b) aumentando a produção de MMPs que favorecem o remodelamento da MEC, principalmente por células de Kupffer; (c) normalizando a quantidade de colangiócitos e diminuindo a quantidade de células fibrogênicas; e (d) normalizando os níveis sanguíneos das enzimas hepáticas. Portanto, nós sugerimos que as CMMO podem ajudar na regeneração hepática através de mecanismos parácrinos e se diferenciando em células de Kupffer, contribuindo para a secreção de fatores antiinflamatórios e anti-fibrogênicos no fígado com fibrose.

ELF (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) como marcador não invasivo de fibrose hepáticana hepatite C crônica

A fibrose hepática é o aspecto mais relevante e o mais importante determinante de morbimortalidade na hepatite C crônica (HCC). Historicamente, a biópsia hepática é o método de referência para avaliação da fibrose causada pela HCC, apesar de apresentar limitações. O estudo de marcadores não invasivos, que possam obviar a necessidade da biópsia, é uma área de constante interesse na hepatologia. Idealmente, a avaliação da fibrose hepática deveria ser acurada, simples, prontamente disponível, de baixo custo e informar sobre o prognóstico da patologia. Os marcadores não invasivos mais estudados são a elastografia hepática transitória (EHT) e os laboratoriais. A EHT já foi extensamente validada na HCC e está inserida na rotina de avaliação destes pacientes. Dentre os laboratoriais, existem diversos testes em continua experimentação e, até o momento, nenhum foi integrado à prática clínica no Brasil, embora já aplicados rotineiramente em outros países. O Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF), um teste que dosa no soro ácido hialurônico, pró-peptídeo amino-terminal do colágeno tipo III e inibidor tissular da metaloproteinase 1, tem se mostrado bastante eficaz na detecção de fibrose hepática significativa e de cirrose na HCC. Neste estudo o ELF teve o seu desempenho avaliado em relação a biópsia hepática e demonstrou apresentar boa acurácia na detecção tanto de fibrose significativa quanto de cirrose. Na comparação com a EHT apresentou acurácia semelhante para estes mesmos desfechos, com significância estatística. No entanto, foi observada uma superestimação da fibrose com a utilização dos pontos de corte propostos pelo fabricante. Este achado está em acordo com a literatura, onde não há consenso sobre o melhor ponto de corte a ser empregado na prática clínica. Com a ampliação da casuística foi possível propor novos pontos de corte, através da análise clássica, com a biópsia hepática como padrão ouro. O resultado obtido vai ao encontro do observado por outros autores. Em seguida, os novos pontos de corte do ELF foram reavaliados sem que a biópsia hepática fosse a referência, através da análise de classes latentes. Mais uma vez o ELF apresentou bom desempenho, inclusive com melhora de suas sensibilidade e especificidade em comparação com a análise clássica, onde a biópsia hepática é a referência. Assim sendo, é possível concluir que o ELF é um bom marcador não invasivo de fibrose hepática. No entanto, para detecção de fibrose significativa e cirrose, deve ser considerada a aplicação na prática clínica dos novos pontos de corte aqui propostos.

Efeito do movimento dentário nos níveis de metaloproteinases da matriz no fluido gengival de pacientes com periodontite controlada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar o impacto da movimentação dentária de dentes periodontalmente comprometidos no volume do fluido gengival crevicular (FGC) e nos níveis de expressão das metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) -1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -12 e -13 no FGC. Dez pacientes periodontalmente controlados (8 do sexo feminino e 2 do sexo masculino, média de idade de 46,2 10,4 anos) com incisivos projetados labialmente foram submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. Uma arcada dentária foi submetida a movimentação ortodôntica e a arcada oposta foi usada como controle. Amostras de FGC foram coletadas da face lingual de dois incisivos do lado movimento e dois do lado controle uma semana antes da ativação ortodôntica (-7d), imediatamente após a ativação ortodôntica, e após 1 h, 24 h, e 7, 14 e 21 dias. A coleta do FGC foi feita utilizando-se tiras de papel absorvente e o volume foi calculado através do uso do Periotron. Todos os pacientes receberam orientações de higiene bucal e um kit contendo escova de dente, pasta de dente e bochecho de Chlorexidina 0,12% para ser usado durante todo o experimento. A técnica da multianálise imunoenzimática com microesferas foi usada para medir as MMPs no FGC. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes estatísticos Friedman e Mann-Whitney. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no volume do FGC. Em relação aos níveis de MMPs, a única diferença estatisticamente significativa encontrada no decorrer do tempo foi nos níveis de MMP-1 no grupo movimento (p<0,05). Quando os dois grupos foram comparados após a ativação, a única diferença estatisticamente significativa encontrada foi nos níveis de MMP-12 24 horas após a ativação (p<0,05). Estes achados sugerem que o volume de FGC não sofre alteração relacionada ao movimento dentário ortodôntico e que o movimento ortodôntico de dentes periodontalmente comprometidos não resultou em mudanças significativas nos níveis de MMPs no FGC.

Les facteurs de transcription du groupe PEA3: Régulateurs transcriptionnels dans le processus de cancérisation

Erm, Er81, and Pea3 are the three members of the PEA3 group which belong to the Ets transcription factors family. These proteins regulate transcription of multiple target genes, such as those encoding several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which are enzymes degrading the extracellular matrix during cancer metastasis. In fact, PEA3-group genes are often overexpressed in different types of human cancers that also over-express these MMP and display a disseminating phenotype. In experimental models, regulation of PEA3 group member expression has been shown to influence the metastatic process, thus suggesting that these factors play a key role in metastasis. © John Libbey Eurotext.

MMP expression and abnormal lung permeability are important determinants of outcome in IPF

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade all of the extracellular matrix components of the intersititium and may play a role in abnormal alveolar permeability, which is a feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The aims of the present study were to evaluate MMP protein levels in patients with IPF and determine any relationship to treatment and markers of permeability.

Simvastatin Decreases Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Healthy Volunteers

RATIONALE:
Simvastatin inhibits inflammatory responses in vitro and in murine models of lung inflammation in vivo. As simvastatin modulates a number of the underlying processes described in acute lung injury (ALI), it may be a potential therapeutic option.
OBJECTIVES:
To investigate in vivo if simvastatin modulates mechanisms important in the development of ALI in a model of acute lung inflammation induced by inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in healthy human volunteers.
METHODS:
Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were randomized to receive 40 mg or 80 mg of simvastatin or placebo (n = 10/group) for 4 days before inhalation of 50 microg LPS. Measurements were performed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained at 6 hours and plasma obtained at 24 hours after LPS challenge. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was measured in monocyte-derived macrophages.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Pretreatment with simvastatin reduced LPS-induced BALF neutrophilia, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, matrix metalloproteinases 7, 8, and 9, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as plasma CRP (all P < 0.05 vs. placebo). There was no significant difference between simvastatin 40 mg and 80 mg. BALF from subjects post-LPS inhalation induced a threefold up-regulation in nuclear NF-kappaB in monocyte-derived macrophages (P < 0.001); pretreatment with simvastatin reduced this by 35% (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS:
Simvastatin has antiinflammatory effects in the pulmonary and systemic compartment in humans exposed to inhaled LPS.

Oxidised, glycated LDL selectively influences tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene expression and protein production in human retinal capillary pericytes

Aims/hypothesis: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), regulate important biological processes including the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix, proteolysis of cell surface proteins, proteinase zymogen activation, angiogenesis and inflammation. Studies have shown that their balance is altered in retinal microvascular tissues in diabetes. Since LDLs modified by oxidation/glycation are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, we examined the effects of modified LDL on the gene expression and protein production of MMPs and TIMPs in retinal pericytes. Methods: Quiescent human retinal pericytes were exposed to native LDL (N-LDL), glycated LDL (G-LDL) and heavily oxidised and glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) for 24 h. We studied the expression of the genes encoding MMPs and TIMPs mRNAs by analysis of microarray data and quantitative PCR, and protein levels by immunoblotting and ELISA. Results: Microarray analysis showed that MMP1, MMP2, MMP11, MMP14 and MMP25 and TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4 were expressed in pericytes. Of these, only TIMP3 mRNA showed altered regulation, being expressed at significantly lower levels in response to HOG- vs N-LDL. Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting of cell/matrix proteins confirmed the reduction in TIMP3 mRNA and protein in response to HOG-LDL. In contrast to cellular TIMP3 protein, analysis of secreted TIMP1, TIMP2, MMP1 and collagenase activity indicated no changes in their production in response to modified LDL. Combined treatment with N- and HOG-LDL restored TIMP3 mRNA expression to a level comparable with that after N-LDL alone. Conclusions/interpretation: Among the genes encoding for MMPs and TIMPs expressed in retinal pericytes, TIMP3 is uniquely regulated by HOG-LDL. Reduced TIMP3 expression might contribute to microvascular abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.

Type-I interferons induce lung protease responses following respiratory syncytial virus infection via RIG-I-like receptors

The role of proteases in viral infection of the lung is poorly understood. Thus, we examined matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin proteases in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected mouse lungs. RSV-induced gene expression for MMPs -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -12, -13, -14, -16, -17, -19, -20, -25, -27, and -28 and cathepsins B, C, E, G, H, K, L1, S, W, and Z in the airways of Friend leukemia virus B sensitive strain mice. Increased proteases were present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue during infection. Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β-deficient mice were exposed to RSV. Mavs-deficient mice had significantly lower expression of airway MMP-2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -12, -13, and -28 and cathepsins C, G, K, S, W, and Z. In lung epithelial cells, retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I) was identified as the major RIG-I-like receptor required for RSV-induced protease expression via MAVS. Overexpression of RIG-I or treatment with interferon-β in these cells induced MMP and cathepsin gene and protein expression. The significance of RIG-1 protease induction was demonstrated by the fact that inhibiting proteases with batimastat, E64 or ribavirin prevented airway hyperresponsiveness and enhanced viral clearance in RSV-infected mice.

MMP-8 Activity Profiling In GCF Samples

Background: In healthy tissues a family of enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in regulating turnover and metabolism of connective tissue collagen. MMPs have been implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions including periodontal disease. MMP-8 has been extensively studied in periodontal health and disease using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although ELISA quantifies the presence of the MMP-8 protein, it is not possible to determine enzyme activity using this method. Furthermore, since members of the MMP family have poor substrate sequence specificity, a peptide substrate alone cannot differentiate the activity of MMP-8 from other MMPs that may be present in biological samples. Objectives: In the present study, a method to specifically measure MMP-8 activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples was developed. Methods: GCF was collected from healthy patients and those with periodontal disease using Perio paper strips. Samples were stored frozen until required for analysis. A specific MMP-8 antibody was used to coat 96 well microtitre plates to selectively remove MMP-8 from the GCF samples. Following a washing step, the activity of bound MMP-8 was measured over 70 minutes using a fluorogenic (FRET) substrate. Results: GCF from healthy subjects exhibited basal MMP-8 activity but in diseased samples MMP-8 activity was significantly higher. Minimal binding of other recombinant MMPs to the specific MMP-8 antibody was observed in cross-reactivity studies. Conclusion: We show for the first time that MMP-8 activity was significantly increased in GCF from periodontitis sites compared with activity levels in healthy sites. Further studies of MMP-8 activity in GCF samples should improve our understanding of its destructive role in periodontal disease.