Un "lapsus calami" (K.9.2) y la escritura redundante en la Celtiberia

Este artículo se ha realizado dentro del Proyecto de Investigación «Identidades y diversidad cultural en la Hispania Antigua: Bilingüismo y Cultura Epigráfica» (HUM 2006-13424-C04-02/Filo).

Relative durations of post-vocalic consonants in readaloud Spanish by native Swedish L2-learners

Prosody is said to be a persistent feature in foreign accents, particularly in the speech of adult learners. Native Swedish speakers have been reported to lengthen vowels in Spanish as well as post-vocalic consonants in English and German, more than native speakers of the respective languages. The aim of the present study is to examine whether native Swedish learners of Spanish produce increased postvocalic consonant durations in a reading aloud exercise. The text contains certain words that could be expected to trigger complementary consonant lengthening in native Swedish speakers. The result shows that there is no general tendency for native Swedes to lengthen post-vocalic consonants more than native speakers of Spanish in the present speech material. There are examples of longer consonant durations in the speech of the native,Swedish subjects, but it could be a coincidence. A conclusion is that the text used in the study, and probably Spanish as a language, contains few words that are ideal for triggering lengthening of post-vocalic consonants in native Swedish speakers.

Wigner distributions for finite-state systems without redundant phase-point operators

We set up Wigner distributions for N-state quantum systems following a Dirac-inspired approach. In contrast to much of the work in this study, requiring a 2N x 2N phase space, particularly when N is even, our approach is uniformly based on an N x N phase-space grid and thereby avoids the necessity of having to invoke a `quadrupled' phase space and hence the attendant redundance. Both N odd and even cases are analysed in detail and it is found that there are striking differences between the two. While the N odd case permits full implementation of the marginal property, the even case does so only in a restricted sense. This has the consequence that in the even case one is led to several equally good definitions of the Wigner distributions as opposed to the odd case where the choice turns out to be unique.

机器人及机器人学中的控制问题

机器人已成为进一步实现制造业、非制造业、军事活动以至家庭服务自动化的重要工具.机器人学则是更综合地研究如何使机器或系统具有“思想、感知或动作功能的一门交叉性新学科”.机器人的发展是波浪式的,经历了多次的曲折.目前工业机器人中除装配机器人外,其他点焊、弧焊、喷漆及搬运机器人,由于应用范围限制,以及工业生产装备更新速度和投资规模的影响,市场日趋饱和.以美国为例.制造商订单1984年达到高峰6046台.至1986年下降至5713台,不过对机器人未来市场大都持乐观态度.但进一步开拓市场.有待于推出适用于各种环境作业的各式各样的机器人.日本东京大学教授认为机器人当前处于又一次高潮的前夜(Nightmare),正是需要大力加强研究开发的时期.我国正在着手建立工业机器人产业,这一情况值得我们注意.本文着重从研究角度来介绍当前机器人及机器人学中的控制问题的现状及主要问题.

Parallel Auditory Filtering By Sustained and Transient Channels Separates Coarticulated Vowels and Consonants

A neural model of peripheral auditory processing is described and used to separate features of coarticulated vowels and consonants. After preprocessing of speech via a filterbank, the model splits into two parallel channels, a sustained channel and a transient channel. The sustained channel is sensitive to relatively stable parts of the speech waveform, notably synchronous properties of the vocalic portion of the stimulus it extends the dynamic range of eighth nerve filters using coincidence deteectors that combine operations of raising to a power, rectification, delay, multiplication, time averaging, and preemphasis. The transient channel is sensitive to critical features at the onsets and offsets of speech segments. It is built up from fast excitatory neurons that are modulated by slow inhibitory interneurons. These units are combined over high frequency and low frequency ranges using operations of rectification, normalization, multiplicative gating, and opponent processing. Detectors sensitive to frication and to onset or offset of stop consonants and vowels are described. Model properties are characterized by mathematical analysis and computer simulations. Neural analogs of model cells in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus are noted, as are psychophysical data about perception of CV syllables that may be explained by the sustained transient channel hypothesis. The proposed sustained and transient processing seems to be an auditory analog of the sustained and transient processing that is known to occur in vision.

Toward an acoustic vowel metric: listener validation

This paper examines objective measures of speech production, specifically vowels. The relationship between the listener's perception of sections of the vowels with their perception of the entire vocalic utterance was examined.

Prosodic Morphology : Gender in Arabic Perfect Active and Passive 3rd Person Singular Verbs

Prosodic /template Morphology, that "draws heavily on the theoretical apparatus and formalisms of the generative phonology model known as autosegmental phonology" (Katamba, F. 1993: 154), is the best analysis that can handle Arabic morphology. Verbs in Arabic are represented on three independent tiers: root tier, the skeletal tier and the vocalic melody tier (Katamba, F. 1993). Vowel morphemes, which are represented by diacritics, are inserted within the consonant morphemes, which are represented by primary symbols, to form words. The morpheme tier hypothesis paves the way to understand the nonconcatenative Arabic morphology. This paper analyzes gender in perfect active and passive 3rd person singular verbs on the basis of PM. The focus of the analysis shall be drawn heavily on the most common Arabic verbs; triconsonantal verbs, with brief introduction of the less common verbs; quadriconsonantal perfect active and passive masculine and feminine 3rd person singular verbs. I shall, too, cast the light on some vowel changes that some verbs undergo when voice changes.

Contraste fônico encoberto entre /t/ e /k/: um estudo de caso de normalidade e de transtorno fonológico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo acústico da pronúncia de pares mínimos vocálicos do inglês por falantes nativos, professores brasileiros e alunos de nível intermediário e avançado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da possibilidade de geminação em português arcaico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Por que cantam os pastores? Uma interpretação do gênero bucólico latino, sob a perspectiva da prosódia e da métrica

A quantidade vocálica é traço fundamental da prosódia em língua latina e, embora não seja usualmente aproveitada na leitura de poemas, é o dado mais relevante de sua natureza e constituição, visto que, sem ela, não há versos na antiguidade clássica. A quantidade é, assim, fundamental para o canto poético dos pastores, praticado na poesia bucólica, cujo paradigma, instaurado por Teócrito nos Idílios, tem em Virgílio um digno continuador. Nos poemas bucólicos virgilianos, é comum o poeta retratar pastores alternando cantos entre si, forma poética conhecida como amebeu. O objetivo deste artigo é, pois, o de fazer uma leitura de tal topos literário, tendo como ponto de partida a relação intertextual que se funda na derivação genérica, de Teócrito a Virgílio, mas também e principalmente a que se obtém pela leitura integrada da prosódia e da métrica latinas ao texto poético, tendo em vista não apenas os códigos específi cos do gênero bucólico, mas sobretudo os dados que, inferidos da realidade moderna, como os que nos apresenta o lingüista e romancista Gavino Ledda, podem ser aproximados da realidade dos antigos guardadores de rebanho da Sicília – cenário comum aos dramas do universo pastoril virgiliano – ao mesmo tempo que se estuda como quantidade vocálica e ritmo verbal atuam para consubstanciá-lo e dar-lhe expressão poética característica.

Da legitimidade de textos poéticos musicados como fonte para o estudo da prosódia de tempos passados do português: O exemplo das cantigas medievais galego-portuguesas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparação entre medidas acústicas de vogais em provas de repetição e conversa espontânea

The aim of this study is to compare acoustic measures (frequency, duration and intensity) of the vowels /i, a, u/ in repetition and spontaneous tasks. Recordings of words produced by ten children with typical language development in both controlled and spontaneous tasks were selected from a database. The vowels were selected and edited into individual files in the software PRAAT. Acoustic measures related to formant frequency (F1 and F2), intensity and duration of vowels in both contexts were extracted. The values obtained were compared by means of T Tests. In general, the acoustic analysis showed no differences between the two contexts of speech production. The few differences found can be explained by the presence of focus and/or hesitation phenomena during the speech productions. It is possible to use data from spontaneous context to analyze the vowels acoustically, provided that both the phonetic context of the vowel occurrence and the syllable stress of the vocalic segment are considered.

A escrita de /an/ por pré escolares: pistas acústico-auditivas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)