Modelling of the PWR PACTEL vertical steam generator with the TRACE code

The behavior of the nuclear power plants must be known in all operational situations. Thermal hydraulics computer applications are used to simulate the behavior of the plants. The computer applications must be validated before they can be used reliably. The simulation results are compared against the experimental results. In this thesis a model of the PWR PACTEL steam generator was prepared with the TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine computer application. The simulation results can be compared against the results of the Advanced Process Simulator analysis software in future. Development of the model of the PWR PACTEL vertical steam generator is introduced in this thesis. Loss of feedwater transient simulation examples were carried out with the model.

New Steel Alloys for the Design of Heat Recovery Steam Generator Components of Combined Cycle Gas Plants

Demand for power is growing every day, mainly due to emerging economies in countries such as China, Russia, India, and Brazil. During the last 50 years steam pressure and temperature in power plants have been continuously raised to improve thermal efficiency. Recent efforts to improve efficiency leads to the development of a new generation of heat recovery steam generator, where the Benson once-through technology is applied to improve the thermal efficiency. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the mechanical behavior of a high pressure superheater manifold by applying finite element modeling and a finite element analysis with the objective of analyzing stress propagation, leading to the study of damage mechanism, e.g., uniaxial fatigue, uniaxial creep for life prediction. The objective of this paper is also to analyze the mechanical properties of the new high temperature resistant materials in the market such as 2Cr Bainitic steels (T/P23 and T/P24) and also the 9-12Cr Martensitic steels (T/P91, T/P92, E911, and P/T122). For this study the design rules for construction of power boilers to define the geometry of the HPSH manifold were applied.

Trends in steam generator designs for electric utility and indus trial applications

UANL

Multiple PID mapping using neural networks in a MIMO steam generator system

A neural network was used to map three PID operating regions for a two-input two-output steam generator system. The network was used in stand alone feedforward operation to control the whole operating range of the process, after being trained from the PID controllers corresponding to each control region. The network inputs are the plant error signals, their integral, their derivative and a 4-error delay train.

Application of a dynamic event tree methodolgy to steam generator tube rupture sequences

The Integrated Safety Assessment (ISA) methodology, developed by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), has been applied to a thermo-hydraulical analysis of a Westinghouse 3-loop PWR plant by means of the dynamic event trees (DET) for Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) sequences. The ISA methodology allows obtaining the SGTR Dynamic Event Tree taking into account the operator actuation times. Simulations are performed with SCAIS (Simulation Code system for Integrated Safety Assessment), which includes a dynamic coupling with MAAP thermal hydraulic code. The results show the capability of the ISA methodology and SCAIS platform to obtain the DET of complex sequences.

Aukko-osuuden mittausmenetelmien kartoitus PWR PACTEL -koelaitteiston pystyhöyrystimen sekundääripuolella

Diplomityössä kartoitetaan mahdollisuuksia aukko-osuuden mittaamiseksi ydinvoimalaitosta mallintavan PWR PACTEL -koelaitteiston pystyhöyrystimen sekundääripuolella. Työ on toteutettu osana kansallista SAFIR2014-ydinturvallisuustutkimusohjelmaa. Diplomityön tavoitteena on löytää kustannuksiltaan mahdollisimman järkevä ja toimiva menetelmä aukko-osuuden määrittämiseksi. Aukko-osuuden mittaaminen on tärkeää sekundääripuolen kaksifaasivirtauksen käyttäytymisen paremman tuntemuksen lisäämiseksi. Aukko-osuusmittausdataa tarvitaan muun muassa laskentakoodien validointiin. Diplomityössä perehdytään kaksifaasivirtauksen ja aukko-osuuden fysiikkaan sekä esitellään erityyppisiä aukko-osuuden mittausmenetelmiä. Kunkin mittausmenetelmän soveltuvuutta PWR PACTEL -koelaitteistoon arvioidaan erikseen. Aukko-osuuden mittaaminen höyrystimen sekundääripuolella osoittautuu käytännössä erittäin hankalaksi. Pääasiassa tämä johtuu höyrystimen rakenteesta sekä mittausmenetelmien korkeista kustannuksista. Tämän vuoksi työssä tarkastellaan myös edellytyksiä aukko-osuuden mittaamiselle erillisessä höyrystintä mallintavassa koelaitteistossa. Mikäli aukko-osuutta haluttaisiin mitata erilliskoelaitteistossa, tulisi höyrystinmallin rakennetta, materiaaleja tai kiertoainetta muuttaa PWR PACTELin höyrystimeen verrattuna.

Luonnonkiertovirtauksen kääntyminen pystyhöyrystimen lämmönvaihtoputkissa

Diplomityössä tutkitaan virtauksen kääntymistä Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston PWR PACTEL –koelaitteiston pystyhöyrystimen lämmönvaihtoputkissa käyttäen APROS–prosessisimulointiohjelmaa. Työn teoriaosassa esitellään pystyhöyrystimillä varustettuja koelaitteistoja, erityisesti PWR PACTEL ja sen höyrystin. Lisäksi esitellään virtauksen kääntymisestä tehtyjä havaintoja ja käsitellään kääntymistä teoreettisesta näkökulmasta. Simulointiosan alussa esitellään työssä käytetty APROS –prosessisimulointiohjelma, sekä sen avulla höyrystimestä luodut mallit. Työssä on tutkittu virtauksen käännöstapahtumaa simuloimalla useita eri transienttitilanteita pienillä primäärimassavirroilla. Simulaatiotapauksissa havaittiin virtauksen kääntyvän höyrystimen eripituisissa lämmönvaihtoputkissa, tilanteesta riippuen pääosin lyhimmissä tai toisiksi lyhimmissä lämmönvaihtoputkissa. Transienttien eri vaiheiden, ts. primäärimassavirran muutos- ja tasaantumisvaiheiden pituuden havaittiin vaikuttavan siihen, minkä pituisissa putkissa kääntyminen tapahtuu ja missä järjestyksessä.

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems. Part II - Analysis of waste incineration combined gas/steam cycle

In the first paper of this paper (Part I), conditions were presented for the gas cleaning technological route for environomic optimisation of a cogeneration system based in a thermal cycle with municipal solid waste incineration. In this second part, an environomic analysis is presented of a cogeneration system comprising a combined cycle composed of a gas cycle burning natural gas with a heat recovery steam generator with no supplementary burning and a steam cycle burning municipal solid wastes (MSW) to which will be added a pure back pressure steam turbine (another one) of pure condensation. This analysis aims to select, concerning some scenarios, the best atmospheric pollutant emission control routes (rc) according to the investment cost minimisation, operation and social damage criteria. In this study, a comparison is also performed with the results obtained in the Case Study presented in Part I. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Availability analysis of heat recovery steam generators used in thermal power plants

The combined-cycle gas and steam turbine power plant presents three main pieces of equipment: gas turbines, steam turbines and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). In case of HRSG failure the steam cycle is shut down, reducing the power plant output. Considering that the technology for design, construction and operation of high capacity HRSGs is quite recent its availability should be carefully evaluated in order to foresee the performance of the power plant. This study presents a method for reliability and availability evaluation of HRSGs installed in combined-cycle power plant. The method`s first step consists in the elaboration of the steam generator functional tree and development of failure mode and effects analysis. The next step involves a reliability and availability analysis based on the time to failure and time to repair data recorded during the steam generator operation. The third step, aiming at availability improvement, recommends the fault-tree analysis development to identify components the failure (or combination of failures) of which can cause the HRSG shutdown. Those components maintenance policy can be improved through the use of reliability centered maintenance (RCM) concepts. The method is applied on the analysis of two HRSGs installed in a 500 MW combined-cycle power plant. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of a PC Tool for Estimating Pressure Drops in Forced-convection Boiler Tubes

Kaksifaasivirtauksen kuvaamiseen käytettävät mallit, ja menetelmät kaksifaasivirtauksen painehäviön määrittämiseksi kehittyvät yhä monimutkaisimmiksi. Höyrystinputkissa tapahtuvien painehäviöiden arvioinnin vaatiman laskennan suorittamiseksi tietokoneohjelman kehittäminen on välttämätöntä. Tässä työssä on kehitetty itsenäinen PC-ohjelma painehäviöiden arvioimiseksi pakotetulle konvektiovirtaukselle pystysuorissa höyrykattilan höyrystinputkissa. Veden ja vesihöyryn aineominaisuuksien laskentaan käytetään IAPWS-IF97 –yhtälökokoelmaa sekä muita tarvittavia IAPWS:n suosittelemia yhtälöitä. Höyrystinputkessa kulloinkin vallitsevan virtausmuodon määrittämiseen käytetään sovelluskelpoisia virtausmuotojen välisiä rajoja kuvaavia yhtälöitä. Ohjelmassa käytetään painehäviön määritykseen kirjallisuudessa julkaistuja yhtälöitä, virtausmuodosta riippuen, alijäähtyneelle virtaukselle, kupla-, tulppa- ja rengasvirtaukselle sekä tulistetun höyryn virtaukselle. Ohjelman laskemia painehäviöarvioita verrattiin kirjallisuudesta valittuihin mittaustuloksiin. Laskettujen painehäviöiden virhe vaihteli välillä –19.5 ja +23.9 %. Virheiden itseisarvojen keskiarvo oli 12.8 %.

Painevesilaitosten höyrystinkonstruktioiden vertailu

Tässä kirjallisuustyössä tutustutaan kolmeen kaupallisissa painevesilaitoksissa käytettyyn höyrystinkonstruktioon: U-putkipystyhöyrystimeen, U-putkivaakahöyrystimeen ja läpivirtaushöyrystimeen. Työssä tutustutaan näiden ratkaisujen erityispiirteisiin ja vertaillaan niitä keskenään.

Modelling of hydrogen stratification and gas mixing in containment using the APROS code

Hydrogen stratification and atmosphere mixing is a very important phenomenon in nuclear reactor containments when severe accidents are studied and simulated. Hydrogen generation, distribution and accumulation in certain parts of containment may pose a great risk to pressure increase induced by hydrogen combustion, and thus, challenge the integrity of NPP containment. The accurate prediction of hydrogen distribution is important with respect to the safety design of a NPP. Modelling methods typically used for containment analyses include both lumped parameter and field codes. The lumped parameter method is universally used in the containment codes, because its versatility, flexibility and simplicity. The lumped parameter method allows fast, full-scale simulations, where different containment geometries with relevant engineering safety features can be modelled. Lumped parameter gas stratification and mixing modelling methods are presented and discussed in this master’s thesis. Experimental research is widely used in containment analyses. The HM-2 experiment related to hydrogen stratification and mixing conducted at the THAI facility in Germany is calculated with the APROS lump parameter containment package and the APROS 6-equation thermal hydraulic model. The main purpose was to study, whether the convection term included in the momentum conservation equation of the 6-equation modelling gives some remarkable advantages compared to the simplified lumped parameter approach. Finally, a simple containment test case (high steam release to a narrow steam generator room inside a large dry containment) was calculated with both APROS models. In this case, the aim was to determine the extreme containment conditions, where the effect of convection term was supposed to be possibly high. Calculation results showed that both the APROS containment and the 6-equation model could model the hydrogen stratification in the THAI test well, if the vertical nodalisation was dense enough. However, in more complicated cases, the numerical diffusion may distort the results. Calculation of light gas stratification could be probably improved by applying the second order discretisation scheme for the modelling of gas flows. If the gas flows are relatively high, the convection term of the momentum equation is necessary to model the pressure differences between the adjacent nodes reasonably.

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems. Part II - Analysis of waste incineration combined gas/steam cycle

In the first paper of this paper (Part I), conditions were presented for the gas cleaning technological route for environomic optimisation of a cogeneration system based in a thermal cycle with municipal solid waste incineration. In this second part, an environomic analysis is presented of a cogeneration system comprising a combined cycle composed of a gas cycle burning natural gas with a heat recovery steam generator with no supplementary burning and a steam cycle burning municipal solid wastes (MSW) to which will be added a pure back pressure steam turbine (another one) of pure condensation. This analysis aims to select, concerning some scenarios, the best atmospheric pollutant emission control routes (rc) according to the investment cost minimisation, operation and social damage criteria. In this study, a comparison is also performed with the results obtained in the Case Study presented in Part I. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exergy-based method for analyzing the composition of the electricity cost generated in gas-fired combined cycle plants

The proposed method to analyze the composition of the cost of electricity is based on the energy conversion processes and the destruction of the exergy through the several thermodynamic processes that comprise a combined cycle power plant. The method uses thermoeconomics to evaluate and allocate the cost of exergy throughout the processes, considering costs related to inputs and investment in equipment. Although the concept may be applied to any combined cycle or cogeneration plant, this work develops only the mathematical modeling for three-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) configurations and total condensation of the produced steam. It is possible to study any n x 1 plant configuration (n sets of gas turbine and HRSGs associated to one steam turbine generator and condenser) with the developed model, assuming that every train operates identically and in steady state. The presented model was conceived from a complex configuration of a real power plant, over which variations may be applied in order to adapt it to a defined configuration under study [Borelli SJS. Method for the analysis of the composition of electricity costs in combined cycle thermoelectric power plants. Master in Energy Dissertation, Interdisciplinary Program of Energy, Institute of Eletro-technical and Energy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2005 (in Portuguese)]. The variations and adaptations include, for instance, use of reheat, supplementary firing and partial load operation. It is also possible to undertake sensitivity analysis on geometrical equipment parameters. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Simulação da Central de Cogeração da Refinaria de Matosinhos (Petrogal)

Mestrado em Engenharia Química – Ramo Optimização Energética na Indústria Química