[Book review] Psychology and Law: Truthfulness, Accuracy and Credibility

Review of: Psychology and law : truthfulness, accuracy and credibility by Amina Memon, Aldert Vrij and Ray Bull. London: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Relevance and truthfulness in information correction and fusion

A general approach to information correction and fusion for belief functions is proposed, where not only may the information items be irrelevant, but sources may lie as well. We introduce a new correction scheme, which takes into account uncertain metaknowledge on the source’s relevance and truthfulness and that generalizes Shafer’s discounting operation. We then show how to reinterpret all connectives of Boolean logic in terms of source behavior assumptions with respect to relevance and truthfulness. We are led to generalize the unnormalized Dempster’s rule to all Boolean connectives, while taking into account the uncertainties pertaining to assumptions concerning the behavior of sources. Eventually, we further extend this approach to an even more general setting, where source behavior assumptions do not have to be restricted to relevance and truthfulness.We also establish the commutativity property between correction and fusion processes, when the behaviors of the sources are independent.

An Uber for apartments could solve some common housing problems

Speculative property developers, criticised for building dog boxes and the slums of tomorrow, are generally hated by urban planners and the public alike. But the doors of state governments are seemingly always open to developers and their lobbyists. Politicians find it hard to say no to the demands of the development industry for concessions because of the contribution housing construction makes to the economic bottom line and because there is a need for well located housing. New supply is also seen as a solution to declining housing affordability. Classical economic theory however is too simplistic for housing supply. Instead, an offshoot of Game Theory - Market Design – not only offers greater insight into apartment supply but also can simultaneously address price, design and quality issues. New research reveals the most significant risk in residential development is settlement risk – when buyers fail to proceed with their purchase despite there being a pre-sale contract. At the point of settlement, the developer has expended all the project funds only to see forecast revenue evaporate. While new buyers may be found, this process is likely to strip the profitability out of the project. As the global financial crisis exposed, buyers are inclined to walk if property values slide. This settlement problem reflects a poor legal mechanism (the pre-sale contract), and a lack of incentive for truthfulness. A second problem is the search costs of finding buyers. At around 10% of project costs, pre-sales are more expensive to developers than finance. This is where Market Design comes in.

La heráldica, el retrato y el fin de la Edad Media : un acercamiento antropológico a la iconografía

Resumen: Durante la Edad Media hizo su aparición la heráldica como forma de identificar ciertos aspectos de las personas, ya sea por su condición social o por su actividad específica. El uso de blasones y escudos de armas desde el siglo XI generó una importante cantidad de signos, colores y símbolos que edificaron todo un “patrón de lectura” del “rostro social” de la persona que portaba tal insignia, sin importar o no la veracidad de su rostro al confeccionarse un retrato pintado o esculpido. Paralelo a esto, la retratística que hubo durante todo el período medieval de personas reales, sagradas o ideales avanzó hacia un progresivo naturalismo que finalizó en el siglo XV con la reproducción del retratado tal cual era su fisonomía y abandonando el canon estereotipado que durante los siglos precedentes habían proliferado. Finalmente, con el creciente Humanismo, la aparición de la perspectiva y el progresivo abandono de la identificación de determinado personaje con sólo su escudo de armas, sirvió para que el retratado mirase a los ojos del observador y “dialogase”, develando aspectos espirituales antes ocultos. El objetivo de este trabajo es acercarse con una visión antropológica a la cuestión del retrato tardomedieval y renacentista en conjunción con los cambios operados en la heráldica y la iconografía, comprobando que la mirada tiene marcada intencionalidad, los rostros se frontalizan progresivamente y la heráldica pierde el espesor que tuvo en siglos precedentes

O páthos moral da verdade: o problema do conceito da veracidade na crítica de Nietszche à moral

Na tentativa de reconstruir a crítica nietzschiana à reflexão filosófica sobre o fenômeno moral, o presente trabalho investiga os critérios utilizados pela Filosofia moral na sistematização dos conceitos de liberdade e obrigatoriedade sob a base de uma assim chamada vontade de verdade. O propósito dessa reconstrução crítica consiste em averiguar o papel desempenhado pela noção de veracidade na compreensão filosófica das ações e normas morais. Para tanto, o estudo se ocupa, em um primeiro momento, dos argumentos utilizados por Nietzsche ao conceber a interpretação filosófica em sua essência moral e ao identificar na exigência humana por sociabilidade uma das gêneses da noção de veracidade. Essas duas hipóteses são decisivas na análise das propostas hermenêuticas ocidentais referentes ao fenômeno moral, tal como Nietzsche propôs no famoso texto Sobre verdade e mentira em sentido extramoral (1873) e em sua obra tardia. Em seguida, é abordada a dificuldade que a tradição filosófica enfrentou na tentativa de fundamentação das normas e ações morais, sobretudo à luz da crise do pensamento metafísico. Por fim, procura-se apresentar a reflexão de Nietzsche sobre o fenômeno moral como o meio mais adequado para se responder à crise do pensamento metafísico, na medida em que procura substituir os pressupostos teóricos da tradição filosófica ocidental e apresentar a noção de veracidade como probidade e virtude por excelência do espírito livre.

CSR: Constrained Selfish Routing in Ad-hoc Networks

Routing protocols for ad-hoc networks assume that the nodes forming the network are either under a single authority, or else that they would be altruistically forwarding data for other nodes with no expectation of a return. These assumptions are unrealistic since in ad-hoc networks, nodes are likely to be autonomous and rational (selfish), and thus unwilling to help unless they have an incentive to do so. Providing such incentives is an important aspect that should be considered when designing ad-hoc routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a dynamic, decentralized routing protocol for ad-hoc networks that provides incentives in the form of payments to intermediate nodes used to forward data for others. In our Constrained Selfish Routing (CSR) protocol, game-theoretic approaches are used to calculate payments (incentives) that ensure both the truthfulness of participating nodes and the fairness of the CSR protocol. We show through simulations that CSR is an energy efficient protocol and that it provides lower communication overhead in the best and average cases compared to existing approaches.

Cartographic veracity in medieval mapping: analyzing geographical variation in the Gough Map of Great Britain

This article explores statistical approaches for assessing the relative accuracy of medieval mapping. It focuses on one particular map, the Gough Map of Great Britain. This is an early and remarkable example of a medieval “national” map covering Plantagenet Britain. Conventionally dated to c. 1360, the map shows the position of places in and coastal outline of Great Britain to a considerable degree of spatial accuracy. In this article, aspects of the map's content are subjected to a systematic analysis to identify geographical variations in the map's veracity, or truthfulness. It thus contributes to debates among historical geographers and cartographic historians on the nature of medieval maps and mapping and, in particular, questions of their distortion of geographic space. Based on a newly developed digital version of the Gough Map, several regression-based approaches are used here to explore the degree and nature of spatial distortion in the Gough Map. This demonstrates that not only are there marked variations in the positional accuracy of places shown on the map between regions (i.e., England, Scotland, and Wales), but there are also fine-scale geographical variations in the spatial accuracy of the map within these regions. The article concludes by suggesting that the map was constructed using a range of sources, and that the Gough Map is a composite of multiscale representations of places in Great Britain. The article details a set of approaches that could be transferred to other contexts and add value to historic maps by enhancing understanding of their contents.

A luz na pintura de representação : mito, representação e luz na prática pictórica : (1550-1650)

Tese de doutoramento, Belas-Artes (Pintura), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas-Artes, 2014

'It's Almost Like Talking to a Person': Student Discolsure to Pedagogical Agents in Sensitive Setting

Online chatbots (also known as pedagogical agents or virtual assistants) are becoming embedded into the fabric of technology, both in educational and commercial settings. Yet understanding of these technologies is inchoate and often untheorised, influenced by individuals’ willingness to trust technologies, aesthetic appearance of the chatbot and technical literacy, among other factors. This paper draws upon data from two research studies that evaluated students’ experiences of using pedagogical agents in education using responsive evaluation. The findings suggest that emotional connections with pedagogical agents were intrinsic to the user’s sense of trust and therefore likely to affect levels of truthfulness and engagement. They also indicate that the topic of the pedagogical agent-student interaction is key to the student’s experience. The implications of these studies are that truthfulness, personalisation and emotional engagement are all vital components in using pedagogical agents to enhance online learning.

Beyond Robotic Wastelands of Time: Abandoned Pedagogical Agents and New Pedalled Pedagogies

Chatbots, known as pedagogical agents in educational settings, have a long history of use, beginning with Alan Turing’s work. Since then online chatbots have become embedded into the fabric of technology. Yet understandings of these technologies are inchoate and often untheorised. Integration of chatbots into educational settings over the past five years suggests an increase in interest in the ways in which chatbots might be adopted and adapted for teaching and learning. This article draws on historical literature and theories that to date have largely been ignored in order to (re)contextualise two studies that used responsive evaluation to examine the use of pedagogical agents in education. Findings suggest that emotional interactions with pedagogical agents are intrinsic to a user’s sense of trust, and that truthfulness, personalisation and emotional engagement are vital when using pedagogical agents to enhance online learning. Such findings need to be considered in the light of ways in which notions of learning are being redefined in the academy and the extent to which new literacies and new technologies are being pedalled as pedagogies in ways that undermine what higher education is, is for, and what learning means.

Helping medical students to acquire a deeper understanding of truth-telling.

PROBLEM: Truth-telling is an important component of respect for patients' self-determination, but in the context of breaking bad news, it is also a distressing and difficult task. INTERVENTION: We investigated the long-term influence of a simulated patient-based teaching intervention, integrating learning objectives in communication skills and ethics into students' attitudes and concerns regarding truth-telling. We followed two cohorts of medical students from the preclinical third year to their clinical rotations (fifth year). Open-ended responses were analysed to explore medical students' reported difficulties in breaking bad news. CONTEXT: This intervention was implemented during the last preclinical year of a problem-based medical curriculum, in collaboration between the doctor-patient communication and ethics programs. OUTCOME: Over time, concerns such as empathy and truthfulness shifted from a personal to a relational focus. Whereas 'truthfulness' was a concern for the content of the message, 'truth-telling' included concerns on how information was communicated and how realistically it was received. Truth-telling required empathy, adaptation to the patient, and appropriate management of emotions, both for the patient's welfare and for a realistic understanding of the situation. LESSONS LEARNED: Our study confirms that an intervention confronting students with a realistic situation succeeds in making them more aware of the real issues of truth-telling. Medical students deepened their reflection over time, acquiring a deeper understanding of the relational dimension of values such as truth-telling, and honing their view of empathy.