4 resultados para toimeentulotuki


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The purpose of this research is to identify the optimal poverty policy for a welfare state. Poverty is defined by income. Policies for reducing poverty are considered primary, and those for reducing inequality secondary. Poverty is seen as a function of the income transfer system within a welfare state. This research presents a method for optimising this function for the purposes of reducing poverty. It is also implemented in the representative population sample within the Income Distribution Data. SOMA simulation model is used. The iterative simulation process is continued until a level of poverty is reached at which improvements can no longer be made. Expenditures and taxes are kept in balance during the process. The result consists of two programmes. The first programme (social assistance programme) was formulated using five social assistance parameters, all of which dealt with the norms of social assistance for adults (€/month). In the second programme (basic benefits programme), in which social assistance was frozen at the legislative level of 2003, the parameter with the strongest poverty reduction effect turned out to be one of the basic unemployment allowances. This was followed by the norm of the national pension for a single person, two parameters related to housing allowance, and the norm for financial aid for students of higher education institutions. The most effective financing parameter measured by gini-coefficient in all programmes was the percent of capital taxation. Furthermore, these programmes can also be examined in relation to their costs. The social assistance programme is significantly cheaper than the basic benefits programme, and therefore with regard to poverty, the social assistance programme is more cost effective than the basic benefits programme. Therefore, public demand for raising the level of basic benefits does not seem to correspond to the most cost effective poverty policy. Raising basic benefits has most effect on reducing poverty within the group of people whose basic benefits are raised. Raising social assistance, on the other hand, seems to have a strong influence on the poverty of all population groups. The most significant outcome of this research is the development of a method through which a welfare state’s income transfer-based safety net, which has severely deteriorated in recent decades, might be mended. The only way of doing so involves either social assistance or some forms of basic benefits and supplementing these by modifying social assistance.

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This research analyses opinions on the system of social welfare services from the point of view of clients and the public in general in Finland. The approach is quantitative, drawing on theories of the welfare-state tradition. The data used comes from the comprehensive Welfare and Services in Finland survey compiled by STAKES. While previous research on the welfare state has predominantly focused on surveying public opinion on social protection, this research focuses on social welfare services. The main focus of this research is on publicly funded care provided by municipal social welfare services. In this research, social welfare services include child day care, services for people with disabilities, home-help services, counselling by social workers and social assistance. The research considered in particular whether the clients or the population has different opinions towards social welfare services or social benefits. In addition, the research partly covers areas of informal care provided by family and friends. The research material consisted of the STAKES Welfare and Services in Finland survey. The data was compiled in 2004 and 2006 by Statistics Finland. The research comprises five articles. Additional data have been extracted from social welfare statistics and registers. Multiple approaches were applied in the survey on welfare and services the methods in this research included interviews by phone and mail, and register data. The sample size was 5 810 people in 2004 and 5 798 in 2006. The response rates were 82.7% and 83.7%, respectively. The results indicate that a large majority (90%) of the Finnish population is of the opinion that the public sector should bear the main responsibility for organising social and health services. The system of social welfare services and its personnel have strong public support 73% and 80% respectively. However, new and even negative tones have emerged in the Finnish debate on social welfare services. Women are increasingly critical of the performance of social welfare services and the level of social protection. Furthermore, this study shows that women more often than men wish to see an increase in the amount of privately organised social welfare services. Another group critical of the performance of social welfare services are pensioners. People who had used social welfare services were more critical than those who had not used them. Thus, the severest criticism was received from the groups who use and gain most from public services and benefits. However, the education and income variables identified in earlier studies no longer formed a significant dividing line, although people with higher education tend to foster a more positive view of the performance of social welfare services as well as the level of social protection. Income differences did not bear any significance, that is, belonging to a high or low income group was not a determining factor in the attitude towards social welfare services or social benefits. According to the research, family and friends still form an informal yet significant support network in people's everyday lives, and its importance has not been diminished by services provided by the welfare state. The Finnish public considers child day care the most reliable form of social welfare services. Indeed, child day care has become the most universal sector of our system of social welfare services. Other services that instil confidence included counselling by social workers and services for people with disabilities. On the other hand, social assistance and home-help services received negative feedback. The negative views were based on a number of arguments. One argument contends that the home-help service system, which was originally intended for universal use, is crumbling. The preventive role of home-help services has been reduced. These results mirror the increasingly popular opinion that social welfare services are not produced for all those who need them, but to an increasing extent for a select few of them. Municipalities are struggling with their finances and this, combined with negative publicity, has damaged the public's trust in some municipal social welfare services. A welfare state never achieves a stable condition, but must develop over time, as the world around it changes. Following the 1990's recession, we are now in a position where we can start to develop a system that responds to the needs of the next generation. Study results indicating new areas of dissatisfaction reflect the need to develop and improve the services provided. It is also increasingly essential that social welfare services pay attention to the opinions of clients and the public. Should the gap between opinions and actual activities increase, the legitimacy of the whole system would be questioned. Currently, the vast majority of Finns consider the system of social welfare services adequate, which provides us with the continuity required to maintain and improve client-oriented and reasonably priced social welfare services. Paying attention to the signals given by clients and the general public, and reacting to them accordingly, will also secure the development and legitimacy of the system in the future.

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Suomalaisen hyvinvointivaltion uudistaminen on historian sitomaa pienten askelten politiikkaa. Sosiaalipoliittiset järjestelmät ovat liikkeissään kuin elefantteja: muutos on usein hidas, vähittäinen ja kenties kömpelö - vanhalta polulta ei ole helppoa siirtyä uudelle, vaikka vaihtoehtoisia polkuja olisikin näkyvissä. Tässä kirjassa keskitytään uudelle polulle siirtymisen - järjestelmien muutoksia ja uudistuksia - mahdollistaviin tekijöihin. Monivaiheisten politiikkaprosessien ratkaiseva rooli vaikuttaa merkittävästi sosiaalipoliittisten järjestelmien uudistusten (epä)onnistumiseen. Mikä on politiikkaprosessi? Miten muutosprosesseja tutkitaan? Miten Sata-komitean työ vaikutti Suomen sosiaalipoliittisiin järjestelmiin? Miten innovaatiot leviävät politiikassa? Miksi Suomessa ei enää ole tulopolitiikkaa? Tulisiko toimeentulotuen maksatus siirtää kunnilta Kelaan? Millaiset prosessit johtivat kunta- ja palvelurakenneuudistukseen, perhevapaita koskeviin uudistuksiin, työmarkkinatukiuudistukseen tai lääkkeiden viitehintajärjestelmään? Muun muassa näitä kysymyksiä valottavat tämän kirjan artikkelit vähimmäisturvan, sosiaalivakuutuksen ja hyvinvointipalvelujen järjestämisen - niin laajojen kuin yksittäistenkin - uudistusten näkökulmasta.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan suomalaisten nuorten työmarkkinasiirtymiä. Siirtymiä kuvataan tyypittelemällä nuorten toimintaa työmarkkinoilla. Tyypitellyssä verrataan töissä tai opiskelemassa olevia nuoria työttömänä tai työmarkkinoiden ulkopuolella oleviin nuoriin. Toimintaa työmarkkinoilla seurataan kolmessa ajankohdassa (2008, 2010 ja 2012), nuorten ollessa 21—25 -vuotiaita. Tyypittelyn pohjalta nuorille luodaan työmarkkinauratyyppejä, jotka kuvaavat erilaisia työmarkkinasiirtymiä. Kiinnostuksen kohteena on etenkin se, ovatko nuoret kiinni työmarkkinasiirtymiä tukevissa ja myöhempää työelämään kiinnittymistä edistävissä toiminnoissa vai eivät. Tutkielma linkittyy keskusteluun nuorten syrjäytymisestä, jota lähestytään usein juuri nuorten koulutus- ja työmarkkinatilanteiden kautta. Työmarkkinauria selittäviä tekijöitä tarkastellaan nuoren sukupuolen, koulutuksen, vanhempien koulutuksen, vanhempien saaman toimeentulotuen ja asuinpaikan mukaan. Asuinpaikan vaikutusta tarkastellaan lapsuudessa ja nuoressa aikuisuudessa. Tutkielma on otteeltaan kvantitatiivinen. Aineistona käytetään THL:n ylläpitämää Kansallinen syntymäkohortti 1987 -aineistoa, jossa on seurattu samoja nuoria sikiöajalta nykypäivään eri viranomaisrekistereiden kautta. Tutkielma pohjautuu kokonaisaineistoon (N=57 641). Menetelminä käytetään ristiintaulukointia ja multinomiaalista logistista regressiota. Tulosten perusteella työmarkkinasiirtymät näyttäytyivät sujuvina suurimmalle osalle nuorista. Tutkielmassa 81,5 prosenttia nuorista sijoittui työmarkkinauratyypeille, joille oli leimallista työssäkäynti tai opiskelu kaikkina tutkimusvuosina. Tutkielmassa erotettiin myös joukko nuoria, joille työmarkkinasiirtymät koostuivat pääosin työttömyydestä tai työmarkkinoiden ulkopuolella olemisesta. Näitä nuoria oli 6,1 prosenttia kohortista. Koulutusaste vaikutti työmarkkinasiirtymiin selvästi eniten ja vaikeuksia työmarkkinasiirtymissä kohtasivat eniten nuoret, jotka olivat perusasteen tutkinnon varassa vielä 21-vuotiaana. Vanhemman matala koulutus ja vanhemman saama toimeentulotuki olivat myös yhteydessä työmarkkinasiirtymiin liittyviin katkoksiin. Asuinpaikka vaikutti uratyypeille sijoittumiseen siten, että kaupunkimaisilla alueilla asuvat nuoret olivat todennäköisemmin koko ajan opiskelemassa tai töissä kuin muilla alueilla asuvat nuoret. Asuinpaikka lapsuudessa ei vaikuttanut työmarkkinasiirtymiin. Tulosten perusteella nuorten työmarkkinasiirtymiä tukevat järjestelmät näyttäytyvät Suomessa pääosin toimivina, mutta niitä tulisi kehittää nuorten erilaiset tilanteet ja tuen tarve huomioiden.