Teleconsultation in sexual and reproductive health for young adults through mobile devices: Experience in Colombia

Background: Sexual risk behaviors associated with poor information on sexuality have contributed to major public health problems in the area of sexual and reproductive health in teenagers and young adults in Colombia. Objective: To measure the perception of changes in sexual and reproductive risk behavior after the use of a teleconsultation service via mobile devices in a sample of young adults. Methods: A before and after observational study was designed, where a mobile application to inquire about sexual and reproductive health was developed. The perception of changes in sexual and reproductive health risk behaviors in a sample of young adults after the use of the application was measured using the validated survey “Family Health International (FHI) – Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) – Survey for Adults between 15 to 40 Years”. Non-probabilistic convenience recruitment was undertaken through the study´s web page. Participants answered the survey online before and after the use of the mobile application for a six month period (intervention). For the inferential analysis, data was divided into three groups (dichotomous data, discrete quantitative data, and ordinal data), to compare the results of the questions between the first and the second survey. For all tests, a confidence interval of 95% was established. For dichotomous data, the Chi-squared test was used. For quantitative data, we used the Student’s t-test, and for ordinal data, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Results: A total of 257 subjects were registered in the study and met the selection criteria. The pre-intervention survey was answered by 232 subjects, and 127 completely answered the post-intervention survey, of which 54.3% did not use the application, leaving an effective population of 58 subjects for analysis. 53% (n=31) were female, and 47% (n=27) were male. The mean age was 21 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. The differences between the answers on the first and the second survey were not statistically significant. The main risk behaviors identified in the population were homosexual relations, non-use of condoms, sexual relations with non-regular and commercial partners, the use of psychoactive substances, and ignorance about the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV transmission. Conclusions: Although there were no differences between the pre- and post-intervention results, the study revealed different risk behaviors among the participating subjects. These findings highlight the importance of promoting educational strategies on this matter and the importance of providing patients with easily accessible tools with reliable health information.

Evaluation of an accident and emergency teleconsultation service for north-east Scotland

We evaluated an accident and emergency teleconsultation service provided to 14 community hospitals in north-east Scotland. Each community hospital was equipped with a videoconferencing system and a document camera to allow transmission of radiographs. The network used 384 kbit/s ISDN connections. A total of 1392 teleconsultations were recorded during a 12-month study period. Seventy-seven per cent of patients (n=1072) were managed locally and 23% (n=320) were transferred to Aberdeen. The majority (95%) of teleconsultations were conducted on weekdays, and 90% of these occurred between the hours of 09:00 and 16:00. The mean delay in contacting a doctor was 9 min and the mean consultation time was 10 min. The majority of patients were suffering from fractures or suspected fractures of the limbs. Radiograph transmission was used in 75% of all teleconsultations. A high degree of satisfaction was recorded by all users of the service.

Cost implications of outpatient teleneurology

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the costs of realtime teleneurology with the cost of conventional neurological care. Two district hospitals in Northern Ireland were equipped with videoconferencing units and were connected to the regional neurological centre by ISDN at 384 kbit/s. Of 168 patients randomized to the study, 141 kept their appointments (76 male, 65 female). Sixty-five patients were randomized to a conventional consultation while 76 were randomized to a teleconsultation. The average age was 44 years of those seen conventionally and 42 years of those seen by telemedicine. The groups had similar diagnoses. The telemedicine group required more investigations and reviews than the conventional group. The average cost of the conventional consultation was pound 49 compared with pound 72 for the teleconsultation. Realtime teleneurology was not as cost-effective as conventional care.

Le soin du monde : incursions anthropologiques dans le Pan-African e-Network Project

Cette thèse enquête sur l’émergence d’espaces de soin à l’ère de la mondialisation numérique. Elle s’articule autour d’incursions au sein du Pan-African e Network Project (PAN), un réseau de cybersanté par l’entremise duquel des hôpitaux tertiaires situés en Inde offrent des services de téléconsultations et de formation médicale à des centres de santé africains. Des incursions sur la piste d’un projet en constante mutation, pour en saisir la polyvalence ontologique, la pertinence politique, la valeur thérapeutique. Le PAN, c’est une entreprise colossale, aux ramifications multiples. C’est le travail quotidien d’ingénieurs, médecins, gestionnaires. Ce sont des routines techniques, des équipements. À la fois emblème d’une résurgence de la coopération indo-africaine et expression d’une étonnante histoire cybermédicale indienne, le réseau incarne une Inde néolibérale, portée par l’ambition technique et commerciale de propulser la nation au centre de la marche du monde. Le PAN, c’est une ouverture numérique de la clinique, qui reconfigure la spatialité de la prise en charge de patients. C’est un réseau clé en main, une quête insatiable de maîtrise, une infrastructure largement sous-utilisée. C’est le projet d’une humanité à prendre en charge : une humanité prospère, en santé, connectée. De part en part, l’expérience du PAN problématise le telos cybermédical. Au romantisme d’une circulation fluide et désincarnée de l’information et de l’expertise, elle oppose la concrétude, la plasticité et la pure matérialité de pratiques situées. Qu’on parle de « dispositifs » (Foucault), de « réseaux » (Latour), ou de « sphères » (Sloterdijk), la prise en charge du vivant ne s’effectue pas sur des surfaces neutres et homogènes, mais relève plutôt de forces locales et immanentes. Le PAN pose la nécessité de penser la technique et le soin ensemble, et d’ainsi déprendre la question du devenir de la clinique autant du triomphalisme moderne de l’émancipation que du recueillement phénoménologique devant une expérience authentique du monde. Il s’agit, en somme, de réfléchir sur les pratiques, événements et formes de pouvoir qui composent ces « espaces intérieurs » que sont les réseaux cybermédicaux, dans tout leur vacarme, leur splendeur et leur insuffisance.

Telessaúde: avaliação da eficácia da teleconsulta na programação e adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da teleconsulta para a programação, verificação e adaptação do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI). MÉTODOS: Cinquenta participantes com deficiência auditiva (idades entre 39 e 88 anos), com média dos limiares audiométricos entre 30 e 68,75 dBNA, foram alocados em dois grupos (randomização estratificada), controle (n=25) e experimental (n=25), submetidos respectivamente à consulta face a face e teleconsulta síncrona com video interativo e controle remoto de aplicativos. Foram realizadas a programação e verificação do AASI (medidas com microfone sonda) e orientação dos participantes quanto ao uso e cuidados com o dispositivo. O tempo para os procedimentos foi cronometrado. Após as consultas um avaliador, cego quanto aos grupos, aplicou o teste de percepção da fala Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) Brasil. Aproximadamente um mês após as consultas, foi verificado o tempo diário de uso do AASI e administrado o questionário International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA). RESULTADOS: Maior tempo para a programação e verificação e menor tempo para orientação foi observado para o grupo experimental. Não houve diferença entre grupos no tempo total do atendimento. A equiparação das medidas com microfone sonda aos respectivos targets de amplificação foi similar para os dois grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto aos resultados do HINT-Brasil (silêncio e ruído), o tempo médio de uso diário do AASI e resultados do IOI-HA. CONCLUSÃO: A teleconsulta é um procedimento eficaz para a programação, verificação do AASI e orientação de usuários quando serviços face a face não estiverem disponíveis.

A feasibility study for the provision of electronic healthcare tools and services in areas of Greece, Cyprus and Italy

Background Through this paper, we present the initial steps for the creation of an integrated platform for the provision of a series of eHealth tools and services to both citizens and travelers in isolated areas of thesoutheast Mediterranean, and on board ships travelling across it. The platform was created through an INTERREG IIIB ARCHIMED project called INTERMED. Methods The support of primary healthcare, home care and the continuous education of physicians are the three major issues that the proposed platform is trying to facilitate. The proposed system is based on state-of-the-art telemedicine systems and is able to provide the following healthcare services: i) Telecollaboration and teleconsultation services between remotely located healthcare providers, ii) telemedicine services in emergencies, iii) home telecare services for "at risk" citizens such as the elderly and patients with chronic diseases, and iv) eLearning services for the continuous training through seminars of both healthcare personnel (physicians, nurses etc) and persons supporting "at risk" citizens. These systems support data transmission over simple phone lines, internet connections, integrated services digital network/digital subscriber lines, satellite links, mobile networks (GPRS/3G), and wireless local area networks. The data corresponds, among others, to voice, vital biosignals, still medical images, video, and data used by eLearning applications. The proposed platform comprises several systems, each supporting different services. These were integrated using a common data storage and exchange scheme in order to achieve system interoperability in terms of software, language and national characteristics. Results The platform has been installed and evaluated in different rural and urban sites in Greece, Cyprus and Italy. The evaluation was mainly related to technical issues and user satisfaction. The selected sites are, among others, rural health centers, ambulances, homes of "at-risk" citizens, and a ferry. Conclusions The results proved the functionality and utilization of the platform in various rural places in Greece, Cyprus and Italy. However, further actions are needed to enable the local healthcare systems and the different population groups to be familiarized with, and use in their everyday lives, mature technological solutions for the provision of healthcare services.

Investigação da eficácia da teleconsulta na programação do implante coclear

A demanda crescente de usuários de implante coclear (IC) e a distribuição irregular de profissionais especializados no país, tornam necessário o deslocamento de pacientes por longas distâncias para os atendimentos, com consequente aumento dos custos diretos e indiretos do tratamento. A teleconsulta pode ser vista como uma alternativa em potencial para o acesso desta população a estes serviços. O presente ensaio clínico, randomizado, controlado, avaliou a eficácia da teleconsulta síncrona na programação dos sistemas de IC em usuários acompanhados em um Programa de Implante Coclear credenciado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Participaram do estudo 79 indivíduos com idades entre nove e 68 anos (média de 21,6), 41 do sexo masculino e 38 do sexo feminino, usuários de IC por um período de 0,58 a 24,75 anos. Estes indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o modo de programação do IC: controle (n=40), que realizou o procedimento face a face e experimental (n=39) que realizou a teleconsulta síncrona. Treze fonoaudiólogos sem experiência na programação do dispositivo atuaram como facilitadores das teleconsultas. Os procedimentos de programação do IC englobaram a telemetria de impedância, definição dos níveis de estimulação elétrica, varredura e balanceamento dos eletrodos e ajuste fino da programação. Como medidas de avaliação de resultados foram utilizados o tempo dispendido na consulta, a audiometria em campo livre, o percentual de reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio e no ruído, o limiar de reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio e ruído (HINT-Brasil), a avaliação da satisfação com a consulta (escala MISS-21) e de aspectos pertinentes à teleconsulta. Os facilitadores responderam as questões abertas referentes à suas impressões dos atendimentos. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística inferencial (testes t de Student, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman). Os resultados mostraram que após a programação do IC, em média, os participantes apresentaram limiares audiométricos abaixo de 30 dB NA. O reconhecimento da fala pós atendimento, respectivamente para os grupos experimental e controle, foram de 81,3% e 83,8% (silêncio) e 57,9% e 58,1% (ruído). No HINT-Brasil os resultados foram, respectivamente, para os grupos experimental e controle 61,4 dB NA e 61,8 dB NA (silêncio) e relação S/R de 9,5 dB NA e 10,4 dB NA (ruído). Os participantes estiveram satisfeitos com a consulta. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em nenhuma das medidas de resultado. Todos os participantes relataram que teleconsulta pode ser vista como uma alternativa viável ao atendimento face a face e sua aplicação clínica facilitaria a rotina de pacientes usuários de IC. Os facilitadores destacaram a sua importância para o aprendizado e como ferramenta de formação continuada. A teleconsulta síncrona foi eficaz na programação dos sistemas de IC e amplamente aceita pelos usuários e profissionais.

Telessaúde como ferramenta de apoio à atenção primária à saúde: um olhar sobre as teleconsultorias em cardiologia

In order to qualify Primary Health Care in Brazil, the Ministry of Health implemented the Brazilian Telehealth Program to provide health support (telecare) and permanent health education (tele-education). In this respect, one of the primary services offered is teleconsultation. As part of the national expansion of the program, a local Telehealth Center, called Telehealth/RN, was created in Rio Grande do Norte state. The aim of this study was to describe the implementation of cardiological teleconsultations at Telehealth/RN, and analyze the characteristics of the teleconsultations in cardiology requested. Formative Second Opinions in cardiology, available at the web site of the Brazilian Telehealth Program, were also examined. This is a quantitative study with a descriptive, observational design. A total of 56 Formative Second Opinions in cardiology were identified, a majority related to hypertension (29%), focused on treatment support (30%), and requested by doctors (59%). At Telehealth/RN, 47 teleconsultations in cardiology were carried out, a majority also related to hypertension (50%), requested by community health workers (45%) and focused directly on treatment (52%). Cardiological teleconsultation, implemented at the Telehealth/RN in April 2014, is a practical and efficient strategy capable of ensuring health services and reaching those who live in remote areas. Knowing the demand for teleconsultations is extremely important, given that they provide the information needed to correct existing inadequacies related to care, management and/or education, as well as providing the basis for public policies that meet the demands of teleconsultation.

Teleconsultoria Off-line: uma arquitetura distribuída e compartilhada para sistemas heterogêneos

The Telehealth Brazil Networks Program, created in 2007 with the aim of strengthening primary care and the unified health system (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde), uses information and communication technologies for distance learning activities related to health. The use of technology enables the interaction between health professionals and / or their patients, furthering the ability of Family Health Teams (FHT). The program is grounded in law, which determines a number of technologies, protocols and processes which guide the work of Telehealth nucleus in the provision of services to the population. Among these services is teleconsulting, which is registered consultation and held between workers, professionals and managers of healthcare through bidirectional telecommunication instruments, in order to answer questions about clinical procedures, health actions and questions on the dossier of work. With the expansion of the program in 2011, was possible to detect problems and challenges that cover virtually all nucleus at different scales for each region. Among these problems can list the heterogeneity of platforms, especially teleconsulting, and low internet coverage in the municipalities, mainly in the interior cities of Brazil. From this perspective, the aim of this paper is to propose a distributed architecture, using mobile computing to enable the sending of teleconsultation. This architecture works offline, so that when internet connection data will be synchronized with the server. This data will travel on compressed to reduce the need for high transmission rates. Any Telehealth Nucleus can use this architecture, through an external service, which will be coupled through a communication interface.

Internet of healthcare (law): privacy and data protection aspects in an internet of everything

The purpose of this research study is to discuss privacy and data protection-related regulatory and compliance challenges posed by digital transformation in healthcare in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The public health crisis accelerated the development of patient-centred remote/hybrid healthcare delivery models that make increased use of telehealth services and related digital solutions. The large-scale uptake of IoT-enabled medical devices and wellness applications, and the offering of healthcare services via healthcare platforms (online doctor marketplaces) have catalysed these developments. However, the use of new enabling technologies (IoT, AI) and the platformisation of healthcare pose complex challenges to the protection of patient’s privacy and personal data. This happens at a time when the EU is drawing up a new regulatory landscape for the use of data and digital technologies. Against this background, the study presents an interdisciplinary (normative and technology-oriented) critical assessment on how the new regulatory framework may affect privacy and data protection requirements regarding the deployment and use of Internet of Health Things (hardware) devices and interconnected software (AI systems). The study also assesses key privacy and data protection challenges that affect healthcare platforms (online doctor marketplaces) in their offering of video API-enabled teleconsultation services and their (anticipated) integration into the European Health Data Space. The overall conclusion of the study is that regulatory deficiencies may create integrity risks for the protection of privacy and personal data in telehealth due to uncertainties about the proper interplay, legal effects and effectiveness of (existing and proposed) EU legislation. The proliferation of normative measures may increase compliance costs, hinder innovation and ultimately, deprive European patients from state-of-the-art digital health technologies, which is paradoxically, the opposite of what the EU plans to achieve.