Les déterminants de l’intégration pédagogique des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) par les enseignants à l’Université de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale est l’étude des déterminants de l’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) par les professeurs à l’Université de Ouagadougou (UO). Cela nous a conduit à étudier respectivement les compétences technologiques des professeurs, les facteurs de résistance contraignant l’intégration pédagogique des TIC par ces professeurs, l’acceptation et les usages spécifiques des TIC par les professeurs. Ce travail s’est bâti autour des concepts théoriques sur les usages éducatifs des TIC, les compétences technopédagogiques, les facteurs de résistance, l’acceptation des TIC et l’intégration pédagogique des TIC. Ces concepts se sont inscrits dans les cadres d’analyses des modèles d’intégration des TIC par les professeurs et des modèles d’acceptation et d’utilisation d’une nouvelle technologie. La stratégie d’analyse des données s’est construite autour des approches descriptives et analytiques notamment au moyen de l’utilisation de la psychométrie et/ou de l’économétrie des modèles à variables dépendantes limitées. Utilisant la recherche quantitative, le recrutement de 82 professeurs par avis de consentement à participer, a permis de collecter les données sur la base de questionnaires dont la majeure partie est bâtie autour de questions à échelle de Likert. L’étude des compétences technologiques des professeurs a permis d’une part, de dresser un portrait des usages des TIC par les professeurs. En effet, les usages les plus répandus des TIC dans cette université sont les logiciels de bureautique, les logiciels de messagerie électronique et de navigation dans Internet. Elle a aussi permis de faire un portrait des compétences technologiques des professeurs. Ceux-ci utilisent à la fois plusieurs logiciels et reconnaissent l’importance des TIC pour leurs tâches pédagogiques et de recherche même si leur degré de maîtrise perçue sur certaines des applications télématiques reste à des niveaux très bas. Par rapport à certaines compétences comme celles destinées à exploiter les TIC dans des situations de communication et de collaboration et celles destinée à rechercher et à traiter des informations à l’aide des TIC, les niveaux de maîtrise par les professeurs de ces compétences ont été très élevés. Les professeurs ont eu des niveaux de maîtrise très faibles sur les compétences destinées à créer des situations d’apprentissage à l’aide des TIC et sur celles destinées à développer et à diffuser des ressources d’apprentissage à l’aide des TIC malgré la grande importance que ceux-ci ont accordée à ces compétences avancées essentielles pour une intégration efficace et efficiente des TIC à leurs pratiques pédagogiques. L’étude des facteurs de résistance a permis d’ériger une typologie de ces facteurs. Ces facteurs vont des contraintes matérielles et infrastructurelles à celles liées aux compétences informatiques et à des contraintes liées à la motivation et à l’engagement personnel des professeurs, facteurs pouvant susciter des comportements de refus de la technologie. Ces facteurs sont entre autres, la compatibilité des TIC d’avec les tâches pédagogiques et de recherche des professeurs, l’utilité perçue des TIC pour les activités pédagogiques et de recherche, les facilités d’utilisation des TIC et la motivation ou l’engagement personnel des professeurs aux usages des TIC. Il y a aussi les coûts engendrés par l’accès aux TIC et le manque de soutien et d’assistance technique au plan institutionnel qui se sont révelés enfreindre le développement de ces usages parmi les professeurs. Les estimations des déterminants de l’acceptation et des usages éducatifs des TIC par les professeurs ont montré que c’est surtout « l’intention comportementale » d’aller aux TIC des professeurs, « l’expérience d’Internet » qui affectent positivement les usages éducatifs des TIC. Les « conditions de facilitation » qui représentent non seulement la qualité de l’infrastructure technologique, mais aussi l’existence d’un soutien institutionnel aux usages des TIC, ont affecté négativement ces usages. Des éléments de recommandation issus de ce travail s’orientent vers la formation des professeurs sur des compétences précises identifiées, l’amélioration de la qualité de l’infrastructure technologique existante, la création d’un logithèque, la mise en œuvre d’incitations institutionnelles adéquates telles que l’assistance technique régulière aux professeurs, l’allègement des volumes horaires statutaires des professeurs novateurs, la reconnaissance des efforts déjà réalisés par ces novateurs en matière d’usages éducatifs des TIC dans leur institution.

Ambientes tecno-pedagógicos para o desenvolvimento de competências transversais para a inovação em engenharia.

Muito se fala na crescente velocidade de inovações tecnológicas que se apresenta ao mundo e que vai se acelerando. Antes, gerações se passavam para termos uma evolução tecnológica. Hoje, uma mesma geração presencia vários saltos tecnológicos. Neste contexto de inovações frequentes, surge a preocupação sobre como formar um profissional responsável, ético e que consiga acompanhar e ser protagonista de tais mudanças. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese busca colaborar na discussão sobre a formação do engenheiro, com foco na engenharia elétrica e de computação, revisitando as definições de conceitos como educação em engenharia, aprendizagem ativa, inovação, Design Thinking e competências transversais, e definindo, como contribuição de pesquisa, os conceitos de tecno-pedagogia e ambientes tecno-pedagógicos, como pressuposto de convergência de estruturas tecnológicas, estratégias pedagógicas e métodos de avaliação em aprendizagem ativa para a inovação. Apresenta um método para identificar e quantificar o grau de ênfase das competências transversais para a inovação a partir da demanda de mercado para engenheiros eletricistas e da computação; e um método de observação, coleta e análise de dados sobre o desenvolvimento de competências transversais na participação em duas experiências de aula: na disciplina global ME310 da Universidade de Stanford; e na disciplina 030-3410 da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Com isso, foi possível elaborar um método para auxiliar no planejamento de disciplinas e cursos com foco em inovação, identificando as competências transversais que devem ser incentivadas e relacionando tais competências com estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem e sugerindo a estrutura tecnológica e método de avaliação a serem adotados.

Formação de professores de ciências para o uso de tecnologias

Na atualidade, torna-se premente que os alunos exerçam um papel ativo face a problemáticas de cariz científico e tecnológico na sociedade em que se inserem. Neste contexto, tem sido recomendada a promoção da Educação em Ciências, com orientação Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS) para o desenvolvimento da Literacia científica dos alunos, em particular, do Ensino Básico (EB). As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) têm-se assumido, cada vez mais, como recursos privilegiados para os alunos aprenderem ciências. Portanto, é fundamental que os professores de Ciências do EB considerem os aspetos pedagógico-didáticos relacionados com a integração das TIC no processo de ensino e aprendizagem (E/A) das Ciências. No entanto, vários estudos têm revelado que a maioria dos professores parece não integrar as TIC no processo de E/A, o que se relaciona, entre outros obstáculos, com a falta de formação a este nível. Por outro lado, em Portugal, são escassos os estudos relacionados com a formação de professores de Ciências do EB para o uso de TIC no processo de E/A, com orientação CTS. O presente estudo tem como finalidade a criação de uma proposta de esquema referencial para o desenvolvimento de programas de formação (PF) de professores de Ciências do EB com orientação CTS (inicial, contínua e pós-graduada), com vista ao desenvolvimento de “competências TIC” destes (futuros) profissionais. Para tal, procurou-se responder a duas questões de investigação: Que componentes curriculares privilegiar em PF de professores do EB, que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de competências de integração das tecnologias no processo de E/A, em geral, e das Ciências, em particular?; e Qual o contributo de um PF na promoção de práticas pedagógico-didáticas com orientação CTS de Professores de Ciências do EB? O estudo organizou-se em duas fases. A Fase I designou-se “Formação de Professores do Ensino Básico em Tecnologia Educativa”, decorreu entre janeiro de 2009 e novembro de 2009, e teve um caráter exploratório com vista a descrever estratégias para a promoção do desenvolvimento pessoal, social e profissional, em particular, na dimensão do Conhecimento Pedagógico Tecnológico de Conteúdo (CPTC), de estudantes/professores do EB (inicial, contínua e pós-graduada). O CPTC representa o conhecimento de professores do EB para integrar as TIC no processo de E/A das Ciências, de acordo com a Perspetiva de Ensino por Pesquisa (EPP). A recolha de dados envolveu: a análise documental de vinte e três unidades curriculares (UC) de Tecnologia Educativa (TE) de Cursos de Educação Básica (1.º Ciclo de Bolonha), de dezassete Instituições de Ensino Superior Público Português; e o inquérito por entrevista a quatro Investigadores Portugueses em TE. A análise de conteúdo do corpus recolhido possibilitou a identificação dos componentes curriculares a privilegiar em PF de professores do EB neste âmbito, tais como: i) a “competência digital” de “pesquisa, seleção e organização de informação”; ii) a “competência pedagógica com TIC” de “planificação e/ou implementação de atividades de E/A”; iii) a “competência pedagógica com TIC de nível avançado” de reflexão crítica; iv) o conteúdo curricular centrado na colaboração online; v) a estratégia/atividade de E/A de trabalho de projeto; vi) o cenário de E/A misto (b-learning); vii) as ferramentas da web 2.0 (ex. Blog); e viii) a avaliação formativa de portefólios digitais desenvolvidos pelos estudantes/professores do EB em formação. A Fase II denominou-se “Formação de Professores de Ciências do Ensino Básico com Orientação CTS”, decorreu entre dezembro de 2009 e maio de 2011, e teve um caráter interventivo, com o intuito de conceber, produzir, implementar e avaliar um PF com esta orientação. O PF foi integrado nas UC de “TIC e Educação em Ciências” (TIC_EC) e de “Didática das Ciências Integradas II” (DCI_II) do Mestrado em Didática, área de especialização das Ciências, da Universidade de Aveiro (no 2.º semestre do ano letivo 2009/2010). O Mestrando dirigiu-se a um público profissionalizado, em particular, Educadores de Infância, Professores do 1.º CEB e Professores de Matemática e Ciências Naturais do 2.º CEB. A avaliação do PF foi contínua durante todo o seu processo de desenvolvimento, o que implicou a recolha das perceções dos principais envolvidos (os dois Docentes de DCI_II e de TIC_EC, os nove Mestrandos, um especialista externo em TE e a Investigadora do estudo). Para tal recorreu-se ao inquérito por questionário e por entrevista, à observação participante da Investigadora e à análise dos portefólios digitais desenvolvidos pelos Mestrandos durante o PF. A avaliação final do PF ocorreu no final do mesmo e dez meses após a formação ter terminado (maio de 2011). A análise de conteúdo do corpus recolhido permitiu demonstrar que o PF foi exequível e eficaz no contexto em que se projetou, o que se comprova na evidência de práticas pedagógico-didáticas de utilização das TIC no processo de E/A das Ciências, com orientação CTS, por parte de Mestrandos envolvidos no PF. O esquema referencial resultante do estudo integra a “estratégia de investigação conduzida pelo professor”, pressupõe a sinergia entre as áreas científicas da Didática das Ciências (DC) e da TE, e implica a integração da dimensão do CPTC ao nível da formação de professores de Ciências do EB (inicial, contínua e pós-graduada). Neste âmbito, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de projetos CTS pelos (futuros) profissionais, com recurso às TIC, e tendo em conta a perspetiva de EPP. Considera-se que estudos desta natureza poderão ser um contributo para impulsionar a Educação em Ciências com orientação CTS recorrendo às potencialidades educativas das tecnologias, em particular no EB. Assim, preconiza-se a necessidade de se investir na transferência, expansão e avaliação do referencial a outros contextos de formação de professores de Ciências.

Implicações das competências técnico-organizacionais para a performance competitiva em empresas seguidoras de mercado: evidências do segmento de turismo de aventura no Rio de Janeiro

This work focuses on the implications of technological-organizational competences for improvement of performance indicators. This relationship is examined during 1984 to 2005 in three small companies that operate in Rio de Janeiro within adventure tourism, more specifically, within tandem flights on hang-gliding. Based on a comparative case study grounded in both qualitative and quantitative empirical evidences collected in a detailed field search, this study is supported by an existing metric available in literature and adapted to adventure tourism segment. The metric to measure competences is based on four techno-organizational function: (i) product; (ii) sales & marketing; (iii) infra-structure & operational process; (iv) managing systems. The examination of performance improvement is based on a set of typical indicators used by this segment to evaluate results. This dissertation contributes to deepening the understanding of how techno-organizational competences affect the competitive performance of companies in this sector of adventure tourism.

Emotional competences and promotion of school success: Preliminary data of an intervention programme with teachers

Teachers’ emotional competences and well-being are fundamentally important to developing and maintaining positive relationships in the classroom, which can contribute to improving pedagogical action. References to several intervention programmes are found in the literature with the purpose of changing the practices, attitudes, and beliefs of teachers, who show evidence of a significant improvement in personal competences and school success. Therefore, an intervention with teachers integrating a broader line of research was carried out, involving parents and students as well. It consists of a programme which promotes personal (well-being and emotional intelligence) and professional (acquiring differentiated pedagogical strategies) competences over a period of six months, followed by a focus group to assess the contribution of an empowerment programme with the intention of promoting school success. The preliminary action-research study involved 10 teachers of two classes with students who show disruptive behaviour in the 7th year in a school in the central region of Portugal. The teachers, of both genders, are aged between 44 and 52, and belong to several recruitment groups. The main research question was: “To what extent does an intervention programme, intended for training, contribute to developing personal and professional competences in teachers of the 3rd cycle of basic education?” The teachers revealed a rather favourable view of their participation in the programme, considering that it helped them perceive some behaviours and practices which are less adjusted to their action in the classroom with these students (shouting, scolding, etc.). From the pretest to the posttest, statistically significant differences were found in assessing their own emotions and in their use. Signs of improvement in positive affections and satisfaction with life were also found, though with a marginal significance. The preliminary data in this empowerment programme for these educational agents points towards the importance of teachers’ awareness in what concerns their pedagogical action, as well as the need to change traditional pedagogical practices that contribute to discouraging students towards learning. The need to establish closer and systematic contact with the students and their families in order to meet their needs and expectations was also highlighted.

From literacy to multiliteracies : diverse learners and pedagogical practice

In this paper, we provide specific examples of the educational promises and problems that arise as multiliteracies pedagogical initiatives encounter conventional institutional beliefs and practices in mainstream schooling. This paper documents and characterizes the ways in which two specific digital learning initiatives were played out in two distinctive traditional schooling contexts, as experienced by two different student groups: one comprising an elite mainstream and the other an excluded minority. By learning from the instructive complications that arose out of attempts by innovative and well-meaning educators to provide students with more relevant learning experiences than currently exist in mainstream schooling, this paper contributes fresh perspectives and more nuanced understandings of how diverse learners and their teachers negotiate the opportunities and challenges of the New London Group's vision of a multiliteracies approach to literacy and learning. We conclude by arguing that, where multiliteracies are understood as “garnish” to the “pedagogical roast” of traditional code-based and print-based academic literacies, they will continue to work on the sidelines of mainstream schooling and be seen only as either useful extensions or helpful interventions for high-performing and at-risk students respectively.

The critical competences needed for innovative organizational inter-firm and intra-firm integration

In today's highly challenging business environment, an innovative and systemic approach is imperative to survival and growth. Organisational integration and technological integration, are often seen as a catalyst of change that could lead to significant improvements in organisations. The levels of improvement in inter and intra firm integration should arise from a detailed understanding and development of competences within and between organisations. Preliminary findings suggest that lack of trust across organisational cultures within the firms has a negative influence on the development of the capabilities to integrate and align technological innovations and hinders implementation and the effectiveness of the operations. Additionally, poor communication and conflict effects customer satisfaction. Firms need to transfer the competences that support cooperative integration, developed through interaction with supply chain partners, to their relationship arrangements with other supply chain partners, as these are key to ensuring low operational costs.

Virtual vignettes and pedagogical potentials : Insights into a virtual schooling service

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Bend and stretch : pedagogical callisthenics in creative practice honours

The supervision of research higher degree (RHD) candidates in creative practice-led programs poses challenges for both candidates and supervisors. Changes in international postgraduate training agendas have complicated this ever-shifting terrain. This paper investigates the honours research training year. This fourth year is made up of a project and coursework and is a traditional entry point for doctoral study. At Creative Industries, honours acts as a precursor and model for supervisory practice in postgraduate creative arts in an interdisciplinary faculty. The findings indicate that best practice may involve ‘bending and stretching’ existing pedagogical approaches for an increasingly interdisciplinary and mobile research environment. This discussion considers the supervision of candidates enrolled in Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Creative Industries honours courses that encompass a range of disciplines including creative writing, fashion, animation and performance studies. We present results of an analysis of the work of honours students who are creative practitioners (many of whom will, or have, moved into the RHD environment). This examination was undertaken in order to develop an understanding of the dynamics of creative practice at this level, particularly in light of the growing emphasis on early research training in Australian universities. Specific pedagogical strategies mooted include establishing a common research vocabulary, an increasing focus on research design, and a linking of theory and practice.

Pedagogical learnings for management education : developing creativity and innovation

This paper argues that management education needs to consider a trend in learning design which advances creative learning through an alliance with art-based pedagogical processes. A shift is required from skills training to facilitating transformational learning through experiences that expand human potential, facilitated by artistic processes. This creative learning focus stems from a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an arts-based intervention for management development, called Management Jazz, conducted over three years at a large Australian University. The paper reviews some of the salient literature in the field, including an ‘Artful Learning Wave Trajectory’ Model. The Model considers four stages of the learning process: capacity, artful event, increased capability, and application/action to produce product. Methodology for the field-based research analysis of the intervention outcomes is presented. Three illustrative examples of arts-based learning are provided from the Management Jazz program. Finally, research findings indicate that artful learning opportunities enhance capacity for awareness of creativity in one’s self and in others, leading, through a transformative process, to enhanced leaders and managers. The authors conclude that arts-based management education can enhance creative capacity and develop managers and leaders for the 21st century business environment.

Pedagogical practice after the information age

These chapters bare witness to various manifestations of an emerging global mind set that is marked not by coherence and a single story but by multiple and layered possibility. The authors all see, from often quite different positions, that the future health of society lies in diversity and a social activism that is grounded in the local actions of individuals. Education will play a central role in empowering this activism and it is to this multiple future that this book turns its attention.