Apolipoprotein B-48: comparison of fasting concentrations measured in normolipidaemic individuals using SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and ELISA

Raised levels of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants, which circulate following a meal, have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 is exclusively associated with chylomicron particles and provides a specific direct measurement of the number of intestinally derived lipoproteins in the circulation. The quantification of apo B-48 in biological samples is difficult due to the very low concentration in plasma, structural similarity to the N-terminal 48% of apo B-100 and lack of an appropriate standard for apo B-48. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), followed by coomassie blue staining, has been used for many years to measure apo B-48 levels in triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoprotein samples. The raising of antiserum to apo B-48 has led to development of more sensitive and specific methods including immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs). This has enabled direct measurement of apo B-48 in plasma without the need for separation into TAG-rich lipoproteins. A high degree of variability was observed in the apo B-48 concentrations reported in the literature both within and between the SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and ELISA methods. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

First-dimension separation with the MicroRotoforTM cell prior to SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS analysis

Free-flow isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a gel-free method for separating proteins based on their isoelectric point (pl) in a liquid environment and in the presence of carrier ampholytes. this method has been used with the RotoforTM cell at the preparative scale to fractionate proteins from samples containing several hundred milligrams of protein; see the refeences listed in Bio-Rad bulletin 3152. the MicroRotofor cell applies the same method to much sl=maller protein samples without dilution, separating and recoverng milligram quantities of protein in a total volume of about 2 ml.

Proteinograma sérico de veados-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) criados em cativeiro obtido por eletroforese em gel de agarose e de poliacrilamida (SDS PAGE)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Proteinograma sérico de cães sadios e com linfoma obtido por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE)

Foram avaliadas amostras de soro sanguíneo de 10 cães sadios e de 12 com linfoma, utilizando-se a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio. Houve diferença entre as médias dos teores de proteína total de cães sadios, 7,68g/dL±0,46 e de cães com linfoma, 7,93g/dL±2,49. As concentrações de IgA e IgG não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Os teores das proteínas de pesos moleculares 142000, 110000, 52000, 49000, 24000 e 18000 dáltons foram mais elevados em cães com linfoma. Os cães com linfoma apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de ceruloplasmina, 43,95mg/dL±18,19, e haptoglobina, 554mg/dL±449,51, e menores de albumina, 2908mg/dL±476,67, em comparação aos cães sadios (ceruloplasmina: 3,42mg/dL±7,44; haptoglobina: 94,54mg/dL±59,50 e albumina: 4207mg/dL±206,18). Conclui-se que concentrações séricas mais elevadas de ceruloplasmina e haptoglobina e menores de albumina podem estar associadas ao linfoma em cães.

Perfil em SDS-PAGE das proteínas do plasma seminal e sua relação com a congelabilidade do sêmen de touros doadores da raça gir

Foram utilizados dez animais doadores de sêmen em nível de Central de Inseminação Artificial, da raça Gir, divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o grau de congelabilidade do sêmen de cada animal. Os animais com sêmen de alta congelabilidade foram aqueles cuja porcentagem de ejaculados viáveis pós-descongelação foi superior a 80%. O grupo de baixa congelabilidade tinha animais com porcentagem menor que 50% de ejaculados viáveis pós-descongelação. Os critérios de avaliação da viabilidade do sêmen e seleção dos animais foram definidos pelo controle de qualidade do Departamento de Produção da Central de Inseminação Artificial. Foram feitas quatro coletas semanais consecutivas, sendo que obtiveram-se as amostras de plasma seminal por centrifugação a 1.500 g por 15 a 20 minutos a 4°C, momentos após a coleta do sêmen em vagina artificial. O plasma seminal foi dialisado em membrana de celulose, em tampão Tris-Glicina pH-7,4 por 24 horas a 4°C, em agitação lenta e constante. As amostras foram padronizadas em 1,0 mg/ml de proteína total, por diluição em tampão Tris-HCl 62mM pH-6,2 mais 20% de glicerol e 4% de SDS. Através de eletroforese do tipo SDS-PAGE, foram feitas as corridas em gel a 13%. A corrida foi feita com a constante de 25 mA, por um período de 5 horas. A coloração do gel foi feita por Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que existe uma banda no grupo de alta congelabilidade, cujo fragmento polipeptídico desta proteína tem Mr (mobilidade relativa) 20,3 e PM (peso molecular) aproximado de 61.800 Da. Esta banda não foi detectada nas amostras do grupo de baixa congelabilidade, o que sugere ser um possível marcador bioquímico quanto ao potencial de criopreservação do sêmen de bovinos.

The effects of copper ions on the synthesis of periplasmic and membrane proteins in Acidithiobaeillus ferrooxidans as analyzed by SDS-PAGE and 2D-PAGE

The effects of 200 mM copper ions on the synthesis of membrane and periplasmic proteins were investigated in iron-grown cells of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. ferrooxidans). Total membrane protein profiles of cells grown in the absence of copper ions (unadapted cells) and in the presence of copper ions (copper-adapted cells) were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Crude preparations of outer membrane and periplasmic proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The synthesis of proteins was diminished or increased in the presence of copper ions. Low molecular weight proteins (< 14 kDa) were significantly repressed by copper. These proteins are probably acidic proteins located in the outer membrane. An over-expression of a periplasmic protein of about 17 kDa was detected in the copper-adapted cells and was assumed to be rusticyanin, a 16.5-kDa periplasmic copper protein present in At. ferrooxidans cells and involved in the electron-transport chain of the iron oxidation pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a possible involvement of the rusticyanin and outer membrane proteins in the mechanism of copper resistance in At. ferrooxidans. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Further characterization of the subunits of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS

Further characterization of hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) subunits was performed based on SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. SDS-PAGE has shown a total of four linker chains, two quite intense and two of lower intensity. HbGp fractions (I-VI), obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), from oligomeric dissociation at alkaline pH 9.6, were monitored. Fraction I is identical to the whole protein. The monomeric chains c, obtained from the trimer abc reduction, present four isoforms with MM 17,336 Da, 17,414 Da, 17,546 Da and 17,620 Da. Furthermore, the trimer subunit presents two isoforms, T 1 and T 2, with MM 51,200 ± 60 and 51,985 ± 50 Da, respectively. Based on SDS-PAGE, the linker chains seem to be distributed along the different fractions of the SEC chromatogram, appearing along the peaks corresponding to fractions I-V. The fraction IV contains, predominantly, trimers with some linkers contamination. The strong interaction of linker chains L with the trimers abc, makes it difficult to obtain these subunits in pure form. The monomer d in fraction VI appears to be quite pure, in agreement with previous studies. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Obtenção e caracterização de antígenos de toxocara vitulorum por SDS-page e western blot

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Extração e análise eletroforética em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) de proteínas totais de folhas e raízes de Piper tuberculatum

O Estado do Pará é o principal produtor brasileiro de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum Link), entretanto a sua produção tem sido bastante afetada pela doença conhecida como fusariose. O Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis é o agente causador desta doença que afeta o sistema radicular da planta, causando o apodrecimento das raízes e a queda das folhas levando à morte da planta. Algumas piperáceas nativas da região amazônica, entre elas a espécie Piper tuberculatum Jacq., têm se mostrado resistentes à infecção pelo F. solani f. sp. piperis, e desta forma têm sido utilizadas em estudos de interação planta-patógeno. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas cinco condições de extração de proteínas com o objetivo de selecionar tampões adequados para a extração de proteínas totais de folhas e raízes de P. tuberculatum. Os tampões utilizados para a extração de proteínas de raízes e folhas foram: tampão salino, tampão sacarose, tampão glicerol, tampão uréia e tampão fosfato de sódio. As análises quantitativas mostraram que os tampões sacarose, glicerol e uréia foram mais eficientes na extração de proteínas de folhas e raízes. Análises de SDS-PAGE mostraram padrões diferenciados de bandas em extratos protéicos de folhas e raízes obtidos com os diferentes tampões. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para a identificação de tampões de extração adequados para a obtenção de amostras de proteínas totais em estudos de interação P. tuberculatum - F. solani f. sp. piperis.

Influência das épocas do ano na morfometria testicular e epididimária, características do sêmen e proteínas do sêmen em SDS-PAGE em zebus e taurinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Digestive peptidases and proteinases in the midgut gland of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae)

Proteases from the midgut gland of the Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles were assessed. Enzyme activity was determined using protease substrates and inhibitors. The effect of pH, temperature and calcium on proteolytic activity was assayed. Caseinolytic activity was analysed in substrate-sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activity was detected. Proteolytic activity was strongly inhibited by the specific trypsin inhibitors. Tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone inhibited 59.3% of chymotrypsin activity. The greatest trypsin-like activity occurred at pH 8.0 and 45 degrees C. Chymotrypsin-like activity reached maximal values at alkaline pH (7.2-9.0) and 55 degrees C. CaCl(2) did not increase trypsin-like activity, but rather inhibited it at concentrations of 30 (20%), 50 (30%) and 100 mM (50%). The substrate-SDS-PAGE zymogram revealed eight proteinase bands. Two possibly thermal-resistant (85 degrees C, 30 min) chymotrypsin isoforms were found, which were inhibited by phenyl-methyl-sulphonyl-fluoride. Aminopeptidase activity of enzyme extracts (Arg, Leu, Lys, Phe and Val) and the recommended concentrations of these essential amino acids in penaeid shrimp diets were positively correlated (P < 0.05). Beause protein digestion involves the combined action of different enzymes, adequate knowledge of shrimp digestion and enzyme characteristics is required for the assessment of the digestive potential of different feed sources and development of in vitro digestibility protocols.

Lipid, carbon and nitrogen content and fatty acid composition of Temora longicornis females and different food species during the experiment

Temora longicornis, a dominant calanoid copepod species in the North Sea, is characterised by low lipid reserves and high biomass turnover rates. To survive and reproduce successfully, this species needs continuous food supply and thus requires a highly flexible digestive system to exploit various food sources. Information on the capacity of digestive enzymes is scarce and therefore the aim of our study was to investigate the enzymatic capability to respond to quickly changing nutritional conditions. We conducted two feeding experiments with female T. longicornis from the southern North Sea off Helgoland. In the first experiment in 2005, we tested how digestive enzyme activities and enzyme patterns as revealed by substrate SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) responded to changes in food composition. Females were incubated for three days fed ad libitum with either the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina or the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, copepods were deep-frozen for analyses. The lipolytic enzyme activity did not change over the course of the experiment but the enzyme patterns did, indicating a distinct diet-induced response. In a second experiment in 2008, we therefore focused on the enzyme patterns, testing how fast changes occur and whether feeding on the same algal species leads to similar patterns. In this experiment, we kept the females for 4 days at surplus food while changing the algal food species daily. At day 1, copepods were offered O. marina. On day 2, females received the cryptophycean Rhodomonas baltica followed by T. weissflogii on day 3. On day 4 copepods were again fed with O. marina. Each day, copepods were frozen for analysis by means of substrate SDS-PAGE. This showed that within 24 h new digestive enzymes appeared on the electrophoresis gels while others disappeared with the introduction of a new food species, and that the patterns were similar on day 1 and 4, when females were fed with O. marina. In addition, we monitored the fatty acid compositions of the copepods, and this indicated that specific algal fatty acids were quickly incorporated. With such short time lags between substrate availability and enzyme response, T. longicornis can successfully exploit short-term food sources and is thus well adapted to changes in food availability, as they often occur in its natural environment due seasonal variations in phyto- and microzooplankton distribution.

Insulin receptor substrate-2 is expressed in kidney epithelium and up-regulated in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive fibrotic condition that may lead to end-stage renal disease and kidney failure. Transforming growth factor-ß1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) have been shown to induce DN-like changes in the kidney and protect the kidney from such changes, respectively. Recent data identified insulin action at the level of the nephron as a crucial factor in the development and progression of DN. Insulin requires a family of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins for its physiological effects, and many reports have highlighted the role of insulin and IRS proteins in kidney physiology and disease. Here, we observed IRS2 expression predominantly in the developing and adult kidney epithelium in mouse and human. BMP7 treatment of human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) increases IRS2 transcription. In addition, BMP7 treatment of HK-2 cells induces an electrophoretic shift in IRS2 migration on SDS/PAGE, and increased association with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, probably due to increased tyrosine/serine phosphorylation. In a cohort of DN patients with a range of chronic kidney disease severity, IRS2 mRNA levels were elevated approximately ninefold, with the majority of IRS2 staining evident in the kidney tubules in DN patients. These data show that IRS2 is expressed in the kidney epithelium and may play a role in the downstream protective events triggered by BMP7 in the kidney. The specific up-regulation of IRS2 in the kidney tubules of DN patients also indicates a novel role for IRS2 as a marker and/or mediator of human DN progression.

Production, purification, and characterization of a major penicillium glabrum xylanase using brewer's spent grain as substrate

In recent decades, xylanases have been used in many processing industries. This study describes the xylanase production by Penicillium glabrum using brewer's spent grain as substrate. Additionally, this is the first work that reports the purification and characterization of a xylanase using this agroindustrial waste. Optimal production was obtained when P. glabrum was grown in liquid medium in pH 5.5, at 25 °C, under stationary condition for six days. The xylanase from P. glabrum was purified to homogeneity by a rapid and inexpensive procedure, using ammonium sulfate fractionation and molecular exclusion chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed one band with estimated molecular mass of 18.36 kDa. The optimum activity was observed at 60 °C, in pH 3.0. The enzyme was very stable at 50 °C, and high pH stability was verified from pH 2.5 to 5.0. The ion Mn2+ and the reducing agents β-mercaptoethanol and DTT enhanced xylanase activity, while the ions Hg2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ as well as the detergent SDS were strong inhibitors of the enzyme. The use of brewer's spent grain as substrate for xylanase production cannot only add value and decrease the amount of this waste but also reduce the xylanase production cost. © 2013 Adriana Knob et al.

Crosslinking Studies To Probe Substrate Binding By Soybean Lipoxygenase-1

Soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SBLO-1) catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into conjugated diene hydroperoxides. The three dimensional structure of SBLO-1 is known, but it is not certain how substrates bind. One hypothesis involves the transient separation of helix-2 and helix-11 located on the exterior of the molecule in front of the active site iron. A second hypothesis involves a conformational change in the side chains of residues leucine 541 and threonine 259. To test these hypotheses, site directed mutagenesis was used to create a cysteine mutation on each helix, which could allow for the formation of a disulfide linkage. Disulfide formation between the two cysteines in the T259C,S545C mutant was found to be unfavorable, but later shown to be present at higher pH values using SDS-PAGE. Treatment of the T259C,S545C with the crosslinker 2,3-dibromomaleimide (DBM) resulted in a 50% reduction in catalytic activity. No loss of activity was observed when the single mutant, S545C, or the wild type was treated with DBM. Single mutants T259C and L541C both showed approximately 20% reduction in the rate after addition of DBM. Double mutants T259C,L541C and S263C,S545C showed approximately 30% reduction in the rate after addition of DBM. Single mutants T259C and L541C showed an increase in activity after incubation with NEM. Double mutants T259C,S545C and T259C,L541C showed an increase in activity after incubation with NEM. The S263C,S545C double mutant showed a slight decrease in activity in the presence of NEM. It is unclear how the NEM and DBM are interacting with the molecule, but this can easily be determined through mass spectrometry experiments.