Pratiques d’individualisation en enseignement primaire au Québec visant à faciliter l’intégration des élèves handicapés ou des élèves en difficulté au programme de formation générale

Au Québec, des ressources considérables sont investies pour assurer la réussite scolaire des élèves handicapés et en difficulté, tant au plan des apprentissages, de la socialisation que de la qualification. Pour des raisons évoquées d’équité et d’accès à la formation générale, les politiques éducatives privilégient l’intégration de ces élèves en classe ordinaire (Ministère de l'Éducation, 2008; Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec, 1999, 2004a). Ces politiques appellent de profonds changements dans l’organisation scolaire et conduisent inévitablement les enseignants à adopter des pratiques d’individualisation de leur enseignement. En dépit de l’importance de l’individualisation de l’enseignement pour favoriser la réussite des élèves intégrés, les pratiques pédagogiques mises en œuvre par les enseignants québécois demeurent méconnues. Cette étude vise à obtenir un portrait de ces pratiques. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude vise à obtenir des données sur la fréquence d’utilisation de certaines pratiques, à étudier leur compréhension conceptuelle et appliquée par les enseignants, ainsi qu’à identifier des facteurs personnels et organisationnels pouvant expliquer les différences entre les enseignants. Sur la base de la littérature disponible, une typologie des pratiques d’individualisation a été produite, regroupant quatre pratiques : la différenciation pédagogique, l’enseignement de stratégies, l’accommodation et la modification. Puis, un questionnaire élaboré aux fins de cette étude, permettant d’évaluer empiriquement la prégnance de ces quatre pratiques, a été rempli par 138 enseignants provenant de 35 commissions scolaires du Québec. Parmi ces enseignants, treize ont été sélectionnés et interviewés sur la base des exemples de leurs pratiques mentionnées dans les questions ouvertes du sondage. Fondée sur un devis mixte de type concourant et imbriqué (Creswell, 2003), cette recherche combine une stratégie d’analyse quantitative des données issues du questionnaire à des analyses de contenu des entrevues, de nature qualitative. Les résultats convergent vers trois niveaux de prise en charge de l’hétérogénéité en classe: nuancée, mécanique et réactive. Seuls les enseignants qui ont une prise en charge nuancée démontrent une compréhension et une utilisation des pratiques conformes au cadre conceptuel. Suivant cette hypothèse formulée à partir des données d’entrevue, les résultats d’une ANOVA ont permis de conclure que le tiers des répondants au sondage (n=41) utilisant le plus fréquemment la différenciation pédagogique fait une utilisation significativement peu fréquente de la pratique de la modification. Enfin, des analyses de régression ont révélé que parmi les autres facteurs prédisant l’utilisation des pratiques se trouvent la participation à des activités de formation continue, le niveau d’enseignement, le nombre d’élèves dans le groupe et le nombre d’élèves en difficulté avec des plans d’intervention. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent un niveau de connaissance inégal des pratiques étudiées chez les enseignants, ainsi qu’une mise en œuvre déficiente des ressources nécessaires à l’intégration scolaire des élèves handicapés ou en difficulté.

A Needs Assessment: Language Instruction Stakeholders Engaging in Project Based Learning Outside the Classroom for Effective Strategic Problem Solving

Abstract A noted benefit of Project Based Learning (PBL) as a teaching strategy is how it engages the student and enhances learning outcomes as a result of working through challenges intended to depict dilemmas outside the classroom. PBL has seldom been applied outside the parameters of the classroom curriculum. The current needs assessment carried out in this research project examined current practices of language instruction and International Administrative Professionals of both the private and public Language Industry. Participants responded to survey questions on their current administrative practices, strategies, and program characteristics. The study investigated the usefulness of a handbook on the procedure of assisting administrative service teams in language instruction settings to an engaged approach to PBL for student service issues. The diverse opinions, beliefs, and ideas, along with institutional policy, can provide beneficial framework ideas for future tools.

Is the Cheating Risk Always Higher in Online Instruction Compared to Face-to-Face Instruction?

This article analyzes the exposure to cheating risk of online courses relative to face-to-face courses at a single institution. For our sample of 20 online courses we report that the cheating risk is higher than for equivalent face-to-face courses because of reliance on un-proctored multiple choice exams. We conclude that the combination of a proctored final exam, and strategic use cheating deterrents in the administration of un-proctored multiple choice exams, would significantly reduce the cheating risk differential without substantially altering the assessment design of online instruction.

Tiering strategic environmental assessment and project environmental impact assessment in highway planning in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Constructing highways in dense urban areas is always a challenge. In Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, heavy truck traffic contributes to clog streets and expressways alike. As part of the traffic neither originates nor head to the region, a peripheral highway has been proposed to reduce traffic problems. This project called Rodoanel, is an expressway approximately 175 km long. The fact that the projected south and north sections would cross catchments that supply most of the metropolis water demand was strongly disputed and made the environmental permitting process particularly difficult. The agency in charge commissioned a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of a revamped project, and called it the Rodoanel Programme. However, the SEA report failed to satisfactorily take account of significant strategic issues. Among these, the highway potential effect of inducing urban sprawl over water protection zones is the most critical issue, as it emerged later as a hurdle to project licensing. Conclusion is that, particularly where no agreed-upon framework for SEA exists, when vertical tiering with downstream project EIA is sought, then a careful scoping of strategic issues is more than necessary. If an agreement on `what is strategic` is not reached and not recognized by influential stakeholders, then the unsettled conflicts will be transferred to project EIA. In such a context, SEA will have added another loop to the usually long road to project approval. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Strategic alignment and performance: Brazilian companies in the medical diagnostics sector

A gap has been identified in the literature on the diagnosis and monitoring of the degree of strategic alignment. The main objective of this article is to diagnose and analyze the strategic alignment profile using the alignment diagnostic profile (ADP) tool, which enables organizations to show visually their degree of strategic alignment. The methodological approach adopted is multiple-case studies, which were conducted at five organizations in the medical diagnostics sector. The results indicate that the ADP enables organizations to understand the steps required to improve their level of alignment and to identify and locate gaps and conflicts.

Mapping the Contemporary Studies on Alliances and Strategic Networks

The competition among the companies depends on the velocity and efficience they can create and commercialize knowledge in a timely and cost-efficient manner. In this context, collaboration emerges as a reaction to the environmental changes. Although strategic alliances and networks have been exploited in the strategic literature for decades, the complexity and continuous usage of these cooperation structures, in a world of growing competition, justify the continuous interest in both themes. This article presents a scanning of the contemporary academic production in strategic alliances and networks, covering the period from January 1997 to august 2007, based on the top five journals accordingly to the journal of Citation Report 2006 in the business and management categories simultaneously. The results point to a retraction in publications about strategic alliances and a significant growth in the area of strategic. networks. The joint view of strategic alliances and networks, cited by some authors a the evolutionary path of study, still did not appear salient. The most cited topics found in the alliance literature are the governance structure, cooperation, knowledge transfer, culture, control, trust, alliance formation,,previous experience, resources, competition and partner selection. The theme network focuses mainly on structure, knowledge transfer and social network, while the joint vision is highly concentrated in: the subjects of alliance formation and the governance choice.

Cattle Grazing Distribution and Efficacy of Strategic Mineral Mix Placement in Tropical Brazilian Pastures

A study was conducted in Brazil to identify factors affecting grazing distribution of yearling Nelore cross heifers and to evaluate the efficacy of placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water to improve uniformity of grazing. Two pastures (25 ha and 42 ha) were evaluated for four 15-d sessions. Mineral mix was placed 590 m to 780 m from water during two sessions and at water for two sessions. Stubble heights were measured at the beginning and end of each session in 1-ha subunits of each pasture. Cattle locations were recorded oil clay 13 and 14 of each session by horseback observers. Heifers avoided areas with a preponderance of forbs and taller grass (P < 0.001). For the first 15 days of the study cattle avoided subunits farther from water. Thereafter, horizontal distance from water had no affect on grazing use (P > 0.10). Stubble height reduction was more uniform (P < 0.05) when the mineral mix was Lit water compared to away from water. In contrast, heifers spent less time farther from water when Mineral mix was placed at water (P = 0.02) based Oil Visual observations. Strategic placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water does not appear to be a reliable tool to improve cattle grazing distribution in humid tropical pastures from 25 ha to 45 ha in size.

Strategic argumentation: A game theoretical investigation

Argumentation is modelled as a game where the payoffs are measured in terms of the probability that the claimed conclusion is, or is not, defeasibly provable, given a history of arguments that have actually been exchanged, and given the probability of the factual premises. The probability of a conclusion is calculated using a standard variant of Defeasible Logic, in combination with standard probability calculus. It is a new element of the present approach that the exchange of arguments is analysed with game theoretical tools, yielding a prescriptive and to some extent even predictive account of the actual course of play. A brief comparison with existing argument-based dialogue approaches confirms that such a prescriptive account of the actual argumentation has been almost lacking in the approaches proposed so far.

Strategic research partnerships: Empirical evidence from Asia

This paper evaluates the role Strategic Research Partnerships (SRPs) play in Asia. Specific Asian institutional settings influence the roles of SRPs. Japan is regarded as a forerunner in the practice of SRPs. In Japan, lack of spillover channels, limited opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, weak university research and pressure for internal diversification motivate firms to form SRPs. In Korea, SRPs are regarded as a means to promote large-scale research projects. In Taiwan, SRPs are formed to facilitate technological diffusion. Empirical findings on SRPs, focusing on government-sponsored R&D consortia in Japan, are summarized. Issues regarding SRP formation, their effect on R&D spending of participating firms, and productivity, are examined. Reference is made to alternative forms of measurement of SRPs and their potential application to Asian countries is assessed. Enhancing the capacity of policy-makers to assess the extent and contribution of SRPs is considered to be a priority.