Stigmatization of failed entrepreneurs : prevalence and solutions

This paper investigates why entrepreneurs experience stigma after firm failure and what can be done to reduce it. We use attribution theory as an overarching theoretical framework and hypothesize that entrepreneurs are held more accountable than employees for their unemployment after firm failure irrespective of the circumstances causing the failure. To test this hypothesis we conduct a between group, 2x2 full factorial experiment where the cause of the failure is manipulated. We find that entrepreneurs are held more accountable for firm failure irrespective of the circumstances causing the failure and that respondents who view failure as an inherent risk of firm ownership are less likely to stigmatize failed entrepreneurs.

A Shared Future? Exclusion, Stigmatization, and Mental Health of Same-Sex-Attracted Young People in Northern Ireland

For more than a decade the Peace Process has fundamentally changed Northern Irish society. However, although socioreligious integration and ethnic mixing are high on the political agenda in Northern Ireland, the Peace Process has so far failed to address the needs of some of the most vulnerable young people, for example, those who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Public debates in Northern Ireland remain hostile to same-sex-attracted people. Empirical evidence from the annual Young Life and Times (YLT) survey of 16-year-olds undertaken by ARK shows that same-sex-attracted young people report worse experiences in the education sector (e.g., sex education, school bullying), suffer from poorer mental health, experience higher social pressures to engage in health-adverse behavior, and are more likely to say that they will leave Northern Ireland and not return. Equality legislation and peace process have done little to address the heteronormativity in Northern Ireland.

Stigmatization of patients with AIDS : understanding the interrelationships between Thai nurses' attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, drug use and commercial sex

There is currently a scarcity of research on the nature of HIV/AIDS stigma within the Thai health context. This is problematic given the negative role of stigma in hindering the provision of patient care and treatment. This study used a mixed-method approach to investigate the interrelationships between the stigma of HIV/AIDS and the stigmas relating to its various modes of disease transmission including injection drug use (IDU). Twenty interviews were conducted with trainees and qualified nurses from a Bangkok college. Participants were presented with vignettes describing a hypothetical person varying in disease diagnoses (AIDS, leukemia, no disease) and co-characteristics (IDU,  commercial sex (CS), blood transfusion, no co-characteristic). Using a Q-sort task, participants arranged the vignettes along a bipolar scale according to their willingness to interact with the persons, and were asked to explain their decisions. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that IDU, AIDS, and CS were all individually stigmatizing. Strong interactions were found between the stigmas of HIV/AIDS, IDU, and CS. Interview data also showed clear biases toward patients according to their IDU and CS habits. The findings  suggest that addressing these co-stigmas could be vital to the success of efforts aimed at reducing the disease stigma of HIV/AIDS.

Stigmatization of AIDS patients : disentangling Thai nursing students' attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, drug use and commercial sex

This paper analyzes the interrelationships between the stigma of HIV/AIDS stigma and the co-stigmas of commercial sex (CS) and injecting drug use (IDU). Students of a Bangkok nursing college (N = 144) were presented with vignettes describing a person varying in the disease diagnoses (AIDS, leukemia, no disease) and co-characteristics (IDU, CS, blood transfusion, no co-characteristic). For each vignette, participants completed a social distance measure assessing their attitudes towards the hypothetical person portrayed. Multivariate analyses showed strong interactions between the stigmas of AIDS and IDU but not between AIDS and CS. Although AIDS was shown to be stigmatizing in and of itself, it was significantly less stigmatizing than IDU. The findings highlight the need to consider the non-disease-related stigmas associated with HIV as well as the actual stigma of HIV/AIDS in treatment and care settings. Methodological strengths and limitations were evaluated and implications for future research discussed.

Does the Presence of a Learning Disability Elicit a Stigmatization?

Aims: To determine whether or not a Learning Disability(LD) label leads to stigmatization. Study Design: This research used a 2(sex of participant) x 2(LD label)x 2 (Sex of stimulus person) factorial design. Place and Duration of Study: Bucknell University, between October 2010 and April 2011. Methodology: Sample: We included 200 participants (137 women and 63 men, ranging in age from 18 – 75 years, M = 26.41. Participants rated the stimulus individual on 27 personality traits, 8 Life success measures, and the Big-5 personality dimensions. Also, participants completed a Social Desirability measure. Results: A MANOVA revealed a main effect for the Learning Disability description, F(6, 185) = 6.41 p< .0001, eta2 = .17,for the Big-5 personality dimensions, Emotional Stability, F(1, 185) = 13.39, p < .001, eta2 = .066, and Openness to Experiences F(1,185) = 7.12, p< .008, eta2 = .036.Stimulus individuals described as having a learning disability were perceived as being less emotionally stable and more open to experiences than those described as not having a learning disability. Another MANOVA revealed a main effect for having a disability or not, F(8, 183) = 4.29, p< .0001, eta2 = .158, for the Life Success items, Attractiveness, F(1, 198) = 16.63, p< .0001, eta2 = .080, and Future Success,F(1, 198) = 4.57, p< .034, eta2 = .023. Stimulus individuals described as having a learning disability were perceived as being less attractive and with less potential for success than those described as not having a learning disability. Conclusion: The results of this research provide evidence that a bias exists toward those who have learning disabilities. The mere presence of an LD label had the ability to cause a differential perception of those with LDs and those without LDs.

Examining the Impact of Child Psychologists' Stigmatization of Parents on Treatment Outcomes Through a Developmental Lens

The purpose of this paper is to examine how child psychologists' specialized training inhuman development may make them more prone to stigmatize the parents of their young clients. The stigmatization of parents may lead to fewer parents seeking treatment for their children and to poorer treatment outcomes for those who work with a child psychologist. The process of stigmatization is summarized to provide context for the method through which parents receive stigma. A commonly used theory of child development, Erik Erikson's stages of ego development, is outlined to provide background on how child psychologists may interpret and evaluate a child'sdevelopment. Child psychologists' may identify parenting practices that seem to hinder or stunt children's emotional development, which would make the psychologist more aptto stigmatize and isolate parents from the treatment process. To demonstrate the unique ways in which a child psychologist may stigmatize parents of children at different developmental stages two case studies are included. Finally, a theoretical model of treatment is described that may be more inclusive, and less stigmatizing of parents. This model outlines how the parents' concerns about and observations of their children should be validated and reflected in the treatment process. This treatment modality would allow for child psychologists to more actively involve parents in treatment and provide more education and support around their children's unique emotional development needs. Through this treatment model and child psychologists' awareness of and attempts to reduce the stigmatization of parents, treatment outcomes for young clients may improve.

Occupational stigmatization in the British hotel and catering industry

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Development of self-efficacy questionnaire for Chinese family caregivers

The purpose of this study was to develop a Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Family Caregivers. Semi-structured interviews with 10 family caregivers of people with dementia were conducted to explore how Chinese caregivers manage caregiving and what difficulties they face. The findings of the study assisted in the development of the instrument. Five categories of caregiver behaviours were identified from the qualitative data: gathering information about treatment, symptoms, and health care; obtaining support; responding to behaviour disturbances; managing household, personal, and medical care; and managing distress associated with caregiving. The challenges of caregiving were also identified, including deterioration of care recipients, particularly their behaviour disturbances, a shortage of supportive resources, stigmatization of dementia among the general population, as well as increased distress and decreased social activities due to increased care demand. The findings were used to develop the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Family Caregivers, and 35 items comprising five subscales (representing the above five categories of caregiver behaviour) were generated.

Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) : Diagnostic methods and molecular pathology

Myotonic dystrophies type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) are the most common forms of muscular dystrophy affecting adults. They are autosomal dominant diseases caused by microsatellite tri- or tetranucleotide repeat expansion mutations in transcribed but not translated gene regions. The mutant RNA accumulates in nuclei disturbing the expression of several genes. The more recently identified DM2 disease is less well known, yet more than 300 patients have been confirmed in Finland thus far, and the true number is believed to be much higher. DM1 and DM2 share some features in general clinical presentation and molecular pathology, yet they show distinctive differences, including disease severity and differential muscle and fiber type involvement. However, the molecular differences underlying DM1 and DM2 muscle pathology are not well understood. Although the primary tissue affected is muscle, both DMs show a multisystemic phenotype due to wide expression of the mutation-carrying genes. DM2 is particularly intriguing, as it shows an incredibly wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. For this reason, it constitutes a real diagnostic challenge. The core symptoms in DM2 include proximal muscle weakness, muscle pain, myotonia, cataracts, cardiac conduction defects and endocrinological disturbations; however, none of these is mandatory for the disease. Myalgic pains may be the most disabling symptom for decades, sometimes leading to incapacity for work. In addition, DM2 may cause major socio-economical consequences for the patient, if not diagnosed, due to misunderstanding and false stigmatization. In this thesis work, we have (I) improved DM2 differential diagnostics based on muscle biopsy, and (II) described abnormalities in mRNA and protein expression in DM1 and DM2 patient skeletal muscles, showing partial differences between the two diseases, which may contribute to muscle pathology in these diseases. This is the first description of histopathological differences between DM1 and DM2, which can be used in differential diagnostics. Two novel high-resolution applications of in situ -hybridization have been described, which can be used for direct visualization of the DM2 mutation in muscle biopsy sections, or mutation size determination on extended DNA-fibers. By measuring protein and mRNA expression in the samples, differential changes in expression patterns affecting contractile proteins, other structural proteins and calcium handling proteins in DM2 compared to DM1 were found. The dysregulation at mRNA level was caused by altered transciption and abnormal splicing. The findings reported here indicate that the extent of aberrant splicing is higher in DM2 compared to DM1. In addition, the described abnormalities to some extent correlate to the differences in fiber type involvement in the two disorders.

Del miedo a la obesidad a la obsesión por la delgadez; actitudes y dieta

Este trabajo se encuentra bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 3.0.

Interações iniciais mãe-bebê: uma comparação entre díades de bebês prematuros e nascidos a termo

O estudo das interações iniciais entre mãe e bebê é fundamental para a compreensão da ontogênese humana (Seidl-de-Moura, et al., 2008) e para ajudar a promover a saúde relacional da díade. Nos estudos sobre as interações inicias entre mãe e bebê prematuro, ainda há um questionamento sobre se o nascimento prematuro e a internação em uma UTI-Neonatal fortalecem ou enfraquecem as trocas entre os membros da díade. Assim, neste estudo observou-se e analisou-se as interações iniciais entre mãe e bebê prematuro na UTI-Neonatal, observou o desenvolvimento das interações ao longo de dois meses, e comparou com interações de um grupo de mães-bebês nascidos a termo, de acordo com categorias predefinidas para a análise de vídeos. Também analisou, através de entrevistas, as características que as mães de cada tipo de díade relataram sobre seus filhos, bem como as metas de desenvolvimento apontadas e as emoções que expressaram em relação ao bebê. Participaram da pesquisa 20 díades mãe-bebê de nascidos a termo, e 20 díades de mãebebê de prematuros, nascidos entre 28 e 36 semanas de idade gestacional. Entre outras evidências, enquanto os bebês estavam na UTI-Neonatal, foram encontradas associações significativas entre as características maternas e as do bebê. Após a alta hospitalar, houve associações significativas entre a sincronia da díade e os comportamentos dos bebês. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as características de interações quando a díade estava na UTI-Neonatal e após dois meses. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as díades de mães-bebês prematuros e mães-bebês a termo em relação à sincronia da díade, nem tampouco entre os comportamentos maternos nos dois momentos de observação, mas uma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os comportamentos autorregulatórios dos bebês nascidos a termo e os dos prematuros. Verificou-se que para os dois grupos de mães, as emoções mais frequentemente relatadas foram as de amor e apego. As metas de desenvolvimento mais apontadas enquanto as mães estavam com seu bebê na UTI-Neonatal foram voltadas para o desenvolvimento físico do bebê, e quando os bebês estavam com dois meses, as metas eram mais voltadas para o desenvolvimento emocional, da mesma forma como ocorreu com as mães de bebês a termo. As características mais apontadas pelas mães ao pensarem em seus bebês enquanto eles estavam na UTI-Neonatal foram as físicas, enquanto após a alta, foram as pessoais e emocionais, assim como ocorreu com as mães de bebês nascidos a termo. Os resultados se contrapõem a afirmações de que em episódios de interação as mães de prematuros são menos sensitivas, mais intrusivas, e seus bebês, menos atentos e responsivos. Apontaram, ao contrário, para uma certa continuidade entre o que se observou na UTI-Neonatal e aos dois meses. Também não foram identificadas diferenças significativas na maioria das características de interações entre mães e bebês prematuros e mães e bebês nascidos a termo. Assim, tais resultados suavizam possíveis estigmatizações sobre estas mães e apontam a importância de se fortalecer essa relação na UTI-Neonatal através de estratégias de promoção de saúde.

Agente comunitário de saúde: a construção de um poder capturado

A política de Atenção Básica à Saúde no Brasil, revitalizada pelo Ministério da Saúde, tem a saúde da família como estratégia prioritária para a sua organização. Ancorada no trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar, na vinculação de compromissos e na corresponsabilidade da atenção às famílias, esta estratégia pretende reformular o modelo de atenção à saúde. Isto significa ultrapassar a tradicional assistência institucionalizada que prioriza a tutela para ir na direção da atenção à saúde, o cuidado sendo capaz de gerar a autonomia dos indivíduos. O Agente Comunitário de Saúde, integrante da equipe, é o sujeito do povo facilitador da interlocução entre o saber científico e o saber popular. Depositário de poder transformador, ele tem nas suas funções de educação e promoção de saúde o instrumento para a disseminação de conhecimento emancipatório, promotor de autonomia , com vigilância em saúde, operar o cuidado como essência humana. Entretanto, esse novo resultado dos normas e das regras instituídas na organização dos serviços de saúde, o que se soma às relações que se estabelecem entre os trabalhadores da saúde e os mais distintos grupos sociais. Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo de caso que encontra razão da forma com que os ACSs das Equipes de Saúde da Família de Manguinhos (Rio de Janeiro), contribuem para a atenção à saúde; nela, o cuidado emancipador promove a desconstrução de desigualdades. Esta é uma pesquisa de origem qualitativa que obteve, através da técnica de grupo focal, seu material de análise de conteúdo. Utilizando a categoria analítica o agente cuidador, identificamos as seguintes categorias empíricas: o agente tem que ser paciente, o agente sentindo-se excluído, o agente é dono da chave da porta. Diante do material analisado, pudemos observar que os agentes de Manguinhos adotam a paciência de saber escutar como ferramenta tecnológica, além da paciência perseverante, utilizada diante das muitas dificuldades reveladas por eles. Ainda na dinâmica relacional, observamos que os ACSs alternam sentimentos de exclusão e inclusão diante de determinados grupos sociais. Entretanto, o sentimento de exclusão é potencializado, a nosso ver, pela estigmatização social sofrida por serem moradores de comunidades submetidas a todo tipo de violência. Enquanto, facilitadores da entrada dos usuários no sistema de saúde, observamos um monopólio da assistência à saúde que não ocorre para transformações da produção do cuidado em saúde, e que são verificadas nas tensões características de ações na forma de ajuda-poder, revelando um dos mecanismos utilizados pelos ACSs no seu reconhecimentos sócio-ocupacional. Acreditamos que, embora esta dissertação seja um estudo de caso, é possível estabelecer analogias com as ESFs de metrópoles brasileiras. Neste sentido, somente a formação técnica do ACS baseada na problematização dos temas levantados poderá superar ações mantenedoras de assimetrias de poder. Devem ser ultrapassadas metodologias que reforcem o lugar social do ACS no último nível da hierarquia da divisão do trabalho em saúde. Apenas desta forma será possível impedir a captura dos ACSs por poderes hegemonicamente institucionalizados. Então, e só então, será possível veicular um saber emancipador, construtor de autonomia, mitigador de desigualdades, no qual a utopia tornar-se-á realidade.

Subjetividade das travestis brasileiras: da vulnerabilidade da estigmatização à construção da cidadania

A partir de observações etnográficas e entrevistas profundas junto às travestis brasileiras militantes, cartografamos histórias de vida que organizam cenas a respeito de suas relações na infância, adolescência e a vida atual, mapeando processos de estigmatização e suas respostas de enfrentamento que promovem a produção de uma cultura de resistência. Essas relações são marcadas por mediações denominadas encontros com o poder, que a partir da afirmação da diferença, inauguram um novo campo de investigação na saúde coletiva, mostrando a importância da organização social e política da comunidade transgênero no Brasil, como estratégia de promoção do cuidado de si e do exercício da cidadania. As cartografias existenciais sugerem elementos que recontam as histórias coletivas das travestis, solicitando novas possibilidades de diálogos entre os órgãos governamentais e demais setores da sociedade civil, de modo a favorecer o surgimento de novas políticas públicas.

"Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress.

Idioms of distress communicate suffering via reference to shared ethnopsychologies, and better understanding of idioms of distress can contribute to effective clinical and public health communication. This systematic review is a qualitative synthesis of "thinking too much" idioms globally, to determine their applicability and variability across cultures. We searched eight databases and retained publications if they included empirical quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods research regarding a "thinking too much" idiom and were in English. In total, 138 publications from 1979 to 2014 met inclusion criteria. We examined the descriptive epidemiology, phenomenology, etiology, and course of "thinking too much" idioms and compared them to psychiatric constructs. "Thinking too much" idioms typically reference ruminative, intrusive, and anxious thoughts and result in a range of perceived complications, physical and mental illnesses, or even death. These idioms appear to have variable overlap with common psychiatric constructs, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. However, "thinking too much" idioms reflect aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses and often show wide within-cultural variation, in addition to between-cultural differences. Taken together, these findings suggest that "thinking too much" should not be interpreted as a gloss for psychiatric disorder nor assumed to be a unitary symptom or syndrome within a culture. We suggest five key ways in which engagement with "thinking too much" idioms can improve global mental health research and interventions: it (1) incorporates a key idiom of distress into measurement and screening to improve validity of efforts at identifying those in need of services and tracking treatment outcomes; (2) facilitates exploration of ethnopsychology in order to bolster cultural appropriateness of interventions; (3) strengthens public health communication to encourage engagement in treatment; (4) reduces stigma by enhancing understanding, promoting treatment-seeking, and avoiding unintentionally contributing to stigmatization; and (5) identifies a key locally salient treatment target.

Employment discrimination against transgender people and self-esteem.

The evocation of gender identity in company anti-discrimination policies is still very rare. This observation is also true forscientific studies. Very few researches have focused exclusively on transgender employees. Transgender are neither sick nor lesscompetent, and yet, the feeling of being strongly discriminated is shared by many transgender people. Such discrimination and thetype of causal attribution do not remain without any effect on the well-being of the concerned individuals. According to Crocker &Quinn (1998), the attribution of the discrimination to the existing prejudices may be a way to protect one-self from the negativeimpact on self-esteem. In this theoretical scope, the "rejection-identification" model (Branscombe, Schmitt & Harvey, 1999) has beenhighly mobilized. It emphasizes the importance of ingroup identification in the causal relationship between perceived discriminationsituation and well-being. Previous studies which did test this model show that the identification to a certain group can counteract thenegative effects on well-being. Following this theoretical frame, the presented study examines the impact of different types of causalattributions on self-esteem: internal causes (e.g. lack of skills), external causes (e.g. economic crisis), and gender identity relatedissues. For that purpose, an online survey has been created and fulfilled by 110 transgender people. Different scales were used to testthe model: the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, a causal attribution scale, the perceived discrimination of the transgender population inthe workplace scale and a group identification scale. The results show that transgender people feel still highly stigmatized today andattribute, significantly, the causes of their situation to the prejudices they are victim of. Also, in accordance with the “rejectionidentification”model, three links are observed: (1) a negative link between perceived discrimination and self-esteem; (2) a positivelink between perceived discrimination and ingroup identification; and (3) a positive link between ingroup identification and selfesteem.This situation reflects a lack in diversity considerations. Nevertheless, the attribution made to group stigmatization seems toplay a protective role towards transgender people self-esteem.