Spam – Spim – Spit. En marknadsrättslig undersökning av marknadsföring via nya kommunikationstekniker

I boken behandlas nya kommunikationstekniker och olika marknadsföringsmetoder som har uppkommit till följd av den tekniska utvecklingen. Marknadsföring via de nya kommunikationskanalerna har givit upphov till vissa olägenheter för mottagarna. Olägenheterna som mottagarna förorsakas vid marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna kan delas in i tre kategorier; 1) meddelandet förorsakar kostnader för mottagaren, 2) meddelandet hindrar mottagaren samt 3) meddelandet upplevs vara påträngande och utgöra ett intrång i mottagarens privatliv. Under de senaste åren har det förekommit hektiska lagstiftningsåtgärder på många håll i världen. Såväl enskilda stater, nationella myndigheter samt internationella organisationer har utarbetat regler om marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna. En av kärnfrågorna i regleringen är huruvida man skall ha ett system med ”opt-in” eller ”opt-out”. En opt-in-lösning innebär att marknadsföraren måste inhämta mottagarens samtycke på förhand, medan en opt-out-lösning innebär att det är tillåtet att sända marknadsföring om inte mottagaren motsatt sig detta. Enligt gällande lagstiftning faller marknadsföring via följande tre tekniker under opt-in: automatiserade uppringningssystem, telefax samt e-post. Det huvudsakliga syftet med avhandlingen är att utreda om nuvarande opt-in-lista är tillräckligt omfattande med beaktande av de olägenheter som marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna förorsakar, eller om den bör utvidgas. I genomgången av marknadsföring via nya tekniker har marknadsföring via bl.a. följande tekniker undersökts: Internet (www-sidor), reklamfönster, reklambanner, e-post, mobiltelefon, telefax, bloggar, RSS, Instant Messaging samt Internettelefoni. Vid sidan av nya tekniker har även vissa ”traditionella” marknadsföringsmetoder undersökts, i syfte att utreda huruvida även de bör falla in under en opt-in-lösning. De traditionella marknadsföringsmetoder som ingår i avhandlingen är hemförsäljning, telemarketing, TV- och radioreklam samt adresserad och oadresserad direktreklam. En annan central del i avhandlingen är frågan hur påföljdssystemet vid överträdelser av opt-in-bestämmelserna bör utformas. Hur skall de enskilda mottagarna få ersättning för de kostnader de åsamkats av marknadsföringen? Är det dags att införa straffskadestånd i Finland? Hög tid att även Finland får grupptalan? Kan tvisterna avgöras virtuellt via domstolar on-line eller ODR?

A sting in the spit: widespread cross-infection of multiple RNA viruses across wild and managed bees

Declining populations of bee pollinators are a cause of concern, with major repercussions for biodiversity loss and food security. RNA viruses associated with honeybees represent a potential threat to other insect pollinators, but the extent of this threat is poorly understood. This study aims to attain a detailed understanding of the current and ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease (EID) transmission between managed and wild pollinator species across a wide range of RNA viruses. Within a structured large-scale national survey across 26 independent sites, we quantify the prevalence and pathogen loads of multiple RNA viruses in co-occurring managed honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wild bumblebee (Bombus spp.) populations. We then construct models that compare virus prevalence between wild and managed pollinators. Multiple RNA viruses associated with honeybees are widespread in sympatric wild bumblebee populations. Virus prevalence in honeybees is a significant predictor of virus prevalence in bumblebees, but we remain cautious in speculating over the principle direction of pathogen transmission. We demonstrate species-specific differences in prevalence, indicating significant variation in disease susceptibility or tolerance. Pathogen loads within individual bumblebees may be high and in the case of at least one RNA virus, prevalence is higher in wild bumblebees than in managed honeybee populations. Our findings indicate widespread transmission of RNA viruses between managed and wild bee pollinators, pointing to an interconnected network of potential disease pressures within and among pollinator species. In the context of the biodiversity crisis, our study emphasizes the importance of targeting a wide range of pathogens and defining host associations when considering potential drivers of population decline.

Spit & lies: Does social desirability predict smoking cessation success?

This study examines the role of socially desirable responding (SDR) on smoking cessation program success. SDR is the tendency for individuals to give responses that put themselves in what they perceive to be a socially desirable light. ^ This research is a secondary analysis of data from Project Cognition, a study designed to examine the associations between performance on cognitive assessments and subsequent relapse to smoking. Adult smokers (N=183) were recruited from the greater Houston area to participate in the smoking cessation study. In this portion of the research, participants' smoking status was assessed on their quit day (QD), one week after QD, and four weeks after QD. Primary outcome measures were self-reported relapse, true cessation determined by biological measure, discrepancies between self-reported smoking status and biological assessments of smoking, and dropping out. ^ Primary predictor measures were the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) and self-reported motivation to quit smoking. The BIDR is a 40-item questionnaire that assesses Self-deceptive Enhancement (SDE; the tendency to give self-reports that are honest but positively biased) and Impression Management (IM; deliberate self-presentation to an audience). Scores were used to create a dichotomous BIDR total score group variable, a dichotomous SDE group variable, and a dichotomous IM group variable. Participants at one standard deviation above the mean were in the "high" group, and scores below one standard deviation were in the "normal" group. In addition, age, race, and gender were analyzed as covariates. ^ The overall findings of this study suggest that in the general population BIDR informs participants' self-reports and the IM and SDR subscales inform participants' behavior. BIDR predicted self-reported relapse in the general population and trended toward indicating that a participant will claim smoking cessation success when biological measures indicate otherwise. SDE interacted with motivation to predict biologically verified cessation success. There was no main effect for BIDR, IM, or SDE predicting drop out; however, IM interacted with age to predict participants' likelihood of drop out. Used in conjunction, the BIDR, IM subscale, and SDR subscale can be used to more accurately tailor smoking cessation programs to the needs of individual participants.^

47 ground-penetrating radar lines of Area 4 - Gravel spit system from Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula

During two field campaigns (Austral springs 2011 and 2012) the sedimentary architecture of a polar gravel-spit system at the northern coast of Potter Peninsula (Area 4) was revealed using ground-penetrating radar (GPR, Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. SIR-3000). 47 profiles were collected using a mono-static 200 MHz antenna operated in common offset mode. Trace increment was set to 0.05 m. A differential global-positioning system (dGPS, Leica GS09) was used to obtain topographical information along the GPR lines. GPR data are provided in RADAN-Format, dGPS coordinates are provided in ascii format; projection is UTM (WGS 84, zone 21S).

49 ground-penetrating radar lines of Area 2 - Gravel cuspate spit with gravel beach ridges from Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula

During two field campaigns (Austral springs 2011 and 2012) the sedimentary architecture of a polar gravel-beach system at the southwestern coast of Potter Peninsula (Area 2) was revealed using ground-penetrating radar (GPR, Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. SIR-3000). 49 profiles were collected using a mono-static 200 MHz antenna operated in common offset mode. Trace increment was set to 0.05 m. A differential global-positioning system (dGPS, Leica GS09) was used to obtain topographical information along the GPR lines. GPR data are provided in RADAN-Format, dGPS coordinates are provided in ascii format; projection is UTM (WGS 84, zone 21S).

Beach erosion control study, Homer Spit, Alaska /

"September 1987."

Spit tobacco and youth.

"OEI 06-92-00500."

Engineering analysis of beach erosion at Homer Spit, Alaska /

Includes abstract.

Landform characterization using geophysics—Recent advances, applications, and emerging tools

This paper presents an overview of the strengths and limitations of existing and emerging geophysical tools for landform studies. The objectives are to discuss recent technical developments and to provide a review of relevant recent literature, with a focus on propagating field methods with terrestrial applications. For various methods in this category, including ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity (ER), seismics, and electromagnetic (EM) induction, the technical backgrounds are introduced, followed by section on novel developments relevant to landform characterization. For several decades, GPR has been popular for characterization of the shallow subsurface and in particular sedimentary systems. Novel developments in GPR include the use of multi-offset systems to improve signal-to-noise ratios and data collection efficiency, amongst others, and the increased use of 3D data. Multi-electrode ER systems have become popular in recent years as they allow for relatively fast and detailed mapping. Novel developments include time-lapse monitoring of dynamic processes as well as the use of capacitively-coupled systems for fast, non-invasive surveys. EM induction methods are especially popular for fast mapping of spatial variation, but can also be used to obtain information on the vertical variation in subsurface electrical conductivity. In recent years several examples of the use of plane wave EM for characterization of landforms have been published. Seismic methods for landform characterization include seismic reflection and refraction techniques and the use of surface waves. A recent development is the use of passive sensing approaches. The use of multiple geophysical methods, which can benefit from the sensitivity to different subsurface parameters, is becoming more common. Strategies for coupled and joint inversion of complementary datasets will, once more widely available, benefit the geophysical study of landforms.Three cases studies are presented on the use of electrical and GPR methods for characterization of landforms in the range of meters to 100. s of meters in dimension. In a study of polygonal patterned ground in the Saginaw Lowlands, Michigan, USA, electrical resistivity tomography was used to characterize differences in subsurface texture and water content associated with polygon-swale topography. Also, a sand-filled thermokarst feature was identified using electrical resistivity data. The second example is on the use of constant spread traversing (CST) for characterization of large-scale glaciotectonic deformation in the Ludington Ridge, Michigan. Multiple CST surveys parallel to an ~. 60. m high cliff, where broad (~. 100. m) synclines and narrow clay-rich anticlines are visible, illustrated that at least one of the narrow structures extended inland. A third case study discusses internal structures of an eolian dune on a coastal spit in New Zealand. Both 35 and 200. MHz GPR data, which clearly identified a paleosol and internal sedimentary structures of the dune, were used to improve understanding of the development of the dune, which may shed light on paleo-wind directions.

Sobre sofrimento e terapêuticas em um ambulatório público de saúde mental

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar concepções de sofrimento e terapêuticas dos usuários de um ambulatório de Saúde Mental de um posto de saúde localizado na zona norte do Rio de Janeiro. Estas concepções, calcadas num universo holista e hierárquico de valor, contrastam com as concepções de sofrimento, pessoa e terapêuticas próprias das práticas psi, indissociáveis da perspectiva individualista que lhe deu origem, cuja concepção de pessoa é calcada na experiência de uma interioridade psicológica, dotada de liberdade de escolha, autonomia, apontando, consequentemente, para concepções acerca do adoecimento e da terapêutica bastante diferentes daquelas próprias a uma configuração hierárquica de valores. Nesse sentido, discutem-se as repercussões que essas diferenças trazem para o estabelecimento de uma relação terapêutica. Observou-se que as concepções de sofrimento e a terapêutica dos entrevistados situam-se na configuração do nervoso, na qual aspectos físicos e morais da perturbação estão imbricados de forma indissociável. Na medida em que eles se auto-representam a partir de suas relações familiares e laborativas, a construção do que seja perturbação está referida a essa relacionalidade, que lhes confere uma identidade numa organização hierárquica. A psicoterapia é também englobada por essa mesma lógica, sendo deslocada do seu sentido individualista original, para ser ressignificada à luz do modelo físico-moral da perturbação e da relacionalidade própria à configuração do nervoso. Dessa forma, entende-se a psicoterapia como conversa que visa o desabafo, botar para fora os problemas, assim como forma de pensar em outras coisas que não o problema, duas estratégias consideradas terapêuticas na configuração do nervoso.

A baseline report of water quality and invertebrate assessment in River Hohwa, Lake Albert: final report

Tullow Oil plc is to launch an onshore Early Production System (EPS) of oil drilling rated at 4,000 barrels of oil per day by 2009. The location of the EPS is in the Kaiso-Tonya area of Block 2 Oil Exploration Zone along Lake Albert within the Albertine graben. Tullow Oil plc contracted Environmental Resources Management (ERM) Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd in conjunction with Environmental Assessment Consult Limited (EACL) to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for pre-construction and operation of the proposed EPS. ERM in association with EACL requested National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) to conduct a baseline survey of water quality and invertebrates in River Hohwa. This study was requested as part of an earlier baseline survey conducted at the Kaiso-Ngassa spit oil exploration area in Block 2. It was conducted at five selected sites (Fig. 1 & Table 1) within the Hohwa River basin in the Kaiso-Tonya Exploration Area 2. The study was pertinent because the targeted oil wells for EPS are upstream this river which drains the Kaiso-Ngassa valley into Ngassa lagoon.

Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories: development of accretional features during shoreline retreat

The active accretional features that have developed along the modern Nile Delta promontories during shoreline retreat are analysed using topographic maps, remote imagery, ground and hydrographic surveys, together providing 15 time-slice maps (1922-2000) at Rosetta and 14 time-slice maps (1909-2000) at Damietta. Small double sandy spits developed and persisted at Rosetta between 1986 and 1991. At Damietta, a much larger single spit, 9 km long, formed approximately east of the mouth of the Damietta Nile branch between 1955 and 1972, although its source has now been depleted. Both the Rosetta and Damietta inlets are associated with submerged mouth bars that accumulated prior to the damming of the Nile, but that continue to contribute to local sedimentation problems, particularly at Rosetta. The development of the active accretional features along the Nile promontories reflects a combination of factors including sediment availability, transport pathways from source areas, a decrease in the magnitude of Nile flood discharges, as well as the impact of protective structures at the river mouths.