Vuosaaren B-voimalaitoksen lauhduttimien merivesikanavaan sijoitettavan pienvesivoimalan kannavuusselvitys

Insinöörityön tavoitteena oli tehdä teknis-taloudellinen selvitystyö pienvesivoimasta Vuosaaren B-voimalaitokselle. Ensimmäiseksi täytyi selvittää laitoksen virtausolosuhteet, putouskorkeus, saavutettavissa oleva teho, konkreettinen sijoittumispaikka laitoksessa, tarvittavat rakenteet, laitteistot, sähköistys ja ohjausjärjestelmät sekä näiden kaikkien kustannukset. Työn alkuosassa käsitellään vesivoimaloiden teoriaa ja niihin liittyviä yleisiä asioita. Loppuosassa tarkastellaan Vuosaaren B-voimalaitosta sekä varsinaista teknis-taloudellista selvitystyötä. Työn teoriaosuuteen tietoja hankittiin kirjallisuudesta sekä Internetistä. Varsinaisessa selvitystyössä tietojen hankkimisessa auttoivat Helsingin Energian sekä muiden yritysten asiantuntijat. Selvitettyjen alkuarvojen ja muiden tietojen perusteella pystyttiin lopuksi tekemään yleisarvio kannattavuudesta sekä arvio investointien kannattavuudesta. Työssä käsiteltiin seuraavia toteutettavissa olleita vaihtoehtoja: yksi turbiini, kaksi turbiinia tai ei turbiinia ollenkaan. Yhdellä turbiinilla vuotuinen käyttöaika olisi ollut laitoksen käyttötietojen perusteella noin 7500 tuntia vuodessa. Kahden turbiinin vaihtoehdossa yhtä turbiinia olisi käytetty 6000 tuntia vuodessa ja kahden turbiinin yhteiskäyttöaika olisi jäänyt vain 1500 tuntiin vuodessa. Näistä syistä johtuen parhaaksi ratkaisuksi muodostui yhden turbiinin vaihtoehto, jossa turbiinin käyttöaika oli optimaalinen ja investointikustannukset pysyivät kohtuullisina. Turbiinin pois jättäminen ei myöskään olisi järkevää, koska turbiinin avulla laitoksen energia tehokkuus paranisi. Selvitystyön avulla Helsingin Energia voi tehdä päätöksen pienvesivoimalaan investoimisesta, mikä selvityksen perusteella vaikuttaisi kannattavalta.

Life-cycle inventory for hydroelectric generation: a Brazilian case study

Representative Life-Cycle Inventories (LCIs) are essential for Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) quality and readiness. Because energy is such an important element of LCAs, appropriate LCIs on energy are crucial, and due to the prevalence of hydropower on Brazilian electricity mix, the frequently used LCIs are not representative of the Brazilian conditions. The present study developed a LCI of the Itaipu Hydropower Plant, the major hydropower plant in the world, responsible for producing 23.8% of Brazil's electricity consumption. Focused on the capital investments to construct and operate the dam, the LCI was designed to serve as a database for the LCAs of Brazilian hydroelectricity production. The life-cycle boundaries encompass the construction and operation of the dam, as well as the life-cycles of the most important material and energy consumptions (cement, steel, copper, diesel oil, lubricant oil), as well as construction site operation, emissions from reservoir flooding, material and workers transportation, and earthworks. As a result, besides the presented inventory, it was possible to determine the following processes, and respective environmental burdens as the most important life-cycle hotspots: reservoir filling (CO(2) and CH(4) emission: land use); steel life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO, particulates, SO(x) and NO(x) emissions); cement life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO(2) and particulate emissions); and operation of civil construction machines (diesel consumption; NO(x) emissions). Compared with another hydropower studies, the LCI showed magnitude adequacy, with better results than small hydropower, which reveals a scale economy for material and energy exchanges in the case of ltaipu Power Plant. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pequenas centrais hidrelétricas face à reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro: uma questão de políticas públicas

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Projeto e implantação de pequena central de geração hidrelétrica: análise de caso

The objective of this work is to study the implantation feasibility of a small hydropower system in a rural area in Guaratinguetá. Due to its location and accessibility, and the costs involved in extending the public distribution line to the property it could turn become viable the construction of an individual electric generation system. As alternatives, a solar photovoltaic system and combustion engine-electric generator systems were considered. However, the existence of a small river inside the property, the construction of a micro hydropower plant was taken into account. The choice of the micro power hydropower plant was determined by the owner and was based on the costs. The topographic and hydrological profiles as well as the geometrical characteristics of the system, including the civil infrastructure needed and the more adequate turbine, were determined. Finally, the cost spreadsheet was set and the results were compared with those calculated for the extension of the available public distribution system

Interferência das construções sucessivas de Pequenas Centrais Hidroelétricas (PCH), sobre a ictiofauna do rio Sapucaí-Mirim-SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Geotecnologias aplicadas à análise do assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Energía Minihidráulica

La energía basada en turbinas hidráulicas de reducida potencia es, a menudo, un ejemplo- modelo dentro del campo de las energías renovables desde su aparición a finales del S. XIX, aunque los ingenios precursores surgen mucho antes. Entre los testimonios más antiguos destacan la saqia o rueda persa y la rueda hidráulica romana que había sido previamente implementada en Extremo Oriente, y que después llega a Europa a través de Egipto. Más tarde, durante la Edad Media y el Renacimiento, se generaliza el uso de los molinos hidráulicos, además de los eólicos. Ejemplos de ello son las norias de Alepo (Siria) y de Córdoba (España). Otro caso interesante es el de los molinos de regolfo en la Península Ibérica e Iberoamérica, muy cercanos en su forma y fundamentos a las turbinas hidráulicas. Algunos de estos ingenios siguen activos en los ríos de España. Posteriormente los estudios de Euler, Burdin y Fourneyron prepararon las bases para el definitivo avance de Pelton, Kaplan, Francis, y otros, pero ya como máquinas motrices de los generadores eléctricos. En la actualidad, se admite como límite superior para minihidráulica aquellas centrales con una potencia instalada de 5000 kW, y considerando que cuando las potencias son inferiores a 100 kW se denomina micro hidráulica, aunque en Latinoamérica este límite se fija en 20 kW. El estudio del recurso hídrico, ayudado del geotécnico, constituyen la base sobre la que podremos proyectar el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico: selección del tipo de central dentro de la tipología disponible, diseño y cálculos de la turbina, obra civil necesaria (azud, presa, canal, tubería forzada, edificio, aspiración, desagüe, etc.) y equipo electromecánico. El proyecto tecnológico se complementa con el estudio de impacto ambiental y de viabilidad económica. Muchos de estos proyectos tratan de reducir la falta de acceso a la energía en poblaciones desfavorecidas, entendida esta carencia como un factor determinante de la pobreza. Así la energía mini y micro-hidráulica adquiere un nuevo valor como tecnología para el desarrollo humano.

Ajustes de coeficientes integrantes de processos físicos e bioquímicos na autedepuração em curso de água de médio porte

The mathematical modeling in the simulation of self-purification capacity in lotic environment is an important tool in the planning and management of hydric resources in hydrographic basin scale. It satisfactorily deals with the self-purification process when the coefficients of physical and biochemical processes are calibrated from monitorated water quality data, which was the main focus of this study. The present study was conducted to simulate the behavior of the parameters OD, BOD5, total phosphorus, E. coli, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and the total metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc in the Uberabinha’s lower course (with an approximate annual growth flow between 4-35 m3/s), in a stretch of 19 km downstream of the treated effluent release by the WWTP of the city. The modelings, on the present study, show the importance of constant water quality parameters monitoration over the water course, based on the comparison of the simulations from calibrated coefficients and coefficients obtained in the literature for the period of June until November 2015. After coefficients calibration, there were good adjustments between simulated and measured data for the parameters OD, BOD, Ptotal, ammonia and nitrate and unsatisfactory adjust for the parameters nitrite and E. coli. About the total metals, the adjustments were not satisfactory on the reservoir’s vicinity of the Small Hydropower Plant Martins, due the considerable increase of the bottom sediment in lentic region. The greatest scientific contribution of this study was to calibrate the decay coefficient K and the quantification of the release by the fund S of total metals in watercourse midsize WWTP pollutant load receptor, justified by the lack of studies in the literature about the subject. For the metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc, the borderline for K and S calibrated were: 0.0 to 13.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 1.7 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 0.9 day-1 and 0.0 to 7.3 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 25.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 1.8 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 7.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 40.3 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 30.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 70.1 g/m3.day.

Hydropower Energy Simulation Using Mike 11 Model; A Case Study In South Germany's Small Run-Of-River Hydropower Plants

Renewable energy production is a basic supplement to stabilize rapidly increasing global energy demand and skyrocketing energy price as well as to balance the fluctuation of supply from non-renewable energy sources at electrical grid hubs. The European energy traders, government and private company energy providers and other stakeholders have been, since recently, a major beneficiary, customer and clients of Hydropower simulation solutions. The relationship between rainfall-runoff model outputs and energy productions of hydropower plants has not been clearly studied. In this research, association of rainfall, catchment characteristics, river network and runoff with energy production of a particular hydropower station is examined. The essence of this study is to justify the correspondence between runoff extracted from calibrated catchment and energy production of hydropower plant located at a catchment outlet; to employ a unique technique to convert runoff to energy based on statistical and graphical trend analysis of the two, and to provide environment for energy forecast. For rainfall-runoff model setup and calibration, MIKE 11 NAM model is applied, meanwhile MIKE 11 SO model is used to track, adopt and set a control strategy at hydropower location for runoff-energy correlation. The model is tested at two selected micro run-of-river hydropower plants located in South Germany. Two consecutive calibration is compromised to test the model; one for rainfall-runoff model and other for energy simulation. Calibration results and supporting verification plots of two case studies indicated that simulated discharge and energy production is comparable with the measured discharge and energy production respectively.

Phase II report : preliminary investigation of small-scale hydropower potential at five sites in Illinois /

"Project no. 80.190."

Small-scale hydropower development in Illinois : an implementation manual /

"Project no. 80.190."

Waterpower '79 : the first International Conference on Small-Scale Hydropower : conference proceedings.

Item 337

Business opportunities in power sector of Ukraine : focus small-scale hydro and wind power sectors

In the last few years, the Ukrainian investment market has constantly shown strong performance and significant growth. This is primarily due to the investment attractiveness of Ukraine. From the perspective of investments in energy sector, Ukraine can be described as a country providing significant number of opportunities to multiply invested funds. But there are numbers of risks which hamper large investments. The work objective was to discover opportunities in small-scale hydropower and wind power sectors of Ukraine and more importantly to prove economic expediency of such investments. Thesis covers major of issues, concerning entering the Ukrainian power market as a foreign investor. It provides basic information about the structure of power market, the state of renewables sector in Ukraine, development of power sector in the regions, functioning of Wholesale Electricity Market, formation of electricity prices, possibilities for implementing joint Implementation mechanism, while the most attention, nevertheless, is concentrated on the opportunities in small-scale hydro and wind power sectors. Theoretical part of the study disclosed that Crimea peninsula has perfect wind conditions and could be a prospective area for wind project development. Investment analysis revealed that project profits will be excellent if green tariff for renewable energy is adopted. By the moment uncertainties about green law adoption bring additional risk to the projects and complicate any investment decision.

Power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks in isolated systems with wind generation

In this paper the power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks is addressed. In such configuration the effects of pressure waves cannot be neglected and therefore commonly used criteria for adjustment of PID governors would not be appropriate. A second-order Π model of the turbine-penstock based on a lumped parameter approach is considered. A correction factor is introduced in order to approximate the model frequency response to the continuous case in the frequency interval of interest. Using this model, several criteria are analysed for adjusting the PI governor of a hydropower plant operating in an isolated system. Practical criteria for adjusting the PI governor are given. The results are applied to a real case of a small island where the objective is to achieve a generation 100% renewable (wind and hydro). Frequency control is supposed to be provided exclusively by the hydropower plant. It is verified that the usual criterion for tuning the PI controller of isolated hydro plants gives poor results. However, with the new proposed adjustment, the time response is considerably improved

Sustainable Energy Plan for a Small Island Economy: St. Vincent & the Grenadines

This paper defines a sustainable energy plan to provide the basis for renewable energy initiatives that will increase energy security, reduce negative economic impacts and provide a cleaner environment. The hotel, agriculture, transportation, construction, utility, government and private sectors will play pivotal roles in achieving targets and will see significant gains. Government policies, educational campaigns and financial incentives will be required to facilitate and encourage renewable energy development and entrepreneurship. Utilization of solar energy, energy conservation measures and the use of efficient and alternative fuel vehicles by the commercial/industrial and private sectors will be crucial in meeting targets. The utility company will be charged with developing large scale renewable energy applications and with improving efficiency of the electrical system.