Ampumaratojen kunnostustarpeen selvittäminen

Suomessa arvioidaan olevan kaikkiaan 2000 - 2500 ampumarataa joista aktiivisessa käytössä on noin 1000 kpl. Useimmat ulkoradat on perustettu paljon ennen nykyisten ympäristölakien voimaantuloa. Tästä syystä ammunnan ympäristövaikutukset melua lukuun ottamatta, eivät varmaan ole olleet tarkasteltavien asioiden listan kärjessä ampumaratoja suunniteltaessa. Sopivan maa alueen saatavuus sopivalla paikalla rakennuskustannusten minimoimiseksi on täytynyt olla yksi tärkeimmistä kriteereistä. Joissakin tapauksissa tämä valitettavasti on johtanut siihen, että ratojen paikoiksi on valittu sellaisia, mitä tämän päivän tietämyksellä ei suositeltaisi, kuten esimerkiksi pohjaveden muodostumisalueet. Ampumaratojen, etenkin haulikkoratojen, on todettu aiheuttaneen paikallisesti varsin laajaa maaperän pilaantumista. Toiminnan jatkuessa, runsaasti raskasmetalleja kertyy maahan ja taustapenkkoihin josta se rapautuu ja kulkeutuu alueelta pohjavesiin. Pohjaveden mukana haitta-aineet saattavat kulkeutua vedenpuhdistamoihin muodostaen riskiä paikallisasukkaiden terveydelle sekä jossain määrin alueen kasvillisuudelle ja faunalle. Vuoden 2007 valtioneuvoston PIMA-asetus muutti joitakin ohje-arvoja, joten näitä uusia arvoja on otettavaa huomioon niin riskiarvioinnissa kuin alueen käyttömahdollisuuksien kannalta tulevaisuudessa. Asetuksen voimaantulo edellyttää tapauskohtaisten riskiarviointien tekemistä ampumarata-alueiden kunnostuksen yhteydessä jolloin saavutetaan mahdollisemman tehokasta hyöty-kustannustasoa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kartoittaa uuden asetuksen mukaisesti ampumaratojen muodostamaa riskiä sekä rajata kunnostettavat alueet ja valita sopivammat kunnostusvaihtoehdot. Esimerkkitapauksina käytetään Kokkolan kaupungin alueella sijaitsevaa ampumarata-aluetta.

Predictors of HIV testing among injection drug users

The current analysis examined the association of several demographic and behavioral variables with prior HIV testing within a population of injection drug users (IDUs) living in Harris County, Texas in 2005 (n=563). After completing the initial univariate analyses of all potential predictors, a multivariable model was created. This model was designed to guide future intervention efforts. Data used in this analysis were collected by the University of Texas School of Public Health in association with the Houston Department of Health and Human Services for the first IDU cycle of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. About 76% of the IDUs reported previously being tested for HIV. Demographic variables that displayed a significant association with prior testing during the univariate analyses include age, race/ethnicity, birth outside the United States, education level, recent arrest, and current health insurance coverage. Several drug-related and sexual behaviors also demonstrated significant associations with prior testing, including age of first injection drug use, heroin use, methamphetamine use, source of needles or syringes, consistent use of new needles, recent visits to a shooting gallery or similar location, previous alcohol or drug treatment, condom use during their most recent sexual encounter, and having sexual partners who also used injection drugs. Additionally, the univariate analyses revealed that recent use of health or HIV prevention services was associated with previously testing for HIV. The final multivariable model included age, race/ethnicity, recent arrest, previous alcohol or drug treatment, and heroin use. ^

Estudio del comportamiento del hormigón de alta resistencia reforzado con fibras de acero frente al impacto de proyectiles

En la presente investigación se buscó estudiar el efecto de la adición de fibras metálicas como refuerzo en hormigones de alta resistencia, y en especial su comportamiento frente al impacto de proyectiles. Se efectuó el estudio sobre un hormigón de alta resistencia (HAR), analizando los aspectos mecánicos, durabilidad y trabajabilidad para su colocación en obra. Las pruebas de laboratorio se llevaron a cabo en el Laboratorio de Materiales de Construcción de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Caminos Canales y Puertos de la UPM y los ensayos balísticos en la galería de tiro cubierta del Polígono de Experiencia de Carabanchel, adscrito a la Dirección General de Infraestructura del Ministerio de la Defensa. La caracterización del HAR empleado en el estudio se centró en los aspectos de resistencias mecánicas a compresión, tracción, flexotracción, tenacidad a flexotracción, punzonamiento, retracción, fluencia, temperatura interna y resistencia al impacto de proyectiles, siempre buscando de manera primordial analizar el efecto de la adición de fibras en el hormigón de alta resistencia. El programa de ensayos balísticos comprendió la fabricación de 47 placas de hormigón de diferentes espesores, desde 5 a 40 cm., 26 de dichas placas eran de HAR con una adición de fibras metálicas de 80 kg/m3, 11 de ellas eran de HAR sin fibras y 10 de un hormigón de resistencia convencional con y sin fibras; sobre dichas placas se efectuaron diversos impactos con proyectiles de los cuatro calibres siguientes: 7.62 AP, 12.70 M8, 20 mm APDS y 25 mm APDS. Las pruebas mostraron que el HAR presenta una mayor resistencia a los impactos de proyectiles, aunque sin la adición de fibras su fragilidad es un serio inconveniente para su utilización como barrera protectora, la adición de fibras reduce considerablemente la fragmentación en la cara posterior “scabbing” y en menor medida en la cara anterior “spalling”. También se incrementa la capacidad del hormigón a la resistencia de múltiples impactos. Se efectuó un estudio de las diferentes formulas y modelos, en especial el modelo desarrollado por Moreno [60], que se vienen utilizando para el diseño de barreras protectoras de hormigón contra impacto de proyectiles, analizando su viabilidad en el caso del hormigón de alta resistencia, hormigón para el cual no fueron desarrolladas y para el que no existen bases de cálculo específicas. In this research we have tried to study the effect of adding metallic fibres as a means of reinforcing high strength concrete, and especially its behaviour when impacted upon by projectiles. The study was carried out using high strength concrete (HSC), analysing its mechanical facets, durability and malleability when used in construction. The laboratory tests took place in the Laboratorio de Materiales de Construcción of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Caminos Canales y Puertos of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, and the ballistic tests were carried out in the covered shooting gallery of the Polígono de Experiencias in Carabanchel (Madrid), belongs to the Departamento de Infraestructura of the Ministerio de Defensa. The aspects of the HSC studied are its mechanical strength to compression, traction, flexotraction, resilience to flexo-traction, shear strength, creep, shrinkage, internal temperature and strength to the impact of projectiles, always looking to analyse the effect of adding fibres to HSC. The ballistic testing process required the construction of 47 concrete plates of different thicknesses, from 5 to 40 cm, 26 made which HSC containing of 80 kg/m3 metallic fibres of, 11 made of HSC without fibres, and 10 made with concrete of normal strength with and without fibres. These plates were subjected to a variety of impacts by four projectile, 7.62 AP, 12.70 M8, 20 mm APDS and 25 mm APDS. The results showed that HSC has a greater resistance to the impact of projectiles, although without the addition of fibres, its fragility makes it much less suitable for use as a protective barrier. The addition of fibres reduces considerably frontal fragmentation, known as “scabbing”, and to a lesser extent causes fragmentation of the reverse side, known as “spalling”. In addition, the concrete’s capacity to resist multiple impacts is improved by its letter ductility. A study was carried out on the various formulae and models used to design protective concrete barriers impacted on by projectiles, analysing their viability in the case of HSC for which they were not developed and for which no specific calculations exist.

Observations on Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae) and other mosquito populations within tree holes in a gallery forest in the northwestern region of Sao Paulo state, Brazil

In 2000, an outbreak of sylvatic yellow fever possibly occurred in gallery forests of the Grande river in the Paraná basin in the northwestern region of São Paulo state. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the bionomics of Haemagogus and other mosquitoes inside tree holes in that area. Eighteen open tree holes were sampled for immature specimens. Adults were collected twice a month in the forest in Santa Albertina county from July 2000 to June 2001. The seasonal frequency of fourth instars was obtained by the Williams geometric mean (Mw), while the adult frequency was estimated either by hourly arithmetic or the Williams' means. Cole's index was applied to evaluate larval inter-specific associations. Among the ten mosquito species identified, the most abundant was Aedes terrens Walker followed by Sabethes tridentatus Cerqueira and Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar. Larval and adult abundance of these species was higher in summer than in winter. Although larval abundance of Hg. janthinomys peaked in the rainy season, correlation with rainfall was not significant. Six groups of larval associations were distinguished, one of which the most positively stable. The Hg. janthinomys and Ae. terrens association was significant, and Limatus durhamii Theobald was the species with most negative associations.

View along gallery to West, Goetz Residence, Buderim, Sunshine Coast

As seen from dining room.

Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the gallery forest of Brasilia National Park, Brazil, with an emphasis on potential vectors of yellow fever

Introduction We analyzed the vertical and monthly distributions of culicid species in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, with an emphasis on the potential vectors of yellow fever (YF). Methods Between September 2010 and August 2011, mosquitoes were captured on the ground and in the canopy of the forest for five consecutive days per month, from nine to 15 hours. The mosquitoes were examined to verify natural infection with flaviviruses by isolation in Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1864 cells followed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results We identified 2,677 culicids distributed in 29 species. Most of the mosquitoes were captured at ground level (69%) during the rainy season (86%). The most abundant species were Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, 1903; Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924; Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921; Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, 1848; Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox Von Humboldt, 1819; and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus Theobald, 1901. Limatus durhamii, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus showed significant differences (p<0.05) in their habitat use. Limatus durhamii was found more often in the canopy, unlike the other species. During the rainy season, the most abundant species were Sa. albiprivus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Limatus durhamii. During the dry season, the potential YF vectors exhibited a very low frequency and abundance, except Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus. No flavivirus was detected in the 2,677 examined mosquitoes. Conclusions We recommend continued and systematic entomological monitoring in areas vulnerable to the transmission of YF in the Federal District of Brazil.

Environmental determinants for natural regeneration of gallery forest at the Cerrado/Amazonia boundaries in Brazil

Natural regeneration and structure and their relationship to environmental variables were studied in three sections of a gallery forest, in Eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil (14º43′S and 52º21′W). The assumption was that natural regeneration is constrained by environmental determinants at all stages of development of the tree community. The objective was to analyse the forest structure and to verify the relationship between species distribution and abundance at different stages of regeneration and environmental variables. In each section, 47 contiguous (10x10m) permanent plots were established to sample trees (gbh≥15cm), following a systematic design. Seedlings (0.01 to 1m height), saplings (1.01 to 2m) and poles (from 2.01m height to gbh<15cm) were sampled in sub-plots of 1x1m, 2x2m and 5x5m, respectively. In each plot, soil properties, gaps projection, bamboos, rocky cover, declivity and depth of ground watertable were determined. The relationships between the environmental variables with trees and seedling communities were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis. In spite of the sections being near to each other, they presented large differences in floristics, structure and site conditions. The forest soil presented a low cation exchange capacity and a high level of Al saturation. The occurrence of bamboos and gaps and the depth of ground watertable limited the occurrence of poles and trees. The high degree of structural heterogeneity for each regeneration category was related primarily to a humidity gradient; but soil fertility (Ca+Mg) was also a determinant of seedling and sapling communities.

Gallery Installation

Artist's talk for MFA Thesis Exhibition February 7-11, 2011, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Graduate University.

Gallery Installation

MFA Thesis Exhibition February 7-11, 2011, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Graduate University.

Gallery Installation

MFA Thesis Exhibition February 7-11, 2011, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Graduate University.

Gallery Installation

MFA Thesis Exhibition February 7-11, 2011, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Graduate University.

Gallery Installation

MFA Thesis Exhibition February 7-11, 2011, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Graduate University.

Shooting up 2009 revised final

Shooting Up Infections among injecting drug users in the united Kingdom 2008 - An update 2009