Könade samtal : En analys av könsmönster i sfi-undervisningen

Att lära sig att tala ett språk innebär så mycket mer än att lära sig ord och grammatik. Det handlar också om att lära sig kommunikativ kompetens d.v.s. de normer och regler för hur man använder språket. Forskning kring kön och språk har påvisat hur dessa normer varierar såväl mellan olika kulturer som mellan kvinnor och män. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att belysa och analysera elevers möjligheter att aktivt delta i undervisningen i svenska för invandrare utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Jag har utifrån klassrumsobservationer och audioinspelningar valt att analysera samtalen i klassrummet med fokus på turtagning, användningen av minimal respons och förmågan att lyssna. Resultaten visar att talutrymmet fördelas relativt jämnt mellan könen i klassrummet men att detta är beroende av hur undervisningen utformas. Olika turtagningsmönster används i olika situationer av olika elever och jag menar därför att det är lärarens ansvar att organisera undervisningen så att alla elever oavsett kön eller kulturell bakgrund ges möjlighet att delta i klassrummets samtal. Ojämlikheten mellan könen i klassrummet upprätthålls dock inte genom männens dominans av talutrymmet utan genom att de inte lyssnar på de kvinnliga eleverna. Genom att ignorera de kvinnliga talarna bekräftas kvinnornas underordning och upprätthåller och reproducerar därmed ojämlikheterna såväl i klassrummet som utanför. Slutligen ifrågasätter jag dock värdet av att analysera klassrumssamtal enbart utifrån kön. Genom språket både skapas och uttrycks ett flertal olika identiteter hos en människa och jag vill istället förespråka intersektionella analyser som fokuserar språkets betydelse i samspelet mellan dessa delar av identiteter.

"Det är så enkelt, bara hands on, sen är de där" : Digitala hjälpmedel och litteracitet på sfi

Denna studie har till syfte att beskriva tre lärares erfarenheter av digitala hjälpmedel inom sfi-undervisningen med fokus riktat på iPad. Studien är kvalitativ och ger svar på frågor kring lärarnas erfarenhet av litteracitetsutveckling, motivation och det individuella arbetet i klassrummet. Metoden omfattas av intervjuer som bygger på tre frågeställningar. Hur upplever lärarna litteracitetsutveckling och motivation hos de studerande vid användning av iPad och ett annat digitalt hjälpmedel? Hur ser lärarna på de enskilda studenternas behov vid användning av iPad och ett annat digitalt hjälpmedel? Vilken utveckling ser lärarna med iPad i framtida perspektiv? . Resultatet har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till tidigare forskning kring litteracitet, digitala hjälpmedel i undervisningen samt en rapport om iPad i skolan. I den första frågeställningen är lärarna överens om att litteracitetsutvecklingen med iPad relateras till vilken nivå de studerande uppnått. Ju lägre skriftspråksutvecklingsnivå ju lämpligare är språkinlärning med iPad som digitalt hjälpmedel. Detta på grund av dess enkla användarvänlighet. Lärarna anser också att enkelheten och den snabba responsen som de studerande får har en motiverande effekt. De som uppnår en högre skriftspråksutvecklingsnivå i svenska och som behöver mer utvecklande skrivövningar använder i föreliggande undersökning dator. I andra frågan diskuteras den individuella aspekten kring användning av iPad. De tre lärarna i studien anser att iPaden är ett bra verktyg och de har positiva erfarenheter om de studerandes individuella arbete och kan på ett enkelt sätt tillgodose individuella önskemål och behov hos de studerande. I den tredje frågan diskuteras iPad i ett framtida perspektiv. De tre lärarna ser iPaden som ett bra verktyg i en vidare utveckling av sfi. De menar att Skolverkets krav tillgodoses på ett lämpligt sätt med detta digitala hjälpmedel.

HIGH VOLTAGE PULSED CURRENT STIMULATION OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN RATS: ANALYSIS BY THE SFI

Objective: To analyze the efficiency of high voltage pulsed current (HVPC) with early application in three different sites, in the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats submitted to crush injury, the sciatic functional index (SFI) was used to assess the functional recovery. Methods: After crushing of the nerve, 57 animals were submitted to cathodal HVPC at frequency of 50Hz and voltage of 100V, 20 minutes per day, 5 days per week. The rats were divided into five groups: control group; ganglion group; ganglion + muscle group; muscle group; and sham group. The SFI was determined weekly for seven weeks, from the preoperative period to the 6th postoperative week. Results: Compared with the control group, the results showed a significantly better performance of group 2 for the first 3 weeks; group 3 showed significantly better performance in the third week; and group 4 showed a significantly negative performance during the 481 and 6th weeks. Conclusion: Early application of HVPC had a positive effect in the treatment of the spinal cord region and the sciatic nerve root ganglion with a dispersive electrode on the contralateral lumbar region or on the gastrocnemius. However, HVPC had a negative effect in the treatment with an active electrode on the gastrocnemius and a dispersive electrode on the contralateral thigh. Level of evidence II, Prospective comparative study.

Proskinitarū al sfǫntūlūĭ Mūnte al Atonūlūĭ : saū deskriere pe larg a sfintelor lokashūrĭ che sūnt zidite de atîtea veakūrĭ împrezhūrūl achestūĭ sfînt mūnte, shi la kare evlavioshiĭ shi dreptkredinchĭoshiĭ kreshtinĭ merg spre înkinʺchĭūne /

Mode of access: Internet.

Religiösa värderingar hos muslimska SFI-elever

Den som säger sig tillhöra en viss religion kan i praktiken vara mer eller mindre troende, eller inte troende alls. Det kan handla om att man firar vissa högtider men utan att särskilt bry sig om deras religiösa innebörd, eller att man ibland deltar i gudstjänster och ber någon gång i månaden, eller ett liv iständig hågkomst av Guds närvaro. Spektrat av religiositet för en person kan vara allt från att religionen endast har kulturell betydelse till att man lever sitt liv helt enligt dess påbud, såväl som att man anser att religion är en privatsak till att man arbetar för att samhället skall formas enligt religionen. Vad gäller islam i Sverige har de muslimska samfundens organisation och aktiviteter beskrivits i ganska stor detalj. Däremot finns inte mycket kunskap om de värderingar de står för. Och vad gäller värderingar och övertygelser hos muslimer i allmänhet finns nästan ingenting skrivet. Denna uppsatstar fasta på den kunskapsbristen. Genom en enkätbaserad attitydundersökning av explorativ karaktär med muslimska SFI-elever somrespondenter har följande frågor undersökts: - Är fundamentalism ett utbrett fenomen inom denna grupp? - I hur stor utsträckning anser man att shari’a bör gälla för muslimer i Sverige och vad är attityden tilldemokrati? - Hur ser relationen mellan religion och moral ut och hur uppfattas det svenska samhället i dettasammanhang? Undersökningens resultat är överlag i samstämmighet med tidigare undersökningar med liknande teman. Respondenterna har en överväldigande positiv attityd till demokrati och en stor del anser också att yttrandefrihet är bra. Samtidigt tycks många mena att islam är undantaget yttrandefriheten ochatt islamiska regler är viktigare än svensk lag. Stödet för shari’a är också påtagligt. En stor majoritet menar att gudstro är nödvändig för att vara en moralisk person och anser samtidigt att Sverige är ett moraliskt land. På grund av urvalsmetoden och den stora andel som avstått från att delta i undersökningen kan resultatet inte generaliseras utanför gruppen av respondenter.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the spine functional index

Background The Spine Functional Index (SFI) is a patient reported outcome measure with sound clinimetric properties and clinical viability for the determination of whole-spine impairment. To date, no validated Turkish version is available. The purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapted the SFI for Turkish-speaking patients (SFI-Tk) and determine the psychometric properties of reliability, validity and factor structure in a Turkish population with spine musculoskeletal disorders. Methods The SFI English version was culturally adapted and translated into Turkish using a double forward and backward method according to established guidelines. Patients (n = 285, cervical = l29, lumbar = 151, cervical and lumbar region = 5, 73% female, age 45 ± 1) with spine musculoskeletal disorders completed the SFI-Tk at baseline and after a seven day period for test-retest reliability. For criterion validity the Turkish version of the Functional Rating Index (FRI) was used plus the Neck Disability Index (NDI) for cervical patients and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for back patients. Additional psychometric properties were determined for internal consistency (Chronbach’s α), criterion validity and factor structure. Results There was a high degree of internal consistency (α = 0.85, item range 0.80-0.88) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.93, item range = 0.75-0.95). The factor analysis demonstrated a one-factor solution explaining 24.2% of total variance. Criterion validity with the ODI was high (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) while the FRI and NDI were fair (r = 0.52 and r = 0.58, respectively). The SFI-Tk showed no missing responses with the ‘half-mark’ option used in 11.75% of total responses by 77.9% of participants. Measurement error from SEM and MDC90 were respectively 2.96% and 7.12%. Conclusions The SFI-Tk demonstrated a one-factor solution and is a reliable and valid instrument. The SFI-Tk consists of simple and easily understood wording and may be used to assess spine region musculoskeletal disorders in Turkish speaking patients.

Validation of a Spanish version of the Spine Functional Index

Background The Spine Functional Index (SFI) is a recently published, robust and clinimetrically valid patient reported outcome measure. Objectives The purpose of this study was the adaptation and validation of a Spanish-version (SFI-Sp) with cultural and linguistic equivalence. Methods A two stage observational study was conducted. The SFI was cross-culturally adapted to Spanish through double forward and backward translation then validated for its psychometric characteristics. Participants (n = 226) with various spine conditions of >12 weeks duration completed the SFI-Sp and a region specific measure: for the back, the Roland Morris Questionnaire (RMQ) and Backache Index (BADIX); for the neck, the Neck Disability Index (NDI); for general health the EQ-5D and SF-12. The full sample was employed to determine internal consistency, concurrent criterion validity by region and health, construct validity and factor structure. A subgroup (n = 51) was used to determine reliability at seven days. Results The SFI-Sp demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.85) and reliability (r = 0.96). The factor structure was one-dimensional and supported construct validity. Criterion specific validity for function was high with the RMQ (r = 0.79), moderate with the BADIX (r = 0.59) and low with the NDI (r = 0.46). For general health it was low with the EQ-5D and inversely correlated (r = −0.42) and fair with the Physical and Mental Components of the SF-12 and inversely correlated (r = −0.56 and r = −0.48), respectively. The study limitations included the lack of longitudinal data regarding other psychometric properties, specifically responsiveness. Conclusions The SFI-Sp was demonstrated as a valid and reliable spine-regional outcome measure. The psychometric properties were comparable to and supported those of the English-version, however further longitudinal investigations are required.

甚短距离光传输技术

本书从光电子器件及其在光通信领域的应用出发，介绍了甚短距离光传输技术的组成、原理、实现方案、技术性能、关键技术以及在高速互连领域内的应用等。本书重点阐述了垂直腔面发射激光器的原理、工艺和特性；10gb/s和40gb/s传输方案的具体实现及其性能指标；甚短距离光传输涉及到的各项关键技术，如新型多模光纤技术、cwdm复用技术、硅探测器技术、高速光电集成(oeic)技术以及相关高速网络技术等。

40Gb/s甚短距离并行光传输信号格式转换模块实现

根据OIF-VSR5-01.0的CWDM协议,对40 Gb/s甚短距离(VSR)并行光传输电信号转换实现原理和方法进行了研究,在高速的可编程逻辑器件FPGA(field programmable gate array)上,使用硬件描述语言,完成了对时钟数据恢复、信道去斜移、64 b/66 b转换、帧对准和扰码与解扰等功能模块的设计,实现了SFI-5接口与OIF-VSR5-01.0接口电信号格式的相互转换,建立了符合4信道CWDM协议的IP核.

12路40Gb/s甚短距离并行光传输信号转换器研究

基于OIF-VSR5-01.0规范,分析了12路并行40Gb/s甚短距离(VSR)光传输转换器模块的实现原理.采用top-down分析方法,使用硬件描述语言verilog,在可编程逻辑器件上完成了时钟数据恢复、基于字节对齐方案的帧同步、信道去斜移、比特间差奇偶校验(BIP)等功能模块的程序设计,实现了SFI-5与OIF-VSR5-01.0电信号格式的相互转换,并在Altera的Stratix II GX 系列的高速现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)上对功能模块进行了功能验证和联合仿真.结果表明所设计的各个功能模块满足系统应用要求,为下一步将系统设计转换为专用集成电路(ASIC)奠定了基础.

Cuckoo: a Language for Implementing Memory- and Thread-safe System Services

This paper is centered around the design of a thread- and memory-safe language, primarily for the compilation of application-specific services for extensible operating systems. We describe various issues that have influenced the design of our language, called Cuckoo, that guarantees safety of programs with potentially asynchronous flows of control. Comparisons are drawn between Cuckoo and related software safety techniques, including Cyclone and software-based fault isolation (SFI), and performance results suggest our prototype compiler is capable of generating safe code that executes with low runtime overheads, even without potential code optimizations. Compared to Cyclone, Cuckoo is able to safely guard accesses to memory when programs are multithreaded. Similarly, Cuckoo is capable of enforcing memory safety in situations that are potentially troublesome for techniques such as SFI.

Accommodating curvature in a highly ordered functionalized metal oxide nanofiber: synthesis, characterization and multi-scale modeling of layered nanosheets

A key element in the rational design of hybrid organic-inorganic nanostructures, is control of surfactant packing and adsorption onto the inorganic phase in crystal growth and assembly. In layered single crystal nanofibers and bilayered 2D nanosheets of vanadium oxide, we show how the chemisorption of preferred densities of surfactant molecules can direct formation of ordered, curved layers. The atom-scale features of the structures are described using molecular dynamics simulations that quantify surfactant packing effects and confirm the preference for a density of 5 dodecanethiol molecules per 8 vanadium attachment sites in the synthesised structures. This assembly maintains a remarkably well ordered interlayer spacing, even when curved. The assemblies of interdigitated organic bilayers on V2O5 are shown to be sufficiently flexible to tolerate curvature while maintaining a constant interlayer distance without rupture, delamination or cleavage. The accommodation of curvature and invariant structural integrity points to a beneficial role for oxide-directed organic film packing effects in layered architectures such as stacked nanofibers and hybrid 2D nanosheet systems.

Development of germanium/silicon integration for near infrared detection

Silicon (Si) is the base material for electronic technologies and is emerging as a very attractive platform for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). PICs allow optical systems to be made more compact with higher performance than discrete optical components. Applications for PICs are in the area of fibre-optic communication, biomedical devices, photovoltaics and imaging. Germanium (Ge), due to its suitable bandgap for telecommunications and its compatibility with Si technology is preferred over III-V compounds as an integrated on-chip detector at near infrared wavelengths. There are two main approaches for Ge/Si integration: through epitaxial growth and through direct wafer bonding. The lattice mismatch of ~4.2% between Ge and Si is the main problem of the former technique which leads to a high density of dislocations while the bond strength and conductivity of the interface are the main challenges of the latter. Both result in trap states which are expected to play a critical role. Understanding the physics of the interface is a key contribution of this thesis. This thesis investigates Ge/Si diodes using these two methods. The effects of interface traps on the static and dynamic performance of Ge/Si avalanche photodetectors have been modelled for the first time. The thesis outlines the original process development and characterization of mesa diodes which were fabricated by transferring a ~700 nm thick layer of p-type Ge onto n-type Si using direct wafer bonding and layer exfoliation. The effects of low temperature annealing on the device performance and on the conductivity of the interface have been investigated. It is shown that the diode ideality factor and the series resistance of the device are reduced after annealing. The carrier transport mechanism is shown to be dominated by generation–recombination before annealing and by direct tunnelling in forward bias and band-to-band tunnelling in reverse bias after annealing. The thesis presents a novel technique to realise photodetectors where one of the substrates is thinned by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) after bonding the Si-Ge wafers. Based on this technique, Ge/Si detectors with remarkably high responsivities, in excess of 3.5 A/W at 1.55 μm at −2 V, under surface normal illumination have been measured. By performing electrical and optical measurements at various temperatures, the carrier transport through the hetero-interface is analysed by monitoring the Ge band bending from which a detailed band structure of the Ge/Si interface is proposed for the first time. The above unity responsivity of the detectors was explained by light induced potential barrier lowering at the interface. To our knowledge this is the first report of light-gated responsivity for vertically illuminated Ge/Si photodiodes. The wafer bonding approach followed by layer exfoliation or by CMP is a low temperature wafer scale process. In principle, the technique could be extended to other materials such as Ge on GaAs, or Ge on SOI. The unique results reported here are compatible with surface normal illumination and are capable of being integrated with CMOS electronics and readout units in the form of 2D arrays of detectors. One potential future application is a low-cost Si process-compatible near infrared camera.

The role of glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor in developing mouse sympathetic neurons

Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy IV (HSAN IV) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by inability to feel pain and anhidrosis and is a consequence of defective NGF/TrkA signalling and growth of sensory and sympathetic neurons. Glucocortiocoid-induced tumour necrosis factors receptor (GITR), a transmembrane protein, activated by its specific ligand, GITRL, is well known for its role in the regulation of innate and acquired immune system responses. Recently, GITR was found to be required for NGF-dependant and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-induced neurite growth and target innervation in the developing sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Given this novel role of GITR, it is possible that strategies targeting GITR have potential therapeutic benefit in promoting neurite growth in autonomic neuropathies such as HSAN IV. Using P1 mouse SCG neurons as a model, in addition to various SCG cell treatments, knock down models and transfection methods, we investigated whether GITR increases the sensitivity of sympathetic neurons to NGF; the region of GITR required for the enhancement of NGF-promoted growth, the signalling pathways downstream of GITR and how extensively GITR is involved in regulating peripheral innervation of the SNS. Results indicate that the region responsible for the growth promoting effects of GITR lies in its juxtamembrane intracellular region (here termed the growth promoting domain (GPD)) of GITR. The GPD of GITR activates ERK1/2 and inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in an inverse fashion to provide an optimal cellular growth environment for P1 SCG neurons. While deleting the GPD of GITR had no effect on TrkA expression, constitutive phosphorylation of specific sites in the GPD reduced TrkA expression indicating a possible role for GITR in increasing the sensitivity of SCG neurons to NGF by the regulation of these sites, TrkA expression and subsequent NGF/TrkA binding. GITR appears to be heterogeneously required for NGF-promoted target innervation of SCG neurons in some organs, implying additional factors are involved in extensive NGF-target innervation of the SNS. In conclusion, this study answers basic biological questions regarding the molecular mechanism behind the role of GITR in the development of the SNS, and provides a basis for future research if GITR modulation is to be developed as a strategy for promoting axonal growth.

The role of the IL-1 type 1 receptor in the life, death and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural precursor cells

Neurogenesis occurs in two distinct regions of the adult brain; the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles. It is now well-known that adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be modulated by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors e.g. local signalling molecules, exercise, environmental enrichment and learning. Moreover, levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis decrease with age, at least in rodents, and alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis have been reported in animal models and human studies of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature of these conditions and is also a potent modulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Recently, the orphan nuclear receptor TLX has been identified as an important regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis as its expression is necessary to maintain the neural precursor cell (NPC) pool in the adult DG. Likewise, exposure of animals to voluntary exercise has been consistently demonstrated to promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Lentivirus (LV)- mediated gene transfer is a useful tool to elucidate gene function and to explore potential therapeutic candidates across an array of conditions as it facilitates sustained gene expression in both dividing and post-mitotic cell populations. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important regulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Examining how these factors are affected by an inflammatory stimulus, and the subsequent effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis provides important information for the development of novel treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions in which adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired. The aims of the series of experiments presented in this thesis were to examine the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on adult hippocampal NPCs both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we have shown that IL-1β reduces proliferation of adult hippocampal NPCs in a dose and time-dependent manner. In addition, we have demonstrated that TLX expression is reduced by IL-1β. Blockade of IL-1β signalling prevented both the IL-1β-induced reduction in cell proliferation and TLX expression. In vivo, we examined the effect of short term and long term exposure to LV-IL-1β in sedentary mice and in mice exposed to voluntary running. We demonstrated that impaired hippocampal neurogenesis is only evident after long term exposure to IL-1β. In mice exposed to voluntary running, hippocampal neurogenesis is significantly increased following short-term but not long-term exposure to running. Moreover, short-term running effectively prevents any IL-1β-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis; however, no such effects are seen following long-term exposure to running.