Evaluation of uv spectrophotometry for estimation of nitrite and nitrate in nitrified urine

Water is a limited resource for which demand is growing. Contaminated water from inadequate wastewater treatment provides one of the greatest health challenges as it restricts development and increases poverty in emerging and developing countries. Therefore, the connection between wastewater and human health is linked to access to sanitation and to human waste disposal. Adequate sanitation is expected to create a barrier between disposed human excreta and sources of drinking water. Different approaches to wastewater management are required for different geographical regions and different stages of economic governance depending on the capacity to manage wastewater. Effective wastewater management can contribute to overcome the challenges of water scarcity. Separate collection of human urine at its source is one promising approach that strongly reduces the economic and load demands on wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Treatment of source-separated urine appears as a sanitation system that is affordable, produces a valuable fertiliser, reduces pollution of water resources and promotes health. However, the technical realisation of urine separation still faces challenges. Biological hydrolysis of urea causes a strong increase of ammonia and pH. Under these conditions ammonia volatilises which can cause odour problems and significant nitrogen losses. The above problems can be avoided by urine stabilisation. Biological nitrification is a suitable process for stabilisation of urine. Urine is a highly concentrated nutrient solution which can lead to strong inhibition effects during bacterial nitrification. This can further lead to process instabilities. The major cause of instability is accumulation of the inhibitory intermediate compound nitrite, which could lead to process breakdown. Enhanced on-line nitrite monitoring can be applied in biological source-separated urine nitrification reactors as a sustainable and efficient way to improve the reactor performance, avoiding reactor failures and eventual loss of biological activity. Spectrophotometry appears as a promising candidate for the development and application of on-line nitrite monitoring. Spectroscopic methods together with chemometrics are presented in this work as a powerful tool for estimation of nitrite concentrations. Principal component regression (PCR) is applied for the estimation of nitrite concentrations using an immersible UV sensor and off-line spectra acquisition. The effect of particles and the effect of saturation, respectively, on the UV absorbance spectra are investigated. The analysis allows to conclude that (i) saturation has a substantial effect on nitrite estimation; (ii) particles appear to have less impact on nitrite estimation. In addition, improper mixing together with instabilities in the urine nitrification process appears to significantly reduce the performance of the estimation model.

Biojätteen erilliskeräyksen ja sekajätteenkeräyksen kustannusvertailu

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään biojätteen erilliskeräyksen ja sekajätteenkeräyksen kustannusero. Tutkimuksen tarkastelualueena käytetään Etelä-Karjalan Jätehuolto Oy:n toiminta-aluetta. Selvityksessä käytettään alueelle tyypillisiä keräystapoja ja lähtötietoja. Selvityksessä tarkastellaan ainoastaan kotitalouksissa syntyvän jätteen keräyskustannuksia. Ulkopuolelle on jätetty liikekiinteistöt ja liiketiloja sisältävät asuintaloudet sekä aluekeräyspisteet, mutta muuten kustannustekijät on pyritty huomioimaan mahdollisimman laajalti. Tutkimuksen mukaan biojätteen erilliskeräyksen kustannukset ovat selvästi suuremmat kuin sekajätteen keräyksen. Omakotitaloalueilla keräyskustannukset ovat kaksi kertaa suuremmat kuin kerros- ja rivitaloalueella. Sekajätteenkeräyksen kokonaiskustannukset ovat noin 1960 mk/t ja biojätteen erilliskeräyksen noin 2900 mk/t. Muita tutkimuksia suurempi kustannusero selittyy osin sillä, että kustannustekijöitä on huomioitu laajemmin kuin muissa tämäntyyppisissä tutkimuksissa. Jätteenkeräyksen kustannuksia pystytään pienentämään esimerkiksi lisäämällä omatoimista kompostointia, keräysvälineiden teknillisellä kehittämisellä ja pientaloaluilla kiinteistöryhmäkohtaisten keräyspisteiden muodostamisella.

Syntypaikkalajitellun sekajätteen koostumuksen sekä palamisteknisten ominaisuuksien selvitys Etelä-Karjalan alueella

Etelä-Karjalan alueen lajittelututkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää alueella syntyvän syntypaikkalajitellun sekajätteen koostumus sekä jätteen palamistekniset ominaisuudet. Palamisteknisinä ominaisuuksina selvitettiin jätteen kosteuspitoisuus, tuhkapitoisuus sekä tehollinen lämpöarvo saapumistilassa. Lisäksi pyrittiin löytämään ratkaisuja kaatopaikkakuormituksen pienentämiselle. Saatuja tuloksia verrattiin aiemmin Suomessa tehtyihin jätekoostumustutkimuksiin ja palamisteknisten ominaisuuksien selvityksiin. Lajittelututkimuksen tulosten perusteella erilliskeräys tarvitsee tehostamista. Biohajoavaa jätettä alueelta kerätyistä otoksista oli 51 m-%, josta biojätettä oli noin 24 m-%. Lisäksi jätteestä kierrätykseen kelpaavia jakeita oli 21 m-%. Palamisteknisten ominaisuuksien määrityksessä tulokset olivat kuivajätteen osalta seuraavat: kosteuspitoisuus 29 %, tehollinen lämpöarvo saapumistilassa 15 MJ/kg ja tuhkapitoisuus kuiva-aineesta 16 %. Tutkimuksesta saadut tulokset ovat linjassa referenssitutkimusten tulosten kanssa. Kaatopaikkakuormituksen vähentämisessä keskeisiä toimenpiteitä ovat tiedotus ja neuvonta. Lisäksi erilliskeräyspisteiden sijoittelulla ja määrän lisäämisellä voidaan saada vähennettyä kierrätyskelpoisen jätteen loppusijoitusta kaatopaikalle. Kierrätyskelvottomien jakeiden poltolla saadaan myös pienennettyä kaatopaikalle loppusijoitettavan jätteen määrää. Syntypaikkalajitellun sekajätteen seassa oli runsaasti polttokelpoista materiaalia. Massapolttoon kelpaavaa jätteestä oli 92 m-% ja energiajätteeseen kelpaavaa 47 m-%. Näistä 13 m-% oli kierrätykseen kelpaavaa jaetta, joka tulisi ohjata kierrätykseen.

Evaluation of a novel kit (TF-test) for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections

Intestinal parasitic infections are currently a source of concern for Public Health agencies in developing and developed countries. Since three ovum-and-parasite stool examinations have been demonstrated to provide sensitive results, we designed a practical and economical kit (TF-Test) that is now commercially available (Immunoassay Com. Ind. Ltda., S (a) over tildeo Paulo, Brazil). This kit allows the separate collection of three fecal specimens into a preservative solution. The specimens are then pooled, double-filtered, and concentrated by a single rapid centrifugation process. The TF-Test was evaluated in four different laboratories in a study using 1,102 outpatients and individuals living in an endemic area for enteroparasitosis. The overall sensitivity found using the TF-Test (86.2-97.8%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the sensitivity of conventional techniques such as the Coprotest (NIL Comercio Exterior Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil) and the combination of Lutz/Hoffman, Faust, and Rugai techniques (De Carli, Diagnostico Laboratorial das Parasitoses Humanas. Metodos e Tecnicas, 1994), which ranged from 48.3% to 75.9%. When the above combined three specimen technique was repeated with three specimens collected on different days, its sensitivity became similar (P > 0.01) to that of the TF-Test. The kappa index values of agreement for the TF-Test were consistent (P < 0.01), being higher and ranking in a better position than conventional techniques. The high sensitivity, cost/benefit ratio, and practical aspects demonstrate that the TF-Test is suitable for individual diagnosis, epidemiological inquiries, or evaluation of chemotherapy in treated communities. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Consórcios intermunicipais: alternativa para o manejo integrado dos resíduos sólidos na região centro-sul do Ceará

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Studio della gestione integrata dei rifiuti urbani nell'ambito della provincia di Bologna

This work is an analysis of integrated urban waste management in the province of Bologna. It consists of five chapters and one enclosure. Primarily, it focuses on the legislative framework at european, national and local level. Then the study analyses the situation of urban waste system adopted in the reference territory from 2003 to 2007 to show its evolution process. Chapter 3 is based on considerations about the percentage of effective recover of materials derived from separate collection that has been reached in the province of Bologna in 2006. The following chapter describes the urban waste management at national level using dates of 2005 and 2006 by APAT (National Agency for environmental protection). Then, it has been made a comparison with Emilia-Romagna and district of Bologna. Chapter 5 focuses on the description of innovative strategies introduced in the district of Bologna to increase separate collection level and optimize waste management. In particular, it analyses two sperimental projects: one based on door to door collection and the other founded on an integrated collection system which provides the application of two collection models (door to door collection in industrial areas and collection by containers in urban ones). Finally, in the enclosure, it is also descrided best practices of waste management sector about collection models, treatment plants and innovative strategies available at that moment in Europe.

District records, 1795-1855

District reports are reports on the occupants of College rooms, the condition of chambers and of other college property.

Novel blaROB-1-bearing plasmid conferring resistance to β-lactams in Haemophilus parasuis isolates from healthy weaning pigs

Haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of Glässer's disease, is one of the early colonizers of the nasal mucosa of piglets. It is prevalent in swine herds, and lesions associated with disease are fibrinous polyserositis and bronchopneumonia. Antibiotics are commonly used in disease control, and resistance to several antibiotics has been described in H. parasuis. Prediction of H. parasuis virulence is currently limited by our scarce understanding of its pathogenicity. Some genes have been associated with H. parasuis virulence, such as lsgB and group 1 vtaA, while biofilm growth has been associated with nonvirulent strains. In this study, 86 H. parasuis nasal isolates from farms that had not had a case of disease for more than 10 years were obtained by sampling piglets at weaning. Isolates were studied by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and determination of the presence of lsgB and group 1 vtaA, biofilm formation, inflammatory cell response, and resistance to antibiotics. As part of the diversity encountered, a novel 2,661-bp plasmid, named pJMA-1, bearing the blaROB-1 β-lactamase was detected in eight colonizing strains. pJMA-1 was shown to share a backbone with other small plasmids described in the Pasteurellaceae, to be 100% stable, and to have a lower biological cost than the previously described plasmid pB1000. pJMA-1 was also found in nine H. parasuis nasal strains from a separate collection, but it was not detected in isolates from the lesions of animals with Glässer's disease or in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates. Altogether, we show that commensal H. parasuis isolates represent a reservoir of β-lactam resistance genes which can be transferred to pathogens or other bacteria.

Percurso profissional. Destaque para a análise da produção de resíduos urbanos no Alentejo Central - portugal e utilização do modelo DEA na definição da meta da recolha seletiva

Neste trabalho de Projeto efetua-se o desenvolvimento do tema da produção de Resíduos Urbanos (RU) no Alentejo Central, utilizando-se o modelo DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) para a análise das metas da recolha seletiva estabelecidas para 2020. Genericamente, quanto maior é o grau de desenvolvimento económico de um território, maior é a taxa de urbanização e maior é também a quantidade de resíduos urbanos produzidos por habitante. O rendimento e a urbanização são variáveis altamente correlacionadas, quando aumenta o rendimento disponível e os padrões de vida, aumenta também o consumo de bens e serviços de modo correspondente, o que leva ao aumento da quantidade de resíduos gerados. Assim, tendo em conta os impactos locais que os RU abandonados trazem, e com o objetivo de quebrar o elo entre crescimento económico e os impactos ambientais associados à produção de resíduos, são implementadas, nos países com elevados níveis de desenvolvimento, políticas baseadas em modelos integrados de gestão de RU que permitem a recuperação, reciclagem e valorização dos materiais, reservando-se a eliminação (deposição em aterro) para frações não valorizáveis, o que gera empregos e riqueza. Em Portugal vigora o Plano Estratégico para os Resíduos Urbanos (PERSU 2020) que define objetivos e metas nacionais, nomeadamente a meta da recolha seletiva, estabelecendo para 2020 um quantitativo nacional mínimo a recuperar de 47 kg por habitante por ano. Deste modo, importa caracterizar, para o período de 2002 a 2012, como evoluiu a produção de RU em comparação com a evolução do PIB em Portugal. A análise foca-se então na produção de RU na região do Alentejo em particular no Alentejo Central que evidencia um elevado nível per capita em comparação com o resto do país, situando-se mesmo acima das regiões do grande Porto e Lisboa. São apresentadas possíveis razões para o registo destes elevados níveis de produção de RU não se conseguindo, no entanto, avançar com evidências. Como o modelo DEA é utilizado no PERSU 2020 para fundamentar a projeção das metas da recolha seletiva por sistema de gestão de resíduos urbanos, fez-se a sua reprodução, o que permitiu uma análise mais detalhada dos dados e o ensaio de novos resultados considerando, para além do nível de produção de RU, o numero de equipamentos de deposição de recolha seletiva como input do modelo; Abstract: Title of the report: Professional career. Emphasis on the analysis of urban waste production in Alentejo Central - Portugal and the use of the DEA in defining the separate collection target This professional report presents the theme of the Urban Waste (UW) production in Central Alentejo, using the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) to analyse the target set for selective collection in 2020. Generally, the higher the degree of economic development of a region, the greater the rate of urbanization and the greater also the amount of municipal waste produced per capita. The variables income and urbanization are highly correlated, if you have an increase in the disposable income and living standards, the consumption of goods and services will increase accordingly, which leads to the increase of the amount of produced waste. Thus, taking into account the local impact that the abandoned UW brings, and in order to break the link between economic growth and the environmental impacts associated with the production of waste, countries with high levels of development implement policies based on integrated UW management models that allow the recovery, recycling and valorisation of materials, restricting the disposal (landfill) to non-recoverable fractions, which creates jobs and wealth. Portugal established a national strategic plan for Urban Waste (PERSU 2020) which defines the goals and national targets, including the selective collection target stating for 2020 a minimum recover of 47 kg per capita per year. Then it is relevant to characterize and compare the evolution of UW production and GDP in Portugal for the period 2002 to 2012. The analysis then focuses on the production of UW in Alentejo, particularly in Central Alentejo region, which shows a high per capita level compared to the rest of the country, placed just above the Greater Porto and Lisbon region. Then we explore several possible reasons for this high level of UW production in this region, but none is successful in producing strong evidence. As the DEA is used in PERSU 2020 to support the projection of the selective collection targets for the municipal waste management systems, in this report we develop the model, which allowed access to the data and a more detailed analyse. Then we introduce and test a new input, the number of separate collection deposition equipment, which gives new results that are compared with the original ones.

Characterization and management of particular classes of waste at a regional level. case study: Marche region

There are various methods to analyse waste, which differ from each other according to the level of detail of the compositio. Waste composed by plastic and used for packaging, for example, can be classified by chemical composition of the polymer used for the specific product. At a more basal level, before dividing a waste according to the specific chemical material of which it is composed it is possible and also important to classify it according to the material category. So, if the secondary aim is to consider the particular polymer that constitutes a plastic waste, or what kind of natural polymer composes a specific waste made of wood, the first aim is to classify the product category of the material that makes up the waste, so, if it is wood made, or plastic, or glass made or metal, or organic. There are not specific instruments to make this subdivision, not specific chemical tests, but only a manual recognition of the material that makes up the product or waste. The first steps of this study is a recognition of the materials of which the waste is composed, the second is a the quantification of differentiated and unsorted waste produced in the area under study, the third is a mass balance of the portions of waste sent for recovery in order to obtain information on quantities that can be effectively recovered and ready for new life cycle as raw material; the fourth and last step is an environmental assessment that provides information on the environmental cost of the recovery process. This process scheme is applied to various specific kinds of waste from separate collection generated in a specific area with the aim to find a model analysis appliable to other portions of territory in order to improve knowledge of recovery technologies.

Arion : a collection of four-part songs for male voices, in separate vocal parts with piano score, mainly to be sung without accompaniment /

Mode of access: Internet.

Arion; a collection of four-part songs for male voices, in separate vocal parts with piano score, mainly to be sung without accompaniment.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Massachusetts justice : being a collection of the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, relative to the power and duty of justices of the peace. Alphabetically arranged, in two parts. Part I.--The power and duty of the justices of the Court of General Sessions of the peace. Part II.--The power and duty of justices of the peace, in their separate capacity : to which are added, under the proper heads, a variety of forms, grounded on said laws. The whole intended for the use of those who practise in the office of justice, to assist them in their duties thereto belonging : with an appendix, containing short and concise rules for changing pounds, shillings, pence and farthings, into dollars, cents and milles, which a late law has introduced as the money of account : also, rules for computing interest in such money, and sundry useful tables respecting the same : to all which an index is annexed /

Includes index.

The psalmist; a collection of psalm and hymn tunes, suited to all the varieties of metrical psalmody: consisting principally of tunes already in general use for congregational worship, newly harmonized for four voices, with a separate accompaniment for the organ or pianoforte.

Bound with the compiler's The psalmist. London, 1835.

The psalmist; a collection of psalm and hymn tunes, suited to all the varieties of metrical psalmody: consisting principally of tunes already in general use for congregational worship, newly harmonized for four voices, with a separate accompaniment for the organ or pianoforte.

Mode of access: Internet.