Water beetles in mountainous regions in southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Levantamento da herpetofauna do Parque Municipal Nascentes de Paranapiacaba, Santo André, SP

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Efeito da fragmentação e o isolamento da paisagem na riqueza e composição de espécies de lagartos no Reservatório de Tucuruí, Pará

Apesar de vários trabalhos publicados para a região tropical demonstrando o efeito da fragmentação florestal e o isolamento da paisagem na comunidade biótica, a maioria destes, foi realizada em regiões continentais. Os impactos da fragmentação e o isolamento da paisagem resultante da criação de reservatórios artificiais de usinas hidrelétricas ainda são pouco estudados na Amazônia. Este estudo foi realizado em fragmentos ('ilhas") remanescentes de floresta ombrófila, formadas pela construção da Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, no estado do Pará com o objetivo de comparar as ilhas nas duas margens do reservatório em relação ao tamanho total, tamanho da área nuclear (core area) , forma geométrica (total de borda balanceado pela área da ilha) e grau de isolamento a fim demonstrar o papel das mesmas para a conservação da biota local e em escala local avaliar a riqueza, abundância e composição de espécies da comunidade de lagartos em 12 "ilhas" do reservatório em relação ao tamanho, grau de isolamento e posição das ilhas no reservatório. Para o estudo em escala da paisagem foram escolhidas 199 ilhas nas duas margens no limite da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Tucuruí usando imagem de satélite de 2005. O tamanho das ilhas analisadas varia de 3 a 1768 hectares , sendo que 40% delas com menos 10 hectares . As ilhas têm uma perda significativa, variando de 22% a 100%, de área total, em função do efeito de borda. Não houve diferença significativa no tamanho total, tamanho da área nuclear e total da borda I')as ilhas em relação á margem do reservatório. Contudo, as ilhas da margem esquerda têm maior grau de isolamento em relação das ilhas da margem direita. A maioria das ilhas analisadas no reservatório de Tucuruí tem tamanhos pequenos, alta perda de área total em função do efeito de borda, formato irregular o que aumenta o potencial do efeito de borda e alto grau de isolamento. Em escala local a comunidade de lagartos foi amostrada em cinco campanhas de campo realizadas entre janeiro e julho de 2005, através de transectos e armadilhas de queda. As áreas inventariadas foram selecionadas com base no tamanho, grau de isolamento e posição na margem do reservatório. Foram registrados 837 indivíduos de lagartos, distribuídos em 16 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Gonatodes humeralis e Coleodactylus amazonicus (Gekkonidae). A amostragem realizada nas cinco campanhas foi suficiente para determinar a riqueza total das ilhas amostradas, correspondendo a 84% do número de espécies de acordo com o estimador Jacknife 1. Houve diferença significativa na riqueza de espécies de lagartos entre as campanhas realizada sendo a riqueza maior obtida a partir da 38 campanha de campo, em abril-maio de 2005. Não houve diferença significativa na riqueza de espécies e no número de indivíduos de lagartos em relação à margem do reservatório. Houve diferença significativa e positiva da riqueza de espécies de lagartos em relação ao tamanho da ilha. Não houve diferença significativa na abundância de lagartos em relação ao tamanho das ilhas. Houve diferença significativa entre a riqueza de lagartos em relação ao isolamento da ilha, sendo esta menor nas ilhas mais isoladas. Não houve diferença significativa entre a abundância de lagartos em relação ao isolamento da ilha. Não houve diferença significativa da riqueza de espécies em relação à abertura do dossel e ao volume de serrapilheira. Houve diferença significativa e positiva entre a riqueza de espécies em relação à densidade de troncos caídos e de árvores vivas. Não houve diferença significativa da abundância de indivíduos em relação aos parâmetros de estrutura da vegetação analisados neste estudo. Não houve diferença na composição de espécies da comunidade de lagartos nas ilhas em relação às margens do reservatório, indicando que o rio Tocantins não é uma barreira geográfica para a distribuição deste grupo.

Haplotype and nucleotide characteristics of photobiont and mycobiont gene sequences in the lichen Cetraria aculeata

Lichens, symbiotic associations of fungi (mycobionts) and green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts), are poikilohydric organisms that are particularly well adapted to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Terrestrial ecosystems of the Antarctic are therefore largely dominated by lichens. The effects of global climate change are especially pronounced in the maritime Antarctic and it may be assumed that the lichen vegetation will profoundly change in the future. The genetic diversity of populations is closely correlated to their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to their future evolutionary potential. In this study, we present evidence for low genetic diversity in Antarctic mycobiont and photobiont populations of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata. We compared between 110 and 219 DNA sequences from each of three gene loci for each symbiont. A total of 222 individuals from three Antarctic and nine antiboreal, temperate and Arctic populations were investigated. The mycobiont diversity is highest in Arctic populations, while the photobionts are most diverse in temperate regions. Photobiont diversity decreases significantly towards the Antarctic but less markedly towards the Arctic, indicating that ecological factors play a minor role in determining the diversity of Antarctic photobiont populations. Richness estimators calculated for the four geographical regions suggest that the low genetic diversity of Antarctic populations is not a sampling artefact. Cetraria aculeata appears to have diversified in the Arctic and subsequently expanded its range into the Southern Hemisphere. The reduced genetic diversity in the Antarctic is most likely due to founder effects during long-distance colonization.

Arthropod community structure in pastures of an island archipelago (Azores): looking for local-regional species richness patterns at fine-scales

The arthropod species richness of pastures in three Azorean islands was used to examine the relationship between local and regional species richness over two years. Two groups of arthropods, spiders and sucking insects, representing two functionally different but common groups of pasture invertebrates were investigated. The local-regional species richness relationship was assessed over relatively fine scales: quadrats (= local scale) and within pastures (= regional scale). Mean plot species richness was used as a measure of local species richness (= alpha diversity) and regional species richness was estimated at the pasture level (= gamma diversity) with the 'first-order-Jackknife' estimator. Three related issues were addressed: (i) the role of estimated regional species richness and variables operating at the local scale (vegetation structure and diversity) in determining local species richness; (ii) quantification of the relative contributions of alpha and beta diversity to regional diversity using additive partitioning; and (iii) the occurrence of consistent patterns in different years by analysing independently between-year data. Species assemblages of spiders were saturated at the local scale (similar local species richness and increasing beta-diversity in richer regions) and were more dependent on vegetational structure than regional species richness. Sucking insect herbivores, by contrast, exhibited a linear relationship between local and regional species richness, consistent with the proportional sampling model. The patterns were consistent between years. These results imply that for spiders local processes are important, with assemblages in a particular patch being constrained by habitat structure. In contrast, for sucking insects, local processes may be insignificant in structuring communities.

A comparative study of the methods of inclusion of PMU current phasor measurements in a hybrid state estimator

The paper compares three different methods of inclusion of current phasor measurements by phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the conventional power system state estimator. For each of the three methods, comprehensive formulation of the hybrid state estimator in the presence of conventional and PMU measurements is presented. The performance of the state estimator in the presence of conventional measurements and optimally placed PMUs is evaluated in terms of convergence characteristics and estimator accuracy. Test results on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 300-bus systems are analyzed to determine the best possible method of inclusion of PMU current phasor measurements.

Inclusion of PMU current phasor measurements in a power system state estimator

Three different methods of inclusion of current measurements by phasor measurement units (PMUs) in a power sysetm state estimator is investigated. A comprehensive formulation of the hybrid state estimator incorporating conventional, as well as PMU measurements, is presented for each of the three methods. The behaviour of the elements because of the current measurements in the measurement Jacobian matrix is examined for any possible ill-conditioning of the state estimator gain matrix. The performance of the state estimators are compared in terms of the convergence properties and the varian in the estimated states. The IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 300-bus systems are used as test beds for the study.

Response to comments on "Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness"

Pan et al. claim that our results actually support a strong linear positive relationship between productivity and richness, whereas Fridley et al. contend that the data support a strong humped relationship. These responses illustrate how preoccupation with bivariate patterns distracts from a deeper understanding of the multivariate mechanisms that control these important ecosystem properties.

Sampling environmental acoustic recordings to determine species richness : I

Acoustic sensors provide an effective means of monitoring biodiversity at large spatial and temporal scales. They can continuously and passively record large volumes of data over extended periods, however these data must be analysed to detect the presence of vocal species. Automated analysis of acoustic data for large numbers of species is complex and can be subject to high levels of false positive and false negative results. Manual analysis by experienced users can produce accurate results, however the time and effort required to process even small volumes of data can make manual analysis prohibitive. Our research examined the use of sampling methods to reduce the cost of analysing large volumes of acoustic sensor data, while retaining high levels of species detection accuracy. Utilising five days of manually analysed acoustic sensor data from four sites, we examined a range of sampling rates and methods including random, stratified and biologically informed. Our findings indicate that randomly selecting 120, one-minute samples from the three hours immediately following dawn provided the most effective sampling method. This method detected, on average 62% of total species after 120 one-minute samples were analysed, compared to 34% of total species from traditional point counts. Our results demonstrate that targeted sampling methods can provide an effective means for analysing large volumes of acoustic sensor data efficiently and accurately.