Determination of the betaine content of feed ingredients using high-performance liquid chromatography

A series of studies was conducted to establish a methodology for the accurate and efficient determination of betaine in different feed ingredients. The final methodology involves an extraction step in which the feed sample is heated for 3h in a methanolic KOH solution using a Goldfisch apparatus. Impurities are removed by the addition of activated charcoal and concentrated (36%) HCl. After centrifugation the extractant is passed through a strong cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X12, H+). The betaine retained in the column is eluted with 1.5 N HCl. A 2 nil aliquot of the elute is air dried and reconstituted with 1 ml of deionised water. HPLC separation with a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX-10) is used for the separation of betaine from other compounds. The mobile phase is kept constant at 50mm KH2PO4 in water, and eluted compounds are detected by UV absorbance (200nm). The flow rate is maintained at 1.5ml min(-1). This assay is very accurate over the range of betaine concentrations from 15 to 650 mug ml(-1), with a lower detection limit in feeds of approximately 500 mug g(-1) when 4g of sample is extracted. Recovery assays done with standard betaine hydrochloride and hard red wheat resulted in a consistent recovery of 80%. Betaine content was quantified in several feed ingredients, including alfalfa (1.77 mg kg(-1)), wheat (3.96 mg kg(-1)), wheat middlings (4.98 mg kg(-1)) and poultry meal (0.77 mg kg(-1)). Betaine in corn and soybean meal was not detectable by this method, even when 16g of sample was used (<125 mg kg(-1)). Betaine present in several feed ingredients should influence choline supplementation to animal feeds and may have implications for human health. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

Détermination de la spéciation du samarium dans l'environnement

Les éléments de terres rares (REEs) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans une multitude d’applications, notamment la fabrication d’aimants, de batteries rechargeables et les écrans de téléviseurs. Ils sont pour la plupart des métaux trivalents peu solubles dans les eaux naturelles. Comme pour les métaux divalents, le risque écologique des REEs est très probablement étroitement lié à leurs spéciations chimiques. Cependant, le comportement du samarium (Sm) dans les matrices environnementales est très peu connu et il n'existe actuellement aucune technique pour évaluer sa spéciation chimique. Dans cette optique, la technique d'échange d'ions (IET) sur la résine Dowex a été optimisée pour mesurer le samarium libre en solution. Les temps d'équilibre ont d'abord été déterminés pour des solutions tamponnées de samarium (Sm 6,7x10-8 M ; MES 1,0 mM M ; pH 6,0) en présence du nitrate de sodium (de 0,01M à 0,5 M). Pour ces diverses forces ioniques, l’équilibre thermodynamique n’est atteint que pour NaNO3 0,5M. Un autre mode d’utilisation de la résine (mode dynamique) a donc été développé pour tenir compte des conditions environnementales et évaluer efficacement le samarium libre. Les impacts des ligands organiques tels le NTA, l’EDTA, le citrate, l’acide malique et l’acide fulvique Suwannee River Standard I (SRFA) ont été étudiés par l’IET en mode dynamique. Une grande corrélation a été trouvée plus entre les taux d’accumulation de samarium sur la résine d’échange pour différents rapports NTA : Sm, EDTA : Sm, SRFA : Sm et le samarium libre. Par contre, aucune corrélation significative n’a été observée pour les ligands citrate et acide malique compte tenu des complexes qu’ils forment avec le samarium et qui s’adsorbent aussi sur la résine Dowex. Les concentrations Sm3+ mesurées par la technique IET ont été fortement corrélées avec celles prédites par le modèle WHAM 7.0 en utilisant la constante de stabilité obtenue par titration de SRFA par extinction de la fluorescence. Par ailleurs, la formation de colloïdes de samarium en fonction du pH influe grandement sur la détermination du samarium libre et doit être prise en compte dans la spéciation du samarium. L'IET assisté par des techniques auxiliaires comme le dosage par extinction de la fluorescence et le SP-ICPMS pourrait être une technique utile pour évaluer les concentrations de Sm biodisponible dans les eaux naturelles.

Détermination de la spéciation du samarium dans l'environnement

Les éléments de terres rares (REEs) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans une multitude d’applications, notamment la fabrication d’aimants, de batteries rechargeables et les écrans de téléviseurs. Ils sont pour la plupart des métaux trivalents peu solubles dans les eaux naturelles. Comme pour les métaux divalents, le risque écologique des REEs est très probablement étroitement lié à leurs spéciations chimiques. Cependant, le comportement du samarium (Sm) dans les matrices environnementales est très peu connu et il n'existe actuellement aucune technique pour évaluer sa spéciation chimique. Dans cette optique, la technique d'échange d'ions (IET) sur la résine Dowex a été optimisée pour mesurer le samarium libre en solution. Les temps d'équilibre ont d'abord été déterminés pour des solutions tamponnées de samarium (Sm 6,7x10-8 M ; MES 1,0 mM M ; pH 6,0) en présence du nitrate de sodium (de 0,01M à 0,5 M). Pour ces diverses forces ioniques, l’équilibre thermodynamique n’est atteint que pour NaNO3 0,5M. Un autre mode d’utilisation de la résine (mode dynamique) a donc été développé pour tenir compte des conditions environnementales et évaluer efficacement le samarium libre. Les impacts des ligands organiques tels le NTA, l’EDTA, le citrate, l’acide malique et l’acide fulvique Suwannee River Standard I (SRFA) ont été étudiés par l’IET en mode dynamique. Une grande corrélation a été trouvée plus entre les taux d’accumulation de samarium sur la résine d’échange pour différents rapports NTA : Sm, EDTA : Sm, SRFA : Sm et le samarium libre. Par contre, aucune corrélation significative n’a été observée pour les ligands citrate et acide malique compte tenu des complexes qu’ils forment avec le samarium et qui s’adsorbent aussi sur la résine Dowex. Les concentrations Sm3+ mesurées par la technique IET ont été fortement corrélées avec celles prédites par le modèle WHAM 7.0 en utilisant la constante de stabilité obtenue par titration de SRFA par extinction de la fluorescence. Par ailleurs, la formation de colloïdes de samarium en fonction du pH influe grandement sur la détermination du samarium libre et doit être prise en compte dans la spéciation du samarium. L'IET assisté par des techniques auxiliaires comme le dosage par extinction de la fluorescence et le SP-ICPMS pourrait être une technique utile pour évaluer les concentrations de Sm biodisponible dans les eaux naturelles.

New chelating resins based on polybenzimidazole. Selective sorption of copper(II) from ammoniacal media on resin with anchored l-cysteine

Microporous polybenzimidazole (PBI) of 250–500 μm bead size has been epoxidized and subsequently reacted with l-cysteine in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst at room temperature to obtain a sorbent having anchored l-cysteine, EPBI(Cyst). The sorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) in mildly acidic and ammoniacal solutions has been measured under comparable conditions on EPBI(Cyst) and Dowex 50W-X8(H+) resins. While the latter shows no appreciable difference in sorption of the four metals in acidic and ammoniacal media and has 40–60 % selectivity for copper(II) over the other three, EPBI(Cyst) shows a threefold increase in copper sorption and more than 90% copper selectivity over the other metals in ammoniacal media, compared to mildly acidic media. The copper binding constant and saturation capacity of EPBI(Cyst) in ammoniacal media decrease only slowly beyond pH 11.6 with the result that the resin shows significant sorption of Cu(II) even in strongly ammoniacal solutions. The sorbed copper is stripped with HCl relatively easily. The copper sorption kinetics on EPBI(Cyst) is unusually fast in ammoniacal media with more than 90 % of equilibrium sorption being attained in one minute.

Study on microwave dielectric properties of epoxy resin mixtures used for rapid product development

This paper presents a preliminary study on the dielectric properties and curing of three different types of epoxy resins mixed at various stichiometric mixture of hardener, flydust and aluminium powder under microwave energy. In this work, the curing process of thin layers of epoxy resins using microwave radiation was investigated as an alternative technique that can be implemented to develop a new rapid product development technique. In this study it was observed that the curing time and temperature were a function of the percentage of hardener and fillers presence in the epoxy resins. Initially dielectric properties of epoxy resins with hardener were measured which was directly correlated to the curing process in order to understand the properties of cured specimen. Tensile tests were conducted on the three different types of epoxy resins with hardener and fillers. Modifying dielectric properties of the mixtures a significant decrease in curing time was observed. In order to study the microstructural changes of cured specimen the morphology of the fracture surface was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy.

A poly(D,L-lactide) resin for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography

Porous polylactide constructs were prepared by stereolithography, for the first time without the use of reactive diluents. Star-shaped poly(D,L-lactide) oligomers with 2, 3 and 6 arms were synthesised, end-functionalised with methacryloyl chloride and photocrosslinked in the presence of ethyl lactate as a non-reactive diluent. The molecular weights of the arms of the macromers were 0.2, 0.6, 1.1 and 5 kg/mol, allowing variation of the crosslink density of the resulting networks. Networks prepared from macromers of which the molecular weight per arm was 0.6 kg/mol or higher had good mechanical properties, similar to linear high molecular weight poly(D,L-lactide). A resin based on a 2-armed poly(D,L-lactide) macromer with a molecular weight of 0.6 kg/mol per arm (75 wt%), ethyl lactate (19 wt%), photo-initiator (6 wt%), inhibitor and dye was prepared. Using this resin, films and computer-designed porous constructs were accurately fabricated by stereolithography. Pre-osteoblasts showed good adherence to these photocrosslinked networks. The proliferation rate on these materials was comparable to that on high molecular weight poly(D,L-lactide) and tissue culture polystyrene.

Development of a PDLLA-based stereolithography resin for making tissue engineering scaffolds

The use of porous structures as tissue engineering scaffolds imposes high demands on the pore architecture. Stereolithography is a rapid prototyping method based on photo-polymerisation, that can be utilised to make 3D constructs with high spatial control. In this study, biodegradable resins were developed that can find application in stereolithography. Poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) oligomers were synthesised and functionalised with methacrylate end-groups. By mixing the resulting macromers with a diluent, photo-initiator and inhibitor, lowviscosity resins were obtained that were photocrosslinked to yield stiff and strong degradable poly(lactide) networks. Also, porous scaffolds were fabricated on a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) from a nondegradable resin.

Properties of porous structures prepared by stereolithography using a polylactide resin

Rapid prototyping techniques such as stereolithography allow for building designed tissue engineering scaffolds with high accuracy. In this work, a stereolithography resin based on poly(D,L-lactide) was developed. Biodegradable scaffolds with varying porosity were built from this resin. The scaffolds were analysed by μCT-scanning and compression testing. The porous structures showed excellent mechanical properties in the range of trabecular bone.

Cyanoacrylate glue as an alternative mounting medium for resin-embedded semithin sections

Commercially available generic Superglue (cyanoacrylate glue) can be used as an alternative mounting medium for stained resin-embedded semithin sections. It is colourless and contains a volatile, quick-setting solvent that produces permanent mounts of semithin sections for immediate inspection under the light microscope. Here, we compare the use of cyanoacrylate glue for mounting semithin sections with classical dibutyl phthalate xylene (DPX) in terms of practical usefulness, effectiveness and the quality of the final microscopic image.

Characteristics of epoxy resin/SiO2 nanocomposite insulation : effects of plasma surface treatment on the nanoparticles

The present study compares the effects of two different material processing techniques on modifying hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles. In one method, the nanoparticles undergo plasma treatment by using a custom-developed atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma reactor. With the other method, they undergo chemical treatment which grafts silane groups onto their surface and turns them into hydrophobic. The treated nanoparticles are then used to synthesize epoxy resin-based nanocomposites for electrical insulation applications. Their characteristics are investigated and compared with the pure epoxy resin and nanocomposite fabricated with unmodified nanofillers counterparts. The dispersion features of the nanoparticles in the epoxy resin matrix are examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. All samples show evidence that the agglomerations are smaller than 30 nm in their diameters. This indicates good dispersion uniformity. The Weibull plot of breakdown strength and the recorded partial discharge (PD) events of the epoxy resin/plasma-treated hydrophilic SiO2 nanocomposite (ER/PTI) suggest that the plasma-treated specimen yields higher breakdown strength and lower PD magnitude as compared to the untreated ones. In contrast, surprisingly, lower breakdown strength is found for the nanocomposite made by the chemically treated hydrophobic particles, whereas the PD magnitude and PD numbers remain at a similar level as the plasma-treated ones.

Reinforced insulation properties of epoxy resin/SiO2 nanocomposites by atmospheric pressure plasma modification

Nanocomposite dielectrics hold a promising future for the next generation of insulation materials because of their excellent physical, chemical, and dielectric properties. In the presented study, we investigate the use of plasma processing technology to further enhance the dielectric performance of epoxy resin/SiO2 nanocomposite materials. The SiO2 nanoparticles are treated with atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma prior to being added into the epoxy resin host. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal the effects of the plasma process on the surface functional groups of the treated nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the plasma treatment appreciably improves the dispersion uniformity of nanoparticles in the host polymer. With respect to insulation performance, the epoxy/plasma-treated SiO2 specimen shows a 29% longer endurance time than the epoxy/untreated SiO2 nanocomposite under electrical aging. The Weibull plots of the dielectric breakdown field intensity suggest that the breakdown strength of the nanocomposite with the plasma pre-treatment on the nanoparticles is improved by 23.3%.