Could cell membranes produce acoustic streaming? Making the case for synechococcus self-propulsion

Sir James Lighthill proposed in 1992 that acoustic streaming occurs in the inner ear, as part of the cochlear amplifier mechanism. Here we hypothesize that some of the most ancient organisms use acoustic streaming not only for self-propulsion but also to enhance their nutrient uptake. We focus on a motile strain of Synechococcus, a yanobacteria whose mechanism for self-propulsion is not known. Molecular motors could work like piezoelectric transducers acting on the crystalline structure surrounding the outer cell membrane. Our calculations show that a traveling surface acoustic wave (SAW)could account for the observed velocities. These SAW waves will also produce a non-negligible Stokes layer surrounding the cell: motion within this region being essentially chaotic. Therefore, an AS mechanism would be biologically advantageous, enhancing localized diffusion processes and consequently, chemical reactions. We believe that acoustic streaming, produced by nanometer scale membrane vibrations could be widespread in cell biology. Other possible instances are yeast cells and erythrocytes. Flows generated by acoustic streaming may also be produced by silica coated diatoms along their raphe. We note that microelectromechanical (MEMS) acoustic streaming devices were first introduced in the 1990’s. Nature may have preceded this invention by 2.7 Gyr.

Upgrading of thethird generation of the Remote Diagnostic Systems for ABB Marine Propulsion Systems

Remote diagnostics has become very popular in marine industry. Diagnostic systems are improved all the time and the newest monitoring systems are constantly taken into operation. Most vessels are, however, rigged up by outmoded facilities, which should be updated. In this work the principles of operating of such a remote diagnostic system as the ABB's third generation remote diagnostic system (RDS) and the newest Propulsion Condition Management System (PCMS) are studied. As a result of the thesis the ways of upgrading the old systems of RDS are presented. Specifically, the work focuses on the establishment of the connection between Advant controller AC-110 from the old system and PCMS server, and in other words how to get Modbus data by OPC server.

Electric propulsion system in a modern sports car

In this thesis an electric propulsion system is designed on a device level using Cadence ORCAD. The vehicle belongs to the Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sci-ences and it is to compete in the Automotive X-Prize competition held in the USA. In this thesis the electric propulsion system and related electric safety measures are designed. Also electro-magnetic compatibility and interferences present in the system are examined by examining the birth mechanisms and transmission paths of interference. Per device effects of interference and solutions to minimize them were examined and proposed. Suitability of permanent magnet synchronous machines for passenger vehicle use was examined by examining the torque production capability of the motor and the torque requirements of the vehicle. Also a short overview of history of electric vehicles is given.

Propulsion products services laakerikunnonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikan kehittäminen

Tämän työn ensisijaisena tavoitteena on selvittää ABB Oy, Marine & Cranes, Propulsion Products Services tarjoamien laakerikunnonvalvontatuotteiden luonne, tuotteistuksen tila, liiketoimintamalli ja tutkia, kuinka olemassa olevaa ansaintalogiikkaa voidaan kehittää. Teoreettisessa osassa käydään läpi palvelun määritelmää, palveluiden tuotteistamista, akateemisia tuotteistusprosessimalleja sekä liiketoimintamallin käsitettä. Liiketoimintamallin käsittely työssä keskittyy Osterwalderin (2010) liiketoimintamallikehykseen. Teoriaosuuden materiaalia hyödynnetään empiirisessä osuudessa laakerikunnonvalvonnan tuotteiden tuotteistuksen tilan, tuotteistusprosessimallin, liiketoimintamallin ja ansaintalogiikan kehittämiseen. Työn keskeisimpinä tuloksina saatiin kehitysehdotuksia työntilaajalle liittyen laakerikun- nonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikkaan ja palveluiden tuotteistamiseen. Työssä ilmeni, että yrityksen olisi suositeltavaa optimoida tehtävien palveluiden suorittamissatamat. Jo olemassa olevien tuotteiden dokumentointia tulisi täydentää työssä ehdotetun mukaisesti. Omien resurssien laajempaa käyttämistä tulisi lisätä ja laakerikunnonvalvonnan palvelupakettien päivittämistarve sekä valmiiden tuotteiden säännöllinen päivittäminen ja niiden mahdollinen poistaminen valikoimasta tulisi ottaa osaksi käytössä olevaa prosessia.

Controlling the Eccentricity of Polar Lunar Orbits with Low-Thrust Propulsion

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

On the influence of the mode-shapes of a marine propulsion shafting system on the prediction of torsional stresses

Torsional vibration predictions and measurements of a marine propulsion system, which has both damping and a highly flexible coupling, are presented in this paper. Using the conventional approach to stress prediction in the shafting system, the numerical predictions and the experimental torsional vibration stress curves in some parts of the shafting system are found to be quite different. The free torsional vibration characteristics and forced torsional vibration response of the system are analyzed in detail to investigate this phenomenon. It is found that the second to fourth natural modes of the shafting system have significant local deformation. This results in large torsional resonant responses in different sections of the system corresponding to different engine speeds. The results show that when there is significant local deformation in the shafting system for different modes, then multi-point measurements should be made, rather than the conventional method of using a single measurement at the free end of the shaft, to obtain the full torsional vibration characteristics of the shafting system.

Mathematical model for manoeuvrability of a riverine support patrol vessel with a pump-jet propulsion system

A study on the manoeuvrability of a riverine support patrol vessel is made to derive a mathematical model and simulate maneuvers with this ship. The vessel is mainly characterized by both its wide-beam and the unconventional propulsion system, that is, a pump-jet type azimuthal propulsion. By processing experimental data and the ship characteristics with diverse formulae to find the proper hydrodynamic coefficients and propulsion forces, a system of three differential equations is completed and tuned to carry out simulations of the turning test. The simulation is able to accept variable speed, jet angle and water depth as input parameters and its output consists of time series of the state variables and a plot of the simulated path and heading of the ship during the maneuver. Thanks to the data of full-scale trials previously performed with the studied vessel, a process of validation was made, which shows a good fit between simulated and full-scale experimental results, especially on the turning diameter

Viability study of sailing propulsion combined with a conventional system

For many years now, sails have been used as a propulsion system. At present, they are restricted to recreational/sport crafts since the appearance of the first steam vessels in the beginning of the 19 th century. But in the last years, due to the increase of fuel price and the pollution of the environment, it is being studied the possibility to introduce again the sail as a propulsive method combined with other conventional systems. In this paper, it is studied the viability of using a sail as a propellant with other conventional systems of propulsion. After considering the concept of apparent wind, the range of use of this complementary propulsion is presented. The calculation methodology, the numerical simulations and the wind inputs from a specific route are also included.

Eliminacion de dioxido de carbono en la propulsion de submarinos

Una planta AIP es cualquier sistema propulsivo capaz de posibilitar la navegación de un vehículo submarino bajo la superficie del mar de forma completamente independiente de la atmósfera terrestre. El uso a bordo de submarinos de plantas AIP basadas en la reacción química entre un hidrocarburo y oxígeno (ambos almacenados en el interior del submarino) da lugar a la producción en grandes cantidades de agua y CO2, residuos que necesitan ser eliminados. En concreto, la producción de CO2 en grandes cantidades (y en estado gaseoso) constituye un auténtico problema en un submarino navegando en inmersión, ya que actualmente no resulta viable almacenarlo a bordo, y su eliminación tiene que llevarse a cabo de forma discreta y con un coste energético reducido. Actualmente, hay varias alternativas para eliminar el CO2 producido en la propulsión de un submarino navegando en inmersión, siendo la más ventajosa la disolución de dicha sustancia en agua de mar y su posterior expulsión al exterior del submarino. Esta alternativa consta básicamente de 3 etapas bien definidas: • Etapa 1.- Introducir agua de mar a bordo del submarino, haciendo bajar su presión desde la existente en el exterior hasta la presión a la que se quiere realizar el proceso de disolución. • Etapa 2.- Llevar a cabo el proceso de disolución a presión constante e independiente de la existente en el exterior del submarino. • Etapa 3.- Expulsar fuera del submarino el agua de mar saturada de CO2 haciendo subir su presión desde la correspondiente al proceso de disolución hasta la existente en el exterior. Para ejecutar las etapas 1 y 3 con un coste energético aceptable, resulta necesaria la instalación de un sistema de recuperación de energía, el cual basa su funcionamiento en aprovechar la energía producida en la caída de presión del flujo de agua entrante para elevar la presión del flujo de agua saliente saturada de CO2. El sistema arriba citado puede implementarse de 3 formas alternativas: • Recuperación de doble salto mediante máquinas hidráulicas de desplazamiento positivo. • Recuperación directa mediante cilindros estacionarios dotados de pistones internos. • Recuperación directa mediante cilindros rotativos sin pistones internos. Por otro lado, para ejecutar la etapa 2 de forma silenciosa, y sin ocupar excesivo volumen, resulta necesaria la instalación de un sistema de disolución de CO2 en agua de mar a baja presión, existiendo actualmente 2 principios funcionales viables: • Dispersión de finas burbujas de gas en el seno de una masa de agua. • Difusión directa de CO2 a través de una inter-fase líquido/gas estable sin procesos de dispersión previos. Una vez dicho todo esto, el objetivo de la tesis consiste en llevar a cabo dos estudios comparativos: uno para analizar las ventajas/inconvenientes que presentan las 3 alternativas de recuperación de energía citadas y otro para analizar las ventajas/inconvenientes que presentan los sistemas de disolución de CO2 en agua de mar basados en los 2 principios funcionales mencionados. En ambos estudios se van a tener en cuenta las singularidades propias de una instalación a bordo de submarinos. Para finalizar este resumen, cabe decir que la ejecución de los estudios arriba citados ha exigido el desarrollo de un código software específico (no disponible en la bibliografía) para llevar a cabo la simulación numérica de los distintos sistemas presentados en la tesis. Este código software se ha desarrollado bajo una serie de restricciones importantes, las cuales se listan a continuación: • Ha sido necesario tener en cuenta fluidos de trabajo multi-componente: agua de mar con CO2 disuelto. • El fluido de trabajo se encuentra normalmente en estado líquido, habiendo sido necesario considerar fenómenos de cambio de fase únicamente en etapas incipientes. • La algoritmia se ha diseñado de la forma más simple posible, al objeto de facilitar el subsiguiente proceso de programación y reducir al máximo el tiempo de ejecución en máquina. • La algoritmia arriba citada se ha diseñado para llevar a cabo análisis de tipo comparativo solamente, y no para obtener resultados extremadamente precisos en términos absolutos.

EU-CargoXpress: wind propulsion concept

The EU-CargoXpress project suggests the usage of sustainable energies to reduce the fuel consumption. The updated concept consists of hoisting the superstructure and using it as a sail together with the conventional propulsion. This paper presents the study of the sail performance by means of a computational analysis and wind tunnel tests. Moreover, a research of the energy saving in different operational areas has been conducted. It is concluded that there is a significant energy saving by using the superstructure as a sail which leads to a reduction of fossil fuel consumption and consequently, a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Choked flow in water/CO2 solutions on air-independent propulsion systems

We develop a simplified model of choked flow in pipes for CO2-water solutions as an important step in the modelling of a whole hydraulic system with the intention of eliminating the carbon dioxide generated in air-independent submarine propulsion. The model is based on an approximate fitting of the homogeneous isentropic solution upstream of a valve (or any other area restriction), for given fluid conditions at the entrance. The relative maximum choking back-pressure is computed as a function of area restriction ratio. Although the procedure is generic for gas solutions, numeric values for the non-dimensional parameters in the analysis are developed only for choking in the case of carbon dioxide solutions up to the pure-water limit.