999 resultados para propriedades físicoquímicas
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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples
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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples
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The composition of petroleum may change from well to well and its resulting characteristics influence significantly the refine products. Therefore, it is important to characterize the oil in order to know its properties and send it adequately for processing. Since petroleum is a multicomponent mixture, the use of synthetic mixtures that are representative of oil fractions provides a better understand of the real mixture behavior. One way for characterization is usually obtained through correlation of physico-chemical properties of easy measurement, such as density, specific gravity, viscosity, and refractive index. In this work new measurements were obtained for density, specific gravity, viscosity, and refractive index of the following binary mixtures: n-heptane + hexadecane, cyclohexane + hexadecane, and benzene + hexadecane. These measurements were accomplished at low pressure and temperatures in the range 288.15 K to 310.95 K. These data were applied in the development of a new method of oil characterization. Furthermore, a series of measurements of density at high pressure and temperature of the binary mixture cyclohexane + n-hexadecane were performed. The ranges of pressure and temperature were 6.895 to 62.053 MPa and 318.15 to 413.15 K, respectively. Based on these experimental data of compressed liquid mixtures, a thermodynamic modeling was proposed using the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS). The EOS was modified with scaling of volume and a relatively reduced number of parameters were employed. The results were satisfactory demonstrating accuracy not only for density data, but also for isobaric thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility coefficients. This thesis aims to contribute in a scientific manner to the technological problem of refining heavy fractions of oil. This problem was treated in two steps, i.e., characterization and search of the processes that can produce streams with economical interest, such as solvent extraction at high pressure and temperature. In order to determine phase equilibrium data in these conditions, conceptual projects of two new experimental apparatus were developed. These devices consist of cells of variable volume together with a analytical static device. Therefore, this thesis contributed with the subject of characterization of hydrocarbons mixtures and with development of equilibrium cells operating at high pressure and temperature. These contributions are focused on the technological problem of refining heavy oil fractions
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The role of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in association to calcium carbonate particles (CaCO3) in most water-based drilling fluids is to reduce the fluid loss to the surrounding formation. Another essential function is to provide rheological properties capable of maintaining in suspension the cuttings during drilling operation. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to correlate the polymer chemical structure (degree of substitution, molecular weight and distribution of substituent) with the physical-chemical properties of CaCO3, in order to obtain the better result at lower cost. Another important aspect refers to the clay hydration inhibitive properties of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in drilling fluids systems. The clay swelling promotes an undesirable damage that reduces the formation permeability and causes serious problems during the drilling operation. In this context, this thesis consists of two main parts. The first part refers to understanding of interactions CMC-CaCO3, as well as the corresponding effects on the fluid properties. The second part is related to understanding of mechanisms by which CMC adsorption occurs onto the clay surface, where, certainly, polymer chemical structure, ionic strength, molecular weight and its solvency in the medium are responsible to affect intrinsically the clay layers stabilization. Three samples of carboximetilcellulose with different molecular weight and degree of substitution (CMC A (9 x 104 gmol DS 0.7), CMC B (2.5 x 105 gmol DS 0.7) e CMC C (2.5 x 105 gmol DS 1.2)) and three samples of calcite with different average particle diameter and particle size distribution were used. The increase of CMC degree of substitution contributed to increase of polymer charge density and therefore, reduced its stability in brine, promoting the aggregation with the increase of filtrate volume. On the other hand, the increase of molecular weight promoted an increase of rheological properties with reduction of filtrate volume. Both effects are directly associated to hydrodynamic volume of polymer molecule in the medium. The granulometry of CaCO3 particles influenced not only the rheological properties, due to adsorption of polymers, but also the filtration properties. It was observed that the lower filtrate volume was obtained by using a CaCO3 sample of a low average size particle with wide dispersion in size. With regards to inhibition of clay swelling, the CMC performance was compared to other products often used (sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and quaternary amine-based commercial inhibitor). The low molecular weight CMC (9 x 104 g/mol) showed slightly lower swelling degree compared to the high molecular weight (2.5 x 105 g/mol) along to 180 minutes. In parallel, it can be visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that the high molecular weight CMC (2.5 x 105 g/mol e DS 0.7) promoted a reduction in pores formation and size of clay compared to low molecular weight CMC (9.0 x 104 g/mol e DS 0.7), after 1000 minutes in aqueous medium. This behavior was attributed to dynamic of interactions between clay and the hydrodynamic volume of CMC along the time, which is result of strong contribution of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bounds between carboxylate groups and hydroxyls located along the polymer backbone and ionic and polar groups of clay surface. CMC adsorbs on clay surface promoting the skin formation , which is responsible to minimize the migration of water to porous medium. With the increase of degree of substitution, it was observed an increase of pores onto clay, suggesting that the higher charge density on polymer is responsible to decrease its flexibility and adsorption onto clay surface. The joint evaluation of these results indicate that high molecular weight is responsible to better results on control of rheological, filtration and clay swelling properties, however, the contrary effect is observed with the increase of degree of substitution. On its turn, the calcite presents better results of rheological and filtration properties with the decrease of average viii particle diameter and increase of particle size distribution. According to all properties evaluated, it has been obvious the interaction of CMC with the minerals (CaCO3 and clay) in the aqueous medium
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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The present literature review aimed to describe biodisel’s physicochemical properties obtained from different raw materials. Were studied data concerning viscosity, density, cetane number, fl ash point, pour point and calorifi c power of biodiesel produced from soybean oil, coconut, rice bran, cotton, pequi, babassu, mamona, palm, castor, sunfl ower, corn, canola, jatropha and karanja. Considering the diversity of vegetal and animal sources that can be used on the biodiesel production, it is noteworthy the lack of data concerning physicochemical properties of unexplored raw materials. This work may contribute for the creation of database about physicochemical properties of oil and biodiesel from different sources which will allow design and scale-up, both the necessary equipment to the production line and reciprocating engines.
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O rápido crescimento da procura e na produção de Physalis está associado às suas características nutracêuticas e medicinais, por estarem associadas ao bemestar e à saúde. O reconhecimento e o conceito da qualidade dos frutos é cada vezmais importante, abrangendo a aparência do produto, o aroma, a textura e o valor nutricional. Com a realização deste trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar as propriedades físicoquímicas das bagas de physalis, bem como os conteúdos em compostos bioativos com potenciais benefícios para a saúde humana. Neste trabalho foi avaliada uma variedade de physalis (Physalis peruviana L.), sendo os frutos provenientes de uma exploração localizada na região Norte-Centro de Portugal. Foram realizadas análises físicas às 'physalis' frescas, tendo sido determinados o calibre, a cor e a textura. Na análise química, realizaram-se as determinações, da humidade, da fibra bruta, dos açúcares totais e redutores, da acidez total titulável, do teor de sólidos solúveis totais, do ácido ascórbico, dos carotenóides, dos compostos fenólicos totais, dos orto-difenóis e dos flavonóides. Foi ainda determinada a atividade antioxidante pelos métodos ABTS e DPPH e os extratos submetidos a condições simulantes do trato digestivo. As physalis em estudo apresentaram, em média um diâmetro de 1,69 cm e uma massa de 2,77 g. Relativamente à cor, as bagas apresentaram-se claras, (L*=65,72), e com uma tendência para a cor vermelha (a*=16,69), e uma forte intensidade amarela (b*=58,11). No que diz respeito à textura, a firmeza foi de 2,40 N e a elasticidade foi de 2,94 mm. Quanto à caracterização química foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: 83,02% de água, 4,61% de fibra, 8,79% de açúcares totais, 1,25% de acidez total, expressa em ácido cítrico. A amostra continha ainda 5,95 μg/g de carotenoides 26,7 mg de ácido ascórbico por 100 g. Os valores de fenóis totais (42,74 e 59,95 mg EAG/100 g) e de atividade antioxidante determinada pelo método DPPH (7,73 e 9,61 μmol TE/g), e pelo método ABTS (12,28 e 13,71 μmol TE/g) variam de acordo com as condições de extração. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação forte entre os dois métodos. No que diz respeito às condições in vitro de simulação das condições do trato digestivo, verificou-se um decréscimo ao longo do trato digestivo tanto no teor em compostos fenólicos bem como na atividade antioxidante. Em termos globais houve uma retenção de 43% dos compostos fenólicos totais e 26% da atividade antioxidante.
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Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de dois métodos de amostragem nas propriedades químicas do solo, em área com cana-de-açúcar após tratamentos corretivos de acidez. O primeiro método consistiu na amostragem de solo em 30% dos pontos na posição da linha e 70% na posição da entrelinha (LE). No segundo método, as amostras de solo foram coletadas em 100% dos pontos na posição da entrelinha (E) e da combinação de duas fontes de corretivos, escória e calcário, com níveis de correção do V% para 50, para 75 e para 100, e uma testemunha sem correção. A amostragem do solo pelo método LE superestimou a acidez potencial, enquanto a amostragem do solo na entrelinha apresentou melhor ajuste dos dados para determinação do pH, H + Al, Ca, Mg e V% do solo.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os níveis de ocorrência de pesticidas em água, tendo em vista preservar a água de contaminação por esses produtos na região de Guaíra, SP. A hipótese foi que o uso intensivo de pesticidas nessa região propiciaria a contaminação das águas superficiais e subterrâneas por seus resíduos. Para a caracterização das propriedades, das características e da dinâmica da água do solo, foi selecionada a Fazenda Macaúba por possuir relevo e solos característicos da região. Aproximadamente 80% da área da fazenda é constituída por Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico (LVdf), profundo. As áreas cultivadas apresentam um horizonte superficial (Ap) completamente desprovido de sua estrutura natural e, abaixo deste, um horizonte compactado, ambos frutos das práticas agrícolas. Durante dois anos e meio realizou-se o monitoramento do Ribeirão do Jardim que abastece a cidade de Guaíra, bem como de um de seus afluentes e da água subterrânea proveniente do Aqüífero Guarani, à procura de pesticidas. A água superficial foi coletada de 21em 21 dias e a subterrânea, no início e no final do período monitorado (dois anos e meio). Os produtos monitorados, trifluralina, endosulfan, lambda cialotrina, dicofol (4,4 diclorobenzofenona), captan, metil paration, clorotalonil e clorpirifós, foram selecionados a partir de um levantamento dos pesticidas utilizados em quatro áreas agrícolas localizadas na bacia do Ribeirão do Jardim e em razão da efetividade de um método de análise de resíduos múltiplos para sua quantificação. Os resultados analíticos indicaram que não houve contaminação da água subterrânea, mas que ocasionalmente houve contaminação direta das águas de superfície. A não-contaminação da água subterrânea deve-se principalmente às características dos Latossolos, como sua grande espessura, sua textura argilosa e sua grande capacidade de armazenamento de água.
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To take care of to the demand of the new constructions in the low income communities and to develop the production of a strengthened alternative brick with staple fibers of coconut, capable to contribute mainly with the recycling of the green and mature coconut in the urban and agricultural lexes, this research was developed, to confection bricks of soil-cement with coconut fiber. Ecologically correct material and of low cost, since the greenhouse use of or oven for burning will be manufactured without. The study it presents a set of tables and graphs that prove good indices found in the values of the density, water absorption, axial compressive strength and isolation term acoustics, with evidential results that make possible the production in industrial character with press mechanics or the place of the workmanship with manual form. The preparation of coconut staple fibers was made of natural form without use of chemical products not to deprive of characteristics the properties mechanical physicist-chemistries and of the same ones. The sixty bricks produced in simple and manual press had been carried through in four lots of fifteen units. The mixture of aggregates was made in four different traces composites for: ground erinaceous, cement, fiber of dry coconut and water; the bricks had been compact in the press and cured in natural way under an area covered during the minimum time of seven days
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The growing utilization of surfactants in several different areas of industry has led to an increase on the studies involving solutions containing this type of molecules. Due to its amphiphilic nature, its molecule presents one polar part and one nonpolar end, which easily interacts with other molecules, being able to modify the media properties. When the concentration in which its monomers are saturated, the airliquid system interface is reached, causing a decrease in interfacial tension. The surfactants from pure fatty acids containing C8, C12 and C16 carbonic chains were synthesized in an alcoholic media using sodium hydroxide. They were characterized via thermal analysis (DTA and DTG) and via infrared spectroscopy, with the intention of observing their purity. Physical and chemical properties such as superficial tension, critical micelle concentration (c.m.c), surfactant excess on surface and Gibbs free energy of micellization were determined in order to understand the behaviour of these molecules with an aqueous media. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were obtained aiming to limit the Windsor equilibria conditions so it could be possible to understand how the surfactants carbonic chain size contributes to the microemulsion region. Solutions with known concentrations were prepared to study how the surfactants can influence the dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS) and how the diffusion coefficient is influenced when the media concentration is altered. The results showed the variation on the chain size of the studied surfactant lipophilic part allows the conception of surfactants with similar interfacial properties, but dependent on the size of the lipophilic part of the surfactant. This variation causes the surfactant to have less tendency of microemulsionate oil in water. Another observed result is that the n-alcanes molecule size promoted a decrease on the microemulsion region on the obtained phase diagrams
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Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de dois métodos de amostragem nas propriedades químicas do solo, em área com cana-de-açúcar após tratamentos corretivos de acidez. O primeiro método consistiu na amostragem de solo em 30% dos pontos na posição da linha e 70% na posição da entrelinha (LE). No segundo método, as amostras de solo foram coletadas em 100% dos pontos na posição da entrelinha (E) e da combinação de duas fontes de corretivos, escória e calcário, com níveis de correção do V% para 50, para 75 e para 100, e uma testemunha sem correção. A amostragem do solo pelo método LE superestimou a acidez potencial, enquanto a amostragem do solo na entrelinha apresentou melhor ajuste dos dados para determinação do pH, H + Al, Ca, Mg e V% do solo.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Biofísica Molecular - IBILCE
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As nanofibras produzidas através de biopolímeros oriundos de materiais biológicos têm tomado espaço no âmbito mundial, estes podem ter sua origem em compostos como a proteína animal, por exemplo, as proteínas de pescado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver nanofibras de isolado proteico de Bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum). O isolado proteico de bijupirá (IPB) foi obtido utilizando processo de variação de pH para solubilizar e isolar proteínas. O IPB obtido foi caracterizado quanto sua composição química proximal e suas propriedades físicoquímicas, estruturais e funcionais. O rendimento do IPB foi de 98,17% de proteína, em base seca. A maior solubilidade e a maior capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) do IPB foram obtidas em pH 11 e 21,9 mL.g-1 de proteína, respectivamente. Os perfis eletroforéticos revelaram massas moleculares características de proteínas miofibrilares (miosina e actina). Os principais picos identificados pelas análises de Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho (FTIR) são provenientes de ligações peptídicas (ligações amida), como Amida I e II. Os maiores pontos de fusão e de degradação do IPB foram de 259,1°C e 378°C, respectivamente, obtendo assim, um isolado proteico com elevada estabilidade térmica. As nanofibras foram desenvolvidas pela técnica de electrospinnig. Foram preparadas soluções poliméricas utilizando 1% (p/v) de óxido de polietileno (PEO) e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6% (p/v) de IPB. Os parâmetros utilizados no processo de electrospinning como: potencial elétrico, distância da ponta do coletor a agulha e a taxa de fluxo da solução foram fixados em 16,7 kV, 15 cm, e 150 µL.h-1 , respectivamente. Os efeitos do solvente e a adição de um biopolímero comercial na capacidade de formação e morfologia das nanofibras foram estudados. Em relação ao efeito do solvente na solubilização das proteínas, o processo de electrospinning foi favorecido quando utilizado o ácido fórmico 85% (v/v), como este solvente orgânico promove a formação de estruturas helicoidais aleatórias e, consequentemente, um aumento no emaranhado de biopolímeros. A adição do biopolímero PEO proporcionou melhor viscosidade às soluções de IPB e o desenvolvimento das nanofibras. A morfologia analisada por Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) das nanofibras obtidas com 5 e 4% (p/v) de IPB e 1% (/v) de PEO foi de 205 ± 82 nm e 476 ± 107, respectivamente.