Teologian opiskelijoiden henkilökohtaiset projektit ja opintomenestys

Motivation and personal goals play an important role in the ways in which people direct their behavior. Personal goals are closely connected with well-being but they also relate to how people perform in different achievement domains. Many studies show that evaluating study-related goals as important, easy to attain and non stressful, predict better academic achievements than evaluating them as non attainable and stressful (Salmela-Aro & Nurmi, 1997b). The aim of this study was to describe motivational factors among theology students. They form an interesting group in terms of exploring connections between motivation, spiritual goals and academic achievements. The average duration of graduation at the Faculty of Theology is among the highest at the University of Helsinki. On the other hand, it may be assumed that many theology students have spiritual goals which affect their studies. A special focus was paid on the different evaluations of study-related personal projects and how they are related to academic achievement. A methodology of personal projects (Little, 1983) was used to study what kind of personal goals theology students are engaged in during their studies. In the first part of the questionnaire the subjects (N=133) were asked to describe important personal projects. They were given four numbered lines for their written responses. In the second part the subjects were asked to rate projects concerning their studies according to 13 dimensions using a 7-point Likert-scale. Three subgroups were formed on a K-Means Cluster Analysis on the basis of evaluations of the study-related projects. The groups were named committed, self-fulfillers and non-committed according to their evaluations of their study related projects. Academic achievements among the different groups varied substantially. After two years of studying the students who were in the committed group had completed on an average twenty study credits more than those who were in the non-committed group. Self-fulfillers placed in the middle of the three groups. Committed and self-fulfiller students also reported higher levels of intrinsic reasons for striving towards study-related goals. The results indicate that goals reported at the beginning of studies predicted academic achievement later on. The results also showed that different evaluations of goals have long lasting connections to progress in studying. Implications for student well-being and how these results can be utilized for student counseling are discussed.

Parasta ennen : Tasa-arvotyön projektitapaistuminen

This book is a study of equality work, that is, the activities which have involved the promotion of gender equality in Finland. The study focuses on the period when the public sector has become more market-oriented, and business-oriented thinking has penetrated activities that have not traditionally emphasised profit-making. I have asked about the kind of power relations that have led to equality work in Finland. In addition to marketisation, publicly funded projects, especially by the European Union, have permeated the public sector. I have analysed the effects this turn has had on the aims and activities of equality work. Despite marketisation, equality work has remained for decades, and problems related to equality have also been recognised. The question of agency is a central focus of this study. I have analysed the kind of agency that has been offered and possible in equality work. With my previous “equality project career”, I have also participated in the formation of my research subject. This study also represents a description of a researcher taking on the responsibility for being involved in the formation of her own research subject. The study data includes national and EU-level political and governmental documents as well as articles and other publications related to equality issues. The data also includes documents from 99 publicly funded equality projects. Notable research data have been drawn from research interviews with 30 people who have been engaged in equality work in different parts of Finland and who have also worked in publicly funded equality projects. As a research method, I have combined Foucault’s discourse analysis and genealogical analysis as well as deconstructive reading. Political and governmental programmes have called for equality work, such as teaching, training, research and other political influencing in order to promote the political interests of the welfare state. Alliance with the state offers the opportunity to accomplish professionalism and continuity. Although equality work has not achieved similar legitimisation compared to other public sector professions. Equality work has fulfilled the interests of welfare state despite current trends towards marketisation. Publicly and budgetary funded equality work has evolved into business-oriented projects in a situation where the project itself has become a new governing mechanism for society. To analyse this trend, I have developed the concept of projectisation. The concept refers to a form of power that has directed discussions of equality in order to be heard. On the other hand, projectisation has contributed to the visibility of problems related to equality while maintaining heteronormativity and hierarchical order of societal differences, especially of gender, as well as harnessing equality for market use, thereby becoming somewhat useful and productive. Equality has been labelled as women’s work and being something that women do and continuity of the equality work has required a complex form of competence. The persistence of problems concerning equality as well as co-operation between women and the “discourse virtuosity ” of equality work has also opened up opportunities for situational change. Key words: Equality work, project, projectisation, genealogical method, discourse analysis, deconstructive reading, heteronormativity, agency, discourse virtuosity.

Julkisen tilan kontrollin ulottuvuuksia. Tapaustutkimus Stop Töhryille -projektista.

Tämä tutkielma keskittyy julkisen kaupunkitilan kontrollin eri muotoihin. Ihmiset käyttävät kaupunkitilaa eri tavoin ja eri tarkoituksiin. Tilan sallitut ja kielletyt käyttömuodot ovat aina erilaisten toiveiden yhteensovittamista: yhteisen neuvottelun tulos. Tilaa myös kontrolloidaan vastaamaan erilaisia toiveita ja odotuksia. Tutkielmassa julkisen tilan kontrollin muodot on jaettu kolmeen: tilan fyysinen muokkaaminen, tilan valvonta ja asenteisiin vaikuttaminen esimerkiksi politiikkaohjelmilla. Tärkeimpänä kiinnostuksen kohteena on tilanne, jossa jokin toiminta kielletään kokonaisuudessaan. Tutkielmassa käytetään konkreettisena esimerkkinä yrityksestä kontrolloida tilaa Helsingin kaupungin Stop Töhryille -projektia: kyseessä on tapaustutkimus em. projektista. Projekti toteutettiin vuosina 1998–2008 Helsingin kaupungin rakennusviraston sekä yleisten töiden lautakunnan alaisuudessa. Projektin tavoitteena oli vähentää ja poistaa kaupunkitilassa näkyviä graffiteja. Keinoina tähän oli tekninen siivous, valvonta ja viestintä. Graffitit voidaan nähdä yhtenä keinona vallata tilaa itselle. Tutkimuksen ongelmanasettelun taustalla on pohdinta siitä, kohdistuuko julkisen tilan kontrolli jonkin tietyn toiminnon ei-toivottavuuteen vai kohdistuuko kontrolli tiettyjen toimijoiden ei-toivottavuuteen. Tavoitteena on selvittää, minkälainen tilan kontrolliin tähtäävä ohjelma Stop Töhryille -projekti oli. Tutkimuskysymykset liittyvät siihen, miksi projekti toteutettiin, mihin projektin toimenpiteet kohdistuivat ja miten nollatoleranssi määriteltiin projektissa. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys pohjautuu Jock Youngin määritelmälle nollatoleranssista, nollatoleranssin kritiikille sekä Henri Lefebvren, Don Mitchellin, Andrea Sharkeyn ja Rob Shieldsin kirjoituksiin oikeudesta tilaan. Aineistona käytetään yleisten töiden lautakunnan kokousten esityslista- ja pöytäkirjamateriaalia sekä haastatteluja projektissa mukana olleille tai projektiin vaikuttaneille tahoille (N=4). Analyysin menetelmänä sovelletaan diskurssianalyysiä. Aineiston perusteella voidaan todeta, että projektissa hyödynnettiin laajasti erilaisia kontrollin keinoja. Projektin toimenpiteet keskittyivät alussa enemmän toimintoon (graffitien puhdistamiseen ja ehkäisyyn), mutta viimeisinä vuosina painopiste siirtyi enemmän toimijaan (graffitintekijään). Aineiston analyysissä yhtenä olennaisena toimijaryhmänä esille nousivat nuoret ja nuoriso, jotka mainittiin useaan otteeseen graffitintekijöinä. Tutkielmassa tätä ilmiötä pohditaan Mike Presdeen nuoruuden kriminalisointi -käsitteen sekä Zygmunt Baumanin ulossulkemisen paradigman kautta. Nollatoleranssiretoriikka on löydettävissä projektista kolmella tasolla: ideologisella, toiminnallisella sekä viestinnällisellä. Nollatoleranssia perusteltiin ideologisella tasolla rikottujen ikkunoiden teesillä: pieniä sosiaalisia häiriöitä poistamalla voidaan ehkäistä suuria rikoksia. Tämä perustelu vietiin toiminnalliselle tasolle, jossa häiriökäyttäytyjiä valvottiin ja heille vaadittiin kovia rangaistuksia. Viestinnällä pyrittiin madaltamaan kansalaisten sietokykyä graffiti-ilmiöön ja edesautettiin mahdollisimman laajan kansalais- ja asukasyhteistyön syntymistä. Lisäksi projektissa luotiin aktiivisesti tiedon ja kielen politiikkaa, joissa tuotetaan käsitystä siitä että graffitit lisäävät turvattomuutta ja konstruoidaan sellainen kieli, jossa graffitit nähdään ongelmana.