Los programas While: bases para una teoría de la computabilidad

La Teoría de la Computabilidad estudia los límites teóricos de los sistemas computacionales. Uno de sus objetivos centrales consiste en clasificar los problemas en computables e incomputables, donde llamamos computable a un problema si admite solución informática. Para desarrollar estos resultados el modelo abstracto de computador más utilizado históricamente es la Máquina de Turing. Los estudiantes de Ingeniería Informática pueden percibir cierta lejanía entre el modelo teórico y los computadores reales por lo que es más adecuado utilizar un modelo más cercano a la programación como son los programas-while. Los Programas-while permiten resolver los mismos problemas que las máquinas de Turing, pero en cambio son mucho más sencillos de utilizar, sobre todo para personas que tienen una experiencia previa en la informática real, pues toman la forma de lenguaje imperativo clásico. Este texto además utiliza los Programas-while aprovechando sus ventajas y reformulándolos de manera que la computación quede definida en términos de manipulación de símbolos arbitrarios, algo que está mucho más en concordancia con la realidad informática. Además de explicar en detalle qué son los programas while y cómo se utilizan, se justifica por qué no es necesario incorporar otras instrucciones o tipos de datos.

Técnicas básicas de computabilidad

La Teoría de la Computabilidad es una disciplina encuadrada en la Informática Teórica que tiene como objetivo establecer los límites lógicos que presentan los sistemas informáticos a la hora de resolver problemas mediante el diseño de algoritmos. Frente a las disciplinas y técnicas que día a día amplían el campo de aplicabilidad práctica de los computadores, esta teoría establece una serie de barreras insalvables por ninguna tecnología digital de procesamiento de la información. Los métodos propios de la Teoría de la Computabilidad pueden ser extraordinariamente complejos, sin embargo, existe un núcleo de resultados fundamentales que son abordables mediante técnicas más asequibles, y que tienen la virtud de reflejar razonablemente el concepto central de indecidibilidad computacional. Este informe incluye una descripción de los conceptos y técnicas que configuran ese núcleo básico de la Teoría. Su propósito es dar cuenta de la primera batería de resultados relacionados con la incomputabilidad de algunos problemas conocidos y relevantes en Informática. Los resultados se presentan utilizando como estándar de programación los programas-while, incluyéndose una explicación detallada y sistemática de la técnica de Diagonalización, además de resultados tan importantes como la tesis de Church-Turing, la función universal o el problema de parada.

Sistemas de Tipos para Verificación de Programas Concurrentes. Type Systems for Concurrent Programs Verification.

La programación concurrente es una tarea difícil aún para los más experimentados programadores. Las investigaciones en concurrencia han dado como resultado una gran cantidad de mecanismos y herramientas para resolver problemas de condiciones de carrera de datos y deadlocks, problemas que surgen por el mal uso de los mecanismos de sincronización. La verificación de propiedades interesantes de programas concurrentes presenta dificultades extras a los programas secuenciales debido al no-determinismo de su ejecución, lo cual resulta en una explosión en el número de posibles estados de programa, haciendo casi imposible un tratamiento manual o aún con la ayuda de computadoras. Algunos enfoques se basan en la creación de lenguajes de programación con construcciones con un alto nivel de abstración para expresar concurrencia y sincronización. Otros enfoques tratan de desarrollar técnicas y métodos de razonamiento para demostrar propiedades, algunos usan demostradores de teoremas generales, model-checking o algortimos específicos sobre un determinado sistema de tipos. Los enfoques basados en análisis estático liviano utilizan técnicas como interpretación abstracta para detectar ciertos tipos de errores, de una manera conservativa. Estas técnicas generalmente escalan lo suficiente para aplicarse en grandes proyectos de software pero los tipos de errores que pueden detectar es limitada. Algunas propiedades interesantes están relacionadas a condiciones de carrera y deadlocks, mientras que otros están interesados en problemas relacionados con la seguridad de los sistemas, como confidencialidad e integridad de datos. Los principales objetivos de esta propuesta es identificar algunas propiedades de interés a verificar en sistemas concurrentes y desarrollar técnicas y herramientas para realizar la verificación en forma automática. Para lograr estos objetivos, se pondrá énfasis en el estudio y desarrollo de sistemas de tipos como tipos dependientes, sistema de tipos y efectos, y tipos de efectos sensibles al flujo de datos y control. Estos sistemas de tipos se aplicarán a algunos modelos de programación concurrente como por ejemplo, en Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming (SCOOP) y Java. Además se abordarán propiedades de seguridad usando sistemas de tipos específicos. Concurrent programming has remained a dificult task even for very experienced programmers. Concurrency research has provided a rich set of tools and mechanisms for dealing with data races and deadlocks that arise of incorrect use of synchronization. Verification of most interesting properties of concurrent programs is a very dificult task due to intrinsic non-deterministic nature of concurrency, resulting in a state explosion which make it almost imposible to be manually treat and it is a serious challenge to do that even with help of computers. Some approaches attempts create programming languages with higher levels of abstraction for expressing concurrency and synchronization. Other approaches try to develop reasoning methods to prove properties, either using general theorem provers, model-checking or specific algorithms on some type systems. The light-weight static analysis approach apply techniques like abstract interpretation to find certain kind of bugs in a conservative way. This techniques scale well to be applied in large software projects but the kind of bugs they may find are limited. Some interesting properties are related to data races and deadlocks, while others are interested in some security problems like confidentiality and integrity of data. The main goals of this proposal is to identify some interesting properties to verify in concurrent systems and develop techniques and tools to do full automatic verification. The main approach will be the application of type systems, as dependent types, type and effect systems, and flow-efect types. Those type systems will be applied to some models for concurrent programming as Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming (SCOOP) and Java. Other goals include the analysis of security properties also using specific type systems.

O emprego juvenil no limiar do século XXI :estudo a partir da RAIS e dos programas de inserção de jovens no mercado de trabalho de Natal/RN

This study received the title THE JUVENILE EMPLOYMENT IN THE THRESHOLD OF THE XXI CENTURY: study starting from RAIS and of the programs of youths' insert in the labor market of Natal/RN . It presents as main objective to investigate, starting from the officials data of the Ministério do trabalho e emprego - MTE and of the federal and state government programs, the evolution of the formal employment for youths and the difficulties that leads the success of the returned initiatives the youths' insert in the formal market of work in Brazil and in Rio Grande do Norte, in the period from 2000 to 2004. To accomplish the research, it prioritizes the study of the evolution of the formal employment starting from the data of the MTE as form of diagnosing the formal market of the juvenile work. Search a descriptive way to identify the first results of the programs Primeiro Emprego- PPE (federal) and Primeira Chance - PPC (state), to interpret and to identify the existent gaps among the proposal initial of those programs and the first results obtained in the city of Natal. The research has character no-probability and it applies closed questionnaires for youths assisted by the programs. Were interviewed the local representatives of PPE and PPC, besides representatives of the organized civil society all through open structured interview, covering a total of 103 interviews. The results demonstrated that while PPC (state) obtained success inserting youngs, the PPE (federal) just got to insert 1,5% of the amount subsidized by the state program in Natal. That situation demonstrates a clear preference of the companies for PPC (state), in detriment of the federal program

Representações sociais, relações de gênero e programas de assistência e educação à saúde da mulher no climatério em Natal/RN

Climacteric is the name of the period of the human life that it is going from the 40 years old, approximately, until the 65 years old. Though, for besides a biological phase of the woman's life, the climacteric is an object of the social world that is rendered to different apprehensions and readings on the symbolic plan. In this study, it was looked for to know the social representations, that health' professionals acting in the programs of the climacteric and the users of those same services, build in respect of that purpose. Besides, it tried to be seen that the social hegemonic representation that guides the actions and the agents' attitudes in the practices of attendance and education for the woman's health in the climacteric in the extent of the investigated institutions. The data were collected through interviews, questionnaire, focal discussion group and direct observation. The observation field was constituted by the three institutions that develop the attendance and education for the woman's health in the climacteric phase, in the city of Natal. A gender perspective was also been adopted, sought to evidence as the cognitive structures that assure the masculine power reproduction, pronounce to the social representations to build a sense to the investigated purpose. It was verified that the social representations of the climacteric are built mainly around the semantic fields old age and disease. For the health professionals, the meaning of the simbol old age carries the marks of the indentified system of the middle class employed, but also, of the feminine habitus that guides them to have an ethical and aesthetic apprehension of their own body. The climacteric, in that way, is seen as a difficult phase , a painful event that scares . For the women attended by those professionals, the sign old age means feeling emphasis from the biological climacteric aspects, in other words, the sensations and signs that forbid the body to accomplish certain linked basic life functions. Along the whole course of this thesis, it was verified that the climacteric is a complex phenomenon that needs to be faced as such. While cultural phenomenon, it is urgent to look for means to help to combat the centrality of the professional representations that face the climacteric as old age and disease, particularly in the field of health

Mapa dos programas sociais: transferência de renda e dinâmicas sociais no Rio Grande do Norte (2000-2007)

The question of evaluating the fight against poverty in a given society is very complex task, considering the range of factors that permeate, such as education, culture and economy itself. Come hence the relevance of the theme and its constant presence in discussions on the fruits of public policies, institutional structure and economic development which are the guiding elements of this work, and noted that seeks to highlight the social demographics and most important, the most significant trends and issues pertaining to her. The assessment was initially made in all the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte doing a verticalilzação to the municipalities Caicó, Pau dos Ferros, Ipueira and Taboleiro Grande. Highlighting the role of a social policy through government programs, such as the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF), which creates the possibility of changes in the socio demographic profile given the importance that the action of this public policy has in shaping the regional economic reality As well as social programs and actions of the government here reported that generate mobility of people and new social demands, such as rural retirements, the benefit of continuing provision (BPC), the Program for the Eradication of Child Labor (PETI) that put on the market of population living on the margins of various forms of consumption. Accordingly, the socio economic profile of the state shows a significant improvement in their social indicators, vital education and redistribution of income, due to the significant improvement in life expectancy in the fall of school drop-out rate and the drop in indicators of Proportion Poor and destitute of the state. Where the fall in the proportion of poor and indigent is strongly associated with an increase in income, from social programs. With this transfer and redistribution of income can be gauged that occurs a strengthening of local economies and an engagement of families with the conditionalities of social programs and PETI Bolsa Familia. Our research concludes that simply raising the rents caused by transfers, presents relevant impacts on the education of young people in beneficiary families. There is no doubt that the programs of transfer income, no facing the social field, representing a mechanism to decrease the most perverse ills of poverty, social and economic inequality that is hungry. For a significant portion of the Brazilian population living below the poverty line, programs for the transfer of income are expressed directly in improving the material conditions of life and indirectly in improving self-esteem of women and all family members receiving encouraging yet the integration family. Experiments have shown that improvements in health and nutrition can be obtained through the implementation of adequate social policies like the programs of transfer income, while social inclusion and economic does not become full

Influência de variáveis climáticas e possibilidade de fraude em parâmetros da IN 62 utilizados pelos programas de pagamento por qualidade de leite

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Indicadores de avaliação de programas de pós-graduação no Brasil: uma análise multivariada na área de Matemática

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos do uso de programas de luz e de triptofano suplementar na dieta sobre o desempenho, comportamento e parâmetros de estresse de leitões recém-desmamados

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo comparativo dos programas de habitação social nas cidades de Franca/Brasil e Praia/Cabo Verde: convergências e discrepâncias

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Subprograma de salud bucal "El hospital y los chicos" : del diagnóstico del estado dental a la priorización de programas necesarios

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar el estado dental de la población bajo estudio, detectar subgrupos de riesgo específico para enfermedades bucales y proponer estrategias de intervención apropiadas para la promoción de la salud bucal para ellos. Método: sobre la base de datos del subprograma de salud bucal "El hospital y los chicos" se efectuó un estudio descriptivo del estado dental sobre 277 niños entre 2 meses y 13 años de edad asistentes al CDlF Nº11, Guaymallén, Mendoza. Se registraron: ceod, CPOD, ceos CPOS, índice de Necesidad de tratamiento de caries, índice de Paca de Silness y Loe, ICDAS II, y datos demográficos. Además, como parte del programa, se llevó a cabo la enseñanza de Técnicas de Higiene Bucal adecuada a la edad, dirigidas a madres y niños, y una topicación de flúor profesional siguiendo protocolos específicos según edad del niño. Resultados: la población libre de caries fue del 31,4%, mientras que el 68,6% tuvo experiencia de caries pasada o presente. La media de la sumatoria de ceod+ cpod fue 4,91 = 5, con una carga de enfermedad muy alta denotada por un componente c+C de 4.25=4.55. Presentó un valor para ceos+CPOS de 9,22+11 96 y de c+CS de 6.8918 61. En cuanto a la severidad de las lesiones de caries expresadas con las categorías de ICDAS II del 2 al 6, se observó que las medias mayores corres- , ponden al nivel 6 (x2 Friedman= 20,999, p= 0,000). La media de necesidad de tratamiento de caries fue de 5,74, pero los niveles 8 y más abarcan al 33.2% de la población de estudio Se observó un aumento progresivo de estos indicadores en la primera infancia comenzando en la primera franja etaria con una media de ceod+CPOD de 0.8811,92, de 3, 93t4.65a los tres años, de 6,38+6,36 a los 5 años, y de 8,40+5,47 a los 7 años, siendo esta población la que presentó el mayor valor del indicador (x2 Kruskall Wallis= 104,637, p=O,OO). El índice CPOD fue de 1,35~1,34 a los 7 años y de 4.65+3 99 a los 9 ( x2 Kruskall Wallis =17,609 y p=0,001) Conclusiones~ este grupo de niños de alto riesgo social presentó elevados índices de caries y de necesidad de tratamiento, que requerirán de un sistema de salud que pueda contenerlos. Al observar las medias de ceod+CPOD según las categorías de edad se pone de manifiesto una tendencia a agravarse el estado dentario en la primera infancia, llegando a valores muy por encima de la media general para los 5, 6 ,7 y 8 años El CEOD también tiende a aumentar con la edad, poniendo en evidencia la susceptibilidad de caries de los molares permanentes erupcionados Las tendencias de los indicadores permitieron reconocer dos subgrupos de riesgo para desarrollar programas preventivos' el de niños de O a 3 años, y el de 6 a 12, es decir niños escolares. Se sugieren dos programas prioritarios Materno- infantil y Protección de 1er molar permanente.

Efeito de dois programas de reabilitação psicomotora (atividade contínua versus atividade intervalada) na capacidade neuromotora de idosos institucionalizados

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de dois programas de reabilitação psicomotora (atividade contínua versus atividade intervalada) na capacidade neuromotora de idosos institucionalizados. Metodologia: A amostra integrou 17 participantes (85,81±6,26 anos) que, numa fase inicial, mantiveram as atividades durante 6 semanas (período de controlo) e, posteriormente, 9 integraram um programa com intervenção intervalada (GI) e 8 um programa com intervenção contínua (GC). Ambos os programas tiveram a duração de 12 semanas, com uma periodicidade de 2 sessões por semana e duração de 60 minutos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis atenção (Trail Making Test), capacidade de planeamento (Torre de Londres), o desempenho em situação de dupla tarefa (Timed Up and Go modificado) e equilíbrio (Timed Up and Go e Índice de Tinetti). Resultados: O GI evidenciou melhorias significativas nas variáveis da atenção, da capacidade de planeamento, dupla tarefa e equilíbrio (p<0,05), enquanto que o GC apenas o evidenciou na variável capacidade de planeamento (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o programa de reabilitação psicomotora com atividade intervalada será mais benéfico para os idosos institucionalizados que programa com atividade contínua, particularmente na atenção, no desempenho em situação de dupla tarefa e no equilíbrio; ABSTRACT: Objective: To research the effect of two psychomotor rehabilitation programs (continuous activity against intervealed activity) in the neuromotor ability of institutionalized elderly people. Metodology: The sample had 17 participants (85.81 ± 6.26 years), that in an initial phase retained activity for 6 weeks (control period) and then, 9 integrated a program with intervealed intervention (GI) and 8 a program with continuous intervention (GC). ). Both of the programs had 12 weeks, 2 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. Was evaluated the variables attention (Trail Making Test); planning capacity (London Tower); dual task capacity (modified Timed Up and Go) and balance (Timed Up and Go and Tinetti Index). Results: The GI showed significant improvements in the variables attention, performance in dual task ability and balance (p<0,05), while GC revealed significant improvements in planning capacity (p<0,05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the psychomotor rehabilitation program with intervealed activity will be more beneficial for the institutionalized elderly than the program with continuous activity, particularly in the attention, planning capacity, performance in dual task ability and balance.

Avaliação dos principais programas de boas práticas agropecuárias implantados no Brasil para promover a sustentabilidade da cadeia leiteira

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.

Programas de escrita inventada: Será que a estrutura silábica das palavras influencia a evolução da escrita e da leitura?

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional

TEORIA SINTÁTICA: DE UMA PERSPECTIVA DE -ISMOS PARA UMAPERSPECTIVA DE PROGRAMAS

This paper tries to show that the developments in linguistic sciences are better viewed as stages in a single research program, rather than different ideological -isms. The first part contains an overview of the structuralistas' beliefs about the universality and equivalence of human languages, and their search for syntactic universals. In the second part, we will see that the generative program, in its turn, tries to answer why language is a universal faculty in the human species and addresses questions about its form, its development and its use. In the second part, we will see that the paper gives a brief glimpse of the tentative answers the program has been giving to each of these issues.