Waist-to-height Ratio Percentiles And Cutoffs For Obesity: A Cross-sectional Study In Brazilian Adolescents.

This study aimed to describe the distribution of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) percentiles and cutoffs for obesity in Brazilian adolescents. A cross-sectional study including adolescents aged 10 to 15 years was conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil; anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist-circumference) were taken, and WHtRs were calculated and then divided into percentiles derived by using Least Median of Squares (LMS) regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used in determining cutoffs for obesity (BMI ≥ 97th percentile) and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparing variables. The study included 8,019 adolescents from 43 schools, of whom 54.5% were female, and 74.8% attended public schools. Boys had higher mean WHtR than girls (0.45 ± 0.06 vs 0.44 ± 0.05; p=0.002) and higher WHtR at the 95th percentile (0.56 vs 0.54; p<0.05). The WHtR cutoffs according to the WHO criteria ranged from 0.467 to 0.506 and 0.463 to 0.496 among girls and boys respectively, with high sensitivity (82.8-95%) and specificity (84-95.5%). The WHtR was significantly associated with body adiposity measured by BMI. Its age-specific percentiles and cutoffs may be used as additional surrogate markers of central obesity and its co-morbidities.

The green movement in Canada

The green movement has evolved over the last twenty years from various social, peace and ecology activist organizations into direct political participation in parliamentary institutions through the Green Party. Although there is no definable theory of green politics, the culmination of interacting social movements as well as feminist, decentralist and in many cases, left wing political ideology, has produced a specific kind of political direction for the Greens internationally. As a result of the increased a ttention and awareness given to ecological issues , combined with the heightened evidence of large scale environmental deterioration, public attitudes and government decisions on development and natural resource management have been significantly altered. The Green Party of Canada is still r elatively young in comparison to its European counterparts, although ecologica l awareness and interest in t he green movement in Canada is strong, as reflected not only in support on a political level for the Canadian Greens I but for environmental issues and a ctivism in general. For this reason it s important to determine whether or not the Green Party is a significant aspect of the Canadian green movement, and if in fact its representation is necessary as an active participant in the Canadian political system . The Green Party of Canada, as a vital aspect of the Canadian green movement, and its connection to international green organizations can be examined primarily through the examp l es of both the Canadian Greens and the Green party of Ontario , by using original party documents and literature, information gained through Green party meetings and discussions with members, and commentary by Green theorists where app licable. As well, the influence on the Canadian green movement by the German Green Party is outlined , again mainly through party literature, documents and critiques of the party's experiences. This study reveals several existing and potential problems fo r t he Green Party in Canada, and the political fut ure of the Canadian green movement in general. Some, such as the real i ties of the Canadian political system are external to the movement, and may be overcome with adjustments in goals and methods, and a realization of the changing attitude towards environmental issues in a political context . On the other hand, internal party disfunctions in both organization and direction, caused mainly by the indefinite parameters of green ideology, threaten to exploit the already problematic aspects evident in t he Green Party . Aside from its somewhat slow beginnings, the Green Party in Canada has developed into a strong grassroots social movement, not however from its political visibility but from the steady growth in the popul ari ty of ecological pol i t ics in Canada. Due to the seeming enormity of the obstacles facing the Greens in their effort 4 to achieve electoral success, it is doubtful that Parliamentary representation will be achieved without a major re-orientation of party organization and methods. UI timately the strength of the Green Party in Canada will be based upon its ability to survive as a significant movement, and its willingness to continue to challenge political thought and practice.

The origins of federal public enterprises in Canada: an appraisal of two approaches

The Green Party of Canada, as a vital aspect of the Canadian green movement, and its connection to international green organizations can be examined primarily through the examp l es of both the Canadian Greens and the Green party of Ontario , by using original party documents and literature, information gained through Green party meetings and discussions with members, and commentary by Green theorists where app licable. As well, the influence on the Canadian green movement by the German Green Party is out lined , again mainly through party literature, documents and critiques of the party's experiences. This study reveals several existing and potential problems fo r t he Green Party in Canada, and the political fut ure of the Canadian green movement in general. Some, such as the real i ties of the Canadian political system are external to the movement, and may be overcome with adjustments in goals and methods, and a realization of the changing attitude towards environmental issues in a political context . On the other hand, internal party disfunctions in both organization and direction, caused mainly by the indefinite parameters of green ideology, threaten to expl oi t t he al ready problematic aspects evident in t he Green Party . Aside from its somewhat slow beginnings, the Green Party in Canada has developed into a strong grassroots social movement, not however from its political visibility but from the steady growth in the popul ari ty of ecological pol i t ics in Canada . Due to the seeming enormity of the obstacles facing the Greens in their effort 4 to achieve electoral success, it is doubtful that Parliamentary representation will be achieved without a major re-orientation of party organization and methods. UI timately the strength of the Green Party in Canada will be based upon its ability to survive as a significant movement, and its willingness to continue to challenge political thought and practice.

Apendicitis aguda perforada en adultos; aproximación a las inequidades sociales en salud, Bogotá 2012

La perforación del apéndice es una complicación temprana de la apendicitis aguda, demoras en el diagnóstico o tratamiento incrementan la tasa de perforación. Se desconoce si la perforación dl apéndice es un reflejo de inequidades sociales. Se pretendió determinar la asociación de la apendicitis aguda perforada en adultos y la equidad en acceso a salud. Estudio tipo cohorte retrospectivo documental, de historias clínicas de pacientes con apendicitis aguda; el análisis se realizó con Stata 11.1 y Epi-info. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas y figuras. Se incluyeron 540 casos (292 hombre y 248 mujeres), el grupo de edad que aporto más datos fue el de 18 a 49 años (391 pacientes); el tiempo medio de síntomas a consulta fue de 37,45 horas, y de 5,3 horas para el paso a cirugía desde el ingreso, fueron solicitadas 76 ecografías y 53 tomografías, 50 interconsultas a urología y 10 a ginecología hasta el diagnostico. El grupo de mayores de 49 años, el estrato socioeconómico tres y la tomografía fueron factores de riesgo independientes para perforación del apéndice. El análisis multivariado mostró asociación lineal entre el estrato socioeconómico y tiempo de síntomas al ingreso, tiempo para paso a cirugía, solicitud de ayudas diagnósticas e interconsultas, con buena significación estadística. La apendicitis aguda perforada en adultos, podría ser un indicador de inequidad en salud. Se requiere de estudios multi-céntricos, con mayor tiempo de evaluación y muestra para demostrar si el apéndice perforado es un trazador de inequidades en salud en Colombia.

Factores de riesgo para enfermedad diarreica e infección respiratoria aguda en niños de Aquitania - Boyacá

Introducción: Este estudio establece la asociación de diferentes factores de riesgo asociados con enfermedad diarreica aguda EDA e infección respiratoria aguda IRA en niños menores de 5 años en el Municipio de Aquitania – Boyacá

Värmesystemen i vardagen : Några småhusägares erfarenhet av att byta värmesystem

Syftet med den här studien har varit att ta reda på hur energieffektiva och resurssnåla värmesystem med låg klimatpåverkan fungerar när man placerat dem mitt i människors vardag. Rapporten är en sammanställning av småhusägares egna synunkter och erfarenheter av beslutet, placeringen, installationen, hanteringen och värmekomforten. Projektet "Värmesystemen i vardagen. En samhällsvetenskaplig utvärdering av konverterade småhus" finansierades av Energimyndigheten och genomfördes under perioden juni 2006 - okt 2007. Rapporten utgör tredje delen i en populärvetenskaplig skriftserie på temat "Flexibla värmesystem". Rapporten vänder sig främst till er som utvecklar och säljer värmesystem eller arbetar med att ge råd och stöd till småhusägare i energifrågor.

Utveckling av webbaserat stöd : För att nå särskild behörighet för studier på högskolenivå för yrkesverksamma och elever på Byggprogrammet

Det är populärt att läsa Byggprogrammen på gymnasierna idag. Därför har de elever som börjar dessa program relativt höga ingångsbetyg, men saknar ibland motivation att studera, trots att kompetensen finns.Branschen behöver mer ingenjörer och utbildade arbetsledare. Det här projektet tillsattes därför för att undersöka möjligheterna till ett stöd inom matematik för dessa elever.Under perioden januari – juni 2009 har en pilotstudie genomförts. Syftet var att se över möjligheterna, från Högskolan Dalarnas sida, att stötta de här eleverna i sina matematikstudier. Studenter från högskolan skulle fungera som mattekompisar till eleverna på gymnasiernas Byggprogram i Dalarna.Till en början gjordes informationssökningar och benchmarking för att ta reda på om liknande verksamheter fanns i resten av landet och hur de i så fall fungerade.Därefter utstakades en plan, med exempel hämtade från andras goda erfarenheter, för hur det här stödet skulle kunna se ut. Det resulterade i en träff på högskolan i maj 2009, då gymnasieelever kom till högskolan och fick träffa lärare och studenter på Högskolan Dalarnas Byggprogram.Träffen fick få besökare, i förhållande till inbjudna elever, men gav ett positivt gensvar. De som kom var nöjda.Slutresultatet visar att den här typen av verksamhet borde fortsätta, förslagsvis inom ramen för projektet Teknikerjakten, för att alla uppsatta mål ska kunna nås. Det behövs mer samarbete mellan gymnasielärarna internt, mellan lärare på gymnasier och högskolor samt mer personlig kontakt mellan elever och studenter.

O projeto João de Barro: uma experiência oficial de educação popular no Maranhão

Ce travail presente une analyse de la proposition du Projet "João de Barro" élaboré par la Secretaria de Educação do Estado do Maranhão en 1967. 11 était destiné aux popul~ tions rurales de l'Etat et avait pour objectif: "par l'inter mêdiaire d'une dêmarche éducacionnelle totale et a un niveau primaire, intégrer l'homme de la terre au proces de dévelo~ pement socio-êconomique racionalisé". Le quadre thêorique qui dirige l'analyse fut élaboré basiquement et principalement ã. partir de la théorie de Gramsci pour expliquer la dynamique de la démarche éducative dans un état capitaliste. Les données êconomiques, sociales et polit~ ques de l'êpoque sont êgalement considérêes comme necessaires a une analyse d'un fait social. Considérant ce quadre de réfê rence thêorique et de conjonction on identifie dans l'éduca tion scolaire son rôle d'agent reproducteur de l'idêologie dQ minante. De cette maniere est produit un instrument util pour la consolidation de l'hêgêmonie des groupes dominants et dans cette même avancée est exaltée la contribution que peut ~pporter á l'autonomie des couches populaires. l'école Sans vouloir concluir d'une maniere définitive, ce travail souligne, malgrê tout, l'importance que l'éducation scolaire possede pour que les couches populaires utilisentmieux cet instrument de connaissance de la complexitê des re lations sociales au milieu desquelles elles_.~ont embourbées. De cette maniere elles pourront agir plus consciemment dans leurs .luttes pour la liberté. Dans ce sens, la naissance de n'importe quelle êcole, particulierement de l'êcole "João de Barro", est saluée avec espoir: qu'elle soit le germe de la vêritable école de l'avenir.

O processo de escolarização e a questão da identidade da criança da classe popular

o homem é simultaneamente um ser animal e um ser social. E não somente uma. síntese bio-pSico+rocial. mas tam bém ideológico-afetiva. .1 A formação da personalidade nO.rmal ?I~ patológica nao esti fundamentalmsnte centrada no indivídtioiiológico, mas sim em suas relaç5es com o mundo, isto é} no relaciona- mento de seu potencial bio-psíquico com o social. i ~ Entre to~o~ os animais é o homem aquele que possui relativamente ao período total de vida, a mais longa : infân cia e portanto o que atravessa o maior período de aprendiz~ ~. gem social. Nele, a educabilidade vem sobrepondo-se aos ins tintos. Na realidade, o homem inicia, ao nascer, um proce~ so de tomada de consciência mediatizado por sua relação com os objetos e as pessoas que o cercam, reconstruindo o mun do e elaborando gradativamente sua identidad~. I" I Nesse processo de conscientização ~~antitativa e qualitativa da realidade 6bjetiva e de si próprio, a escola ocupi um importante papel, não só como um lugar de transmis I são d~, conhecimento mas uma agência de socialização de gra~ de significado. Examinar teoricamente a importância desse processo de escolarização veiculado pela relação do professor com seu aluno, par:l a elaboração da idcntid:Hlc da criança da clas- se po~ular ê objetivo desse trabalho. A escola como processo de difusão de cultura influ '! encia na v1são de mundo que o aluno tem de si e dos outros, interferindo em certa medida nas suas próprias atitudes fren te a vida. A escola assume um significado mui to importante f~ cionando como ponte entre a identificação da família e o gru po social mais amplo. A discriminação econômica que sofre a criança da classe popular' ~ revivida na relação direta com seu profes- sor que valoriza a cultura da classe dominante, menospreza a, cultura popular. criando na criança pobre um sentimento de ihcapacidade que s6 serve para justificar a dominação. Na relação professor-aluno a criança revive seus cc:>nflitos sociais revestidos de seus conflitos familiares. Nesse sentido o exame da questão ideol6gica para o estudo da influência do processo de escolarização na forma- çao da identidade da criança da classe popular passa também por uma compreensão dos aspectos afetivos que estruturam a relação professor-aluno e que lhe servem de suporte.

Arranjo de plantas, características agronômicas e produtividade de soja

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Thermal reaction norms of growth in Atlantic and Pacific silverside fishes

How organisms may adapt to rising global temperatures is uncertain, but concepts can emerge from studying adaptive physiological trait variations across existing spatial climate gradients. Many ectotherms, particularly fish, have evolved increasing genetic growth capacities with latitude (i.e. countergradient variation (CnGV) in growth), which are thought to be an adaptation primarily to strong gradients in seasonality. In contrast, evolutionary responses to gradients in mean temperature are often assumed to involve an alternative mode, 'thermal adaptation'. We measured thermal growth reaction norms in Pacific silverside populations (Atherinops affinis) occurring across a weak latitudinal temperature gradient with invariant seasonality along the North American Pacific coast. Instead of thermal adaptation, we found novel evidence for CnGV in growth, suggesting that CnGV is a ubiquitous mode of reaction-norm evolution in ectotherms even in response to weak spatial and, by inference, temporal climate gradients. A novel, large-scale comparison between ecologically equivalent Pacific versus Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) revealed how closely growth CnGV patterns reflect their respective climate gradients. While steep growth reaction norms and increasing growth plasticity with latitude in M. menidia mimicked the strong, highly seasonal Atlantic coastal gradient, shallow reaction norms and much smaller, latitude-independent growth plasticity in A. affinis resembled the weak Pacific latitudinal temperature gradient.

Asociación de las violencias física, sexual y comunitaria con el embarazo en adolescentes: análisis multinivel

Objetivos Determinar si existe asociación entre la exposición a violencia, experimentada a nivel individual o municipal, y el embarazo adolescente en mujeres Colombianas entre 13 y 19 años de edad que contestaron la Encuesta de Demografía y Salud en el año 2010. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, nacional y multinivel. Se tomaron datos de dos niveles jerárquicos: Nivel- 1: Datos individuales de una muestra representativa de 13.313 mujeres entre 13 y 19 años de edad provenientes de La Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del año 2010 y Nivel- 2: Datos municipales de 258 municipios provenientes de las estadísticas vitales del DANE. Resultados La prevalencia del embarazo adolescente fue del 16.8% IC 95% [16.2-17.4]. El análisis mostró que la asociación entre embarazo adolescente y violencia tanto individual, representada como violencia sexual [OR= 6.99 IC99% 4.80-10.10] y violencia física [OR= 1.74 IC99% 1.47-2.05] así como la violencia municipal medida con tasas de homicidios altas [OR= 1.99 IC99% 1.29-3.07] y muy altas [OR= 2.10 IC99% 1.21-3.61] se mantuvo estadísticamente significativa después de ajustar por las variables: Edad [OR= 1.81 IC99% 1.71-1.91], ocupación [OR= 1.62 IC99% 1.37-1.93], educación primaria o sin educación [OR= 2.20 IC99% 1.47-3.30], educación secundaria [OR= 1.70 IC99% 1.24-2.32], asistir al colegio [OR= 0.18 IC99% 0.15-0.21], conocimiento en la fisiología reproductiva [OR= 1.28 IC99% 1.06-1.54], el índice de riqueza Q1, Q2, Q3 [OR= 2.18 IC99% 1.42-3.34], [OR= 2.00 IC99% 1.39-2.28], [OR= 1.82 IC99% 1.92-2.25] y alto porcentaje de Necesidades básicas insatisfechas a nivel municipal [OR= 2.34 IC99% 1.55-3.52]. Conclusiones Este estudio mostró una relación significativamente estadística entre la violencia sexual y física con el inicio de relaciones sexuales y embarazo adolescente después de controlar por factores sociodemográficos y conocimientos en reproducción sexual en mujeres colombianas de 13 a 19 años en el año 2010. Esta asociación debe continuar siendo estudiada para lograr optimizar las estrategias de prevención y disminuir la tasa actual de embarazos adolescentes en el país y sus consecuencias.