Bodenuntersuchungen in Trockenmaaren der Eifel – Deckschichten in einer Vulkanreliefform und deren anthropogene Überprägung

Die im Rahmen des ELSA-Projekts des Geowissenschaftlichen Instituts der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz erbohrten Kerne im Oberwinkler Maar (OW1) und im Jungferweiher Maar (JW3) wurden auf das Vorkommen des periglazialen Deckschichtensystems und dessen anthropogenen Überprägung untersucht. Es gab bis dato noch keine Unternehmungen diese Formen der Bodenbildung und -entwicklung in einem Trockenmaar zu suchen, geschweige denn zu untersuchen. rnDie Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass sich Deckschichten auch in der Vulkanreliefform eines Trockenmaars ausbilden können und dass die Überprägung je nach Kraterform und anthropogener Flächennutzung unterschiedlich im Bodenprofil in Erscheinung tritt (Mächtigkeit von kolluvialen/alluvialen Lagen oder Anzahl der Holzkohlefunde).rnZur Untersuchung der Deckschichten und deren anthropogenen Überprägung wurden sowohl bodenkundliche Analysen als auch Literatur- und Kartenauswertungen unternommen. Als eine neue Methode zur Identifizierung von den verschiedenen Bodenhorizonten wurde die mikroskopische Analyse eingeführt. Dabei kam es hauptsächlich darauf an, die Minerale der Laacher-See-Tephra (LST) ausfindig zu machen und so die Bodenbildung und -entwicklung nicht nur zeitlich einordnen zu können, sondern auch die verschiedenen Materialeinträge (u.a. Deckschichtenmaterial) an den Profilstandort unterscheiden zu können.rnAls grundlegendes Ergebnis liefert die vorliegende Arbeit den Beweis, dass sich die periglazialen Deckschichten und deren anthropogenen Überprägung nicht nur in den typischen Zonen der deutschen Mittelgebirge ausbilden, sondern auch in der vulkanischen Reliefform eines Trockenmaars. Hinzukommt die Tatsache, dass statt den typischen vielen Geländeaufschlüssen für einen Standort – Catena – jeweils ein einzelner Bohrkern ausgereicht hat, um zu dieser genauen Erkenntnisgewinnung – maßgeblich bedingt durch die mikroskopische Analyse – zu kommen.

Paleoglaciated landscapes in Simen and other high-mountain areas of Ethiopia

In the present-day Ethiopia, glaciated landscapes do not exist, but paleoglaciated landscapes have been documented on a few mountain tops, which have altitudes higher than about 4,350 m asl in northern Ethiopia (Simen Mountains) and about 4,100 m asl in southern Ethiopia (Arsi and Bale Mountains). Glaciers were associated with the Late Pleistocene cold stages and reached as far down as 3,760 m asl in northern and 3,200 m asl in southern Ethiopia. Bale Mountains had the most extensive Late Pleistocene glaciation, covering over 190 km2, followed by Arsi Mountains (about 85 km2). In Simen, the Late Pleistocene glaciers covered merely 13 km2. In addition, paleo-periglacial slope deposits are found on all above-mentioned paleoglaciated mountains and in further mountain systems which did not host glaciers. This allows the reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene paleoclimate as being about 8 °C colder than at present (2014), much more dry, and probably without monsoon, at least in northern Ethiopia. Most probably in the Early Holocene, the re-emergence of monsoonal rains led to a strong erosion phase, which was followed by an extended stable phase with soil formation, building up about 70-cm-deep A-horizons (Andosol) on the paleo-periglacial slope deposits. These soils have been heavily degraded due to human-induced soil erosion up to about 3800 m asl since agriculture started several decades to millennia ago.

(Table 1) Soil density and concentration of 10Beryllium and 26Aluminium in samples from two ash deposits in the McMurdo Dry Valleys

The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (MDV) are among the oldest landscapes on Earth, and some landforms there present an intriguing apparent contradiction such that millions of years old surface deposits maintain their meter-scale morphology despite the fact that measured erosion rates are 0.1-4 m/Ma. We analyzed the concentration of cosmic ray-produced 10Be and 26Al in quartz sands from regolith directly above and below two well-documented ash deposits in the MDV, the Arena Valley ash (40Ar/39Ar age of 4.33 Ma) and the Hart ash (K-Ar age of 3.9 Ma). Measured concentrations of 10Be and 26Al are significantly less than expected given the age of the in situ air fall ashes and are best interpreted as reflecting the degradation rate of the overlying sediments. The erosion rate of the material above the Arena Valley ash that best explains the observed isotope profiles is 3.5 ± 0.41 x 10**-5 g/cm**2/yr (~0.19 m/Ma) for the past ~4 Ma. For the Hart ash, the erosion rate is 4.8 ± 0.21 x 10**-4 g/cm**2/yr (~2.6 m/Ma) for the past ~1 Ma. The concentration profiles do not show signs of mixing, creep, or deflation caused by sublimation of ground ice. These results indicate that the slow, steady lowering of the surface without vertical mixing may allow landforms to maintain their meter-scale morphology even though they are actively eroding.

Palaeo wind system reconstruction of the last glacial period over Europe, using high resolution proxy data and model-data-comparison

The atmosphere is a global influence on the movement of heat and humidity between the continents, and thus significantly affects climate variability. Information about atmospheric circulation are of major importance for the understanding of different climatic conditions. Dust deposits from maar lakes and dry maars from the Eifel Volcanic Field (Germany) are therefore used as proxy data for the reconstruction of past aeolian dynamics.rnrnIn this thesis past two sediment cores from the Eifel region are examined: the core SM3 from Lake Schalkenmehren and the core DE3 from the Dehner dry maar. Both cores contain the tephra of the Laacher See eruption, which is dated to 12,900 before present. Taken together the cores cover the last 60,000 years: SM3 the Holocene and DE3 the marine isotope stages MIS-3 and MIS-2, respectively. The frequencies of glacial dust storm events and their paleo wind direction are detected by high resolution grain size and provenance analysis of the lake sediments. Therefore two different methods are applied: geochemical measurements of the sediment using µXRF-scanning and the particle analysis method RADIUS (rapid particle analysis of digital images by ultra-high-resolution scanning of thin sections).rnIt is shown that single dust layers in the lake sediment are characterized by an increased content of aeolian transported carbonate particles. The limestone-bearing Eifel-North-South zone is the most likely source for the carbonate rich aeolian dust in the lake sediments of the Dehner dry maar. The dry maar is located on the western side of the Eifel-North-South zone. Thus, carbonate rich aeolian sediment is most likely to be transported towards the Dehner dry maar within easterly winds. A methodology is developed which limits the detection to the aeolian transported carbonate particles in the sediment, the RADIUS-carbonate module.rnrnIn summary, during the marine isotope stage MIS-3 the storm frequency and the east wind frequency are both increased in comparison to MIS-2. These results leads to the suggestion that atmospheric circulation was affected by more turbulent conditions during MIS-3 in comparison to the more stable atmospheric circulation during the full glacial conditions of MIS-2.rnThe results of the investigations of the dust records are finally evaluated in relation a study of atmospheric general circulation models for a comprehensive interpretation. Here, AGCM experiments (ECHAM3 and ECHAM4) with different prescribed SST patterns are used to develop a synoptic interpretation of long-persisting east wind conditions and of east wind storm events, which are suggested to lead to an enhanced accumulation of sediment being transported by easterly winds to the proxy site of the Dehner dry maar.rnrnThe basic observations made on the proxy record are also illustrated in the 10 m-wind vectors in the different model experiments under glacial conditions with different prescribed sea surface temperature patterns. Furthermore, the analysis of long-persisting east wind conditions in the AGCM data shows a stronger seasonality under glacial conditions: all the different experiments are characterized by an increase of the relative importance of the LEWIC during spring and summer. The different glacial experiments consistently show a shift from a long-lasting high over the Baltic Sea towards the NW, directly above the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, together with contemporary enhanced westerly circulation over the North Atlantic.rnrnThis thesis is a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric circulation patterns during the last glacial period. It has been possible to reconstruct important elements of the glacial paleo climate in Central Europe. While the proxy data from sediment cores lead to a binary signal of the wind direction changes (east versus west wind), a synoptic interpretation using atmospheric circulation models is successful. This shows a possible distribution of high and low pressure areas and thus the direction and strength of wind fields which have the capacity to transport dust. In conclusion, the combination of numerical models, to enhance understanding of processes in the climate system, with proxy data from the environmental record is the key to a comprehensive approach to paleo climatic reconstruction.rn

LGM Summer Climate on the Southern Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Wet Or Dry?

Regional climate simulations are conducted using the Polar fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with a 60-km horizontal resolution domain over North America to explore the summer climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 21 000 calendar years ago), when much of the continent was covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Output from a tailored NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) simulation of the LGM climate is used to provide the initial and lateral boundary conditions for Polar MM5. LGM boundary conditions include continental ice sheets, appropriate orbital forcing, reduced CO2 concentration, paleovegetation, modified sea surface temperatures, and lowered sea level. The simulated LGM summer climate is characterized by a pronounced low-level thermal gradient along the southern margin of the LIS resulting from the juxtaposition of the cold ice sheet and adjacent warm ice-free land surface. This sharp thermal gradient anchors the midtropospheric jet stream and facilitates the development of synoptic cyclones that track over the ice sheet, some of which produce copious liquid precipitation along and south of the LIS terminus. Precipitation on the southern margin is orographically enhanced as moist southerly low-level flow (resembling a contemporary, Great Plains low-level jet configuration) in advance of the cyclone is drawn up the ice sheet slope. Composites of wet and dry periods on the LIS southern margin illustrate two distinctly different atmospheric flow regimes. Given the episodic nature of the summer rain events, it may be possible to reconcile the model depiction of wet conditions on the LIS southern margin during the LGM summer with the widely accepted interpretation of aridity across the Great Plains based on geological proxy evidence.

(Table 2) Taxonomic composition of diatoms in dredged samples from the island-side slope of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

Studies of diatoms from dredge samples collected on the island slope of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench have allowed to recognize well-preserved marine diatom assemblages corresponding to assemblages of the followed Oligocene zones: Rhizosolenia oligocaenica (subzone ''a'', 33.6-31 Ma), Cavitatus rectus (29.6-28.2 Ma), and Rocella gelida (28.2-24.0 Ma) as identified in the North Pacific zonal scale. Description of these assemblages and their complete taxonomic composition are presented. Diversity of species together with abundance and degree of preservation of diatoms and accompanying siliceous microorganisms suggests their autochtonous origin and favorable conditions of their development. Assemblages of the Early Oligocene zones Rhizosolenia oligocaenica and Cavitatus rectus recognized in sediments of the outer zone of the Lesser Kuril Ridge (submarine slope of the Shikotan Island) and on the Vityaz' submarine ridge were most probably formed under conditions of a vast shelf, while assemblage of the Late Oligocene zone Rocella gelida encountered only in the region of the Lesser Kuril Ridge formed under more deep-water conditions, presumably, over an island slope. Deepening of the basin in the region of the outer zone of the Lesser Kuril Ridge in Late Oligocene probably reflects one of stages of evolution of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.

Comprehensive evaluation of multisatellite precipitation estimates over India using gridded rainfall data

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of five widely used multisatellite precipitation estimates (MPEs) against 1 degrees x 1 degrees gridded rain gauge data set as ground truth over India. One decade observations are used to assess the performance of various MPEs (Climate Prediction Center (CPC)-South Asia data set, CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation From Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA-3B42), and Global Precipitation Climatology Project). All MPEs have high detection skills of rain with larger probability of detection (POD) and smaller ``missing'' values. However, the detection sensitivity differs from one product (and also one region) to the other. While the CMORPH has the lowest sensitivity of detecting rain, CPC shows highest sensitivity and often overdetects rain, as evidenced by large POD and false alarm ratio and small missing values. All MPEs show higher rain sensitivity over eastern India than western India. These differential sensitivities are found to alter the biases in rain amount differently. All MPEs show similar spatial patterns of seasonal rain bias and root-mean-square error, but their spatial variability across India is complex and pronounced. The MPEs overestimate the rainfall over the dry regions (northwest and southeast India) and severely underestimate over mountainous regions (west coast and northeast India), whereas the bias is relatively small over the core monsoon zone. Higher occurrence of virga rain due to subcloud evaporation and possible missing of small-scale convective events by gauges over the dry regions are the main reasons for the observed overestimation of rain by MPEs. The decomposed components of total bias show that the major part of overestimation is due to false precipitation. The severe underestimation of rain along the west coast is attributed to the predominant occurrence of shallow rain and underestimation of moderate to heavy rain by MPEs. The decomposed components suggest that the missed precipitation and hit bias are the leading error sources for the total bias along the west coast. All evaluation metrics are found to be nearly equal in two contrasting monsoon seasons (southwest and northeast), indicating that the performance of MPEs does not change with the season, at least over southeast India. Among various MPEs, the performance of TMPA is found to be better than others, as it reproduced most of the spatial variability exhibited by the reference.

M/V CONNECTED Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report, Monitoring Events 2004-2005. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida

This document presents the results of the monitoring of a repaired coral reef injured by the M/V Connected vessel grounding incident of March 27, 2001. This grounding occurred in Florida state waters within the boundaries of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State of Florida, (“State of Florida” or “state”) are the co-trustees for the natural resources within the FKNMS and, thus, are responsible for mediating the restoration of the damaged marine resources and monitoring the outcome of the restoration actions. The restoration monitoring program tracks patterns of biological recovery, determines the success of restoration measures, and assesses the resiliency to environmental and anthropogenic disturbances of the site over time. The monitoring program at the Connected site was to have included an assessment of the structural stability of installed restoration modules and biological condition of reattached corals performed on the following schedule: immediately (i.e., baseline), 1, 3, and 6 years after restoration and following a catastrophic event. Restoration of this site was completed on July 20, 2001. Due to unavoidable delays in the settlement of the case, the “baseline” monitoring event for this site occurred in July 2004. The catastrophic monitoring event occurred on August 31, 2004, some 2 ½ weeks after the passage of Hurricane Charley which passed nearby, almost directly over the Dry Tortugas. In September 2005, the year one monitoring event occurred shortly after the passage of Hurricane Katrina, some 70 km to the NW. This report presents the results of all three monitoring events. (PDF contains 37 pages.)

M/V JACQUELYN L Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report, Monitoring Events 2004-2005. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida

This document presents the results of the monitoring of a repaired coral reef injured by the M/V Jacquelyn L vessel grounding incident of July 7, 1991. This grounding occurred in Florida state waters within the boundaries of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State of Florida, (“State of Florida” or “state”) are the co-trustees for the natural resources within the FKNMS and, thus, are responsible for mediating the restoration of the damaged marine resources and monitoring the outcome of the restoration actions. The restoration monitoring program tracks patterns of biological recovery, determines the success of restoration measures, and assesses the resiliency to environmental and anthropogenic disturbances of the site over time. The monitoring program at the Jacquelyn L site was to have included an assessment of the structural stability of installed restoration modules and biological condition of reattached corals performed on the following schedule: immediately (i.e., baseline), 1, 3, and 6 years after restoration and following a catastrophic event. Restoration of this site was completed on July 20, 2000. Due to unavoidable delays in the settlement of the case, the “baseline” monitoring event for this site occurred in July 2004. The catastrophic monitoring event occurred on August 31, 2004, some 2 ½ weeks after the passage of Hurricane Charley which passed nearby, almost directly over the Dry Tortugas. In September 2005, the year one monitoring event occurred shortly after the passage of Hurricane Katrina, some 70 km to the NW. This report presents the results of all three monitoring events. (PDF contains 31 pages.)

Assessment of a climate model to reproduce rainfall variability and extremes over Southern Africa

It is increasingly accepted that any possible climate change will not only have an influence on mean climate but may also significantly alter climatic variability. A change in the distribution and magnitude of extreme rainfall events (associated with changing variability), such as droughts or flooding, may have a far greater impact on human and natural systems than a changing mean. This issue is of particular importance for environmentally vulnerable regions such as southern Africa. The sub-continent is considered especially vulnerable to and ill-equipped (in terms of adaptation) for extreme events, due to a number of factors including extensive poverty, famine, disease and political instability. Rainfall variability and the identification of rainfall extremes is a function of scale, so high spatial and temporal resolution data are preferred to identify extreme events and accurately predict future variability. The majority of previous climate model verification studies have compared model output with observational data at monthly timescales. In this research, the assessment of ability of a state of the art climate model to simulate climate at daily timescales is carried out using satellite-derived rainfall data from the Microwave Infrared Rainfall Algorithm (MIRA). This dataset covers the period from 1993 to 2002 and the whole of southern Africa at a spatial resolution of 0.1° longitude/latitude. This paper concentrates primarily on the ability of the model to simulate the spatial and temporal patterns of present-day rainfall variability over southern Africa and is not intended to discuss possible future changes in climate as these have been documented elsewhere. Simulations of current climate from the UKMeteorological Office Hadley Centre’s climate model, in both regional and global mode, are firstly compared to the MIRA dataset at daily timescales. Secondly, the ability of the model to reproduce daily rainfall extremes is assessed, again by a comparison with extremes from the MIRA dataset. The results suggest that the model reproduces the number and spatial distribution of rainfall extremes with some accuracy, but that mean rainfall and rainfall variability is underestimated (over-estimated) over wet (dry) regions of southern Africa.

Palynologie und Sedimentologie der Interglazialprofile Döttingen, Bonstorf, Munster und Bilshausen

Palynologie und Sedimentologie der Interglazialprofile Döttingen, Bonstorf, Munster und Bilshausen Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden vier dem Holstein-Interglazial zugehörige Bohrkerne sowie ein rhumezeitlicher Bohrkern palynologisch und sedimentologisch bearbeitet. Die holsteinzeitlichen Bohrkerne stammen aus Kieselgurlagerstätten der Lüneburger Heide (Bonstorf und Munster) und aus einem Trockenmaar (Döttingen) in der Eifel. Der rhumezeitliche Kern stammt aus der Typlokalität Bilshausen im Harzvorland. Neben Prozentwertdiagrammen werden Pollendichte- und wenn möglich Polleninfluxwerte vorgestellt, die insbesondere für die Lokalitäten Hetendorf/Bonstorf und Munster/Breloh bisher nicht verfügbar waren. Mit dem Profil Döttingen konnte erstmals eine sowohl vollständige als auch nicht innerhalb des klassischen Aufkommens holsteinzeitlicher Fundstellen im norddeutschen Tiefland positionierte Holsteinsequenz aus dem deutschen Mittelgebirge dokumentiert werden. Das erhaltene Pollendiagramm bestätigt die aus den norddeutschen Profilen bekannte holsteintypische Vegetationsabfolge, durch die das Holstein gegenüber anderen Interglazialen wie Holozän, Eem oder Rhume palynologisch definiert ist. Neben der grundsätzlichen Übereinstimmung der Pollensequenz unterscheidet sich das Profil Döttingen aber deutlich im prozentualen Aufkommen der beteiligten Taxa von den norddeutschen Profilen. So wird eine hohe Alnus-Präsenz als Merkmal deutscher Holsteinprofile bestätigt, jedoch ist die, in den norddeutschen Lokalitäten durchhaltend hohe oder dominante Beteiligung von Pinus im deutschen Mittelgebirge nicht vorhanden und muss daher auf die Standortbedingungen Norddeutschlands zurückgeführt werden. Abies dagegen ist im Holstein der Mittelgebirge wesentlich präsenter als im norddeutschen Flachland. Im Profil Döttingen wurden insgesamt 10 Tephralagen gefunden. Auf eine dieser Tephren folgt ein „Birken-Kiefern-Gräser Vorstoß“, der palynostratigraphisch dem älteren „Birken-Kiefern Vorstoß“ in Munster/Breloh entspricht. Als eine Typologie des Holstein kann das in den Profilen Döttingen und Munster bestätigte intraholsteinzeitliche Carpinus-Minimum verstanden werden. An Hand sedimentologischer und palynologischer Befunde aus dem Bohrkern MU 2 muss die Existenz zweier, in der Literatur postulierter, postholsteinzeitlicher, „Nachschwankungen“ in Munster/Breloh in Frage gestellt, wenn nicht abgelehnt werden. In Kern MU 2 fallen palynostratigraphische Grenzen häufig mit Sandeinschaltungen zusammen. Eine dieser Sandeinschaltungen, nämlich unmittelbar vor dem älteren „Birken-Kiefern-Vorstoß“, korreliert in ihrer stratigraphischen Position mit der den „Birken-Kiefern-Gräser-Vorstoß“ im Profil Döttingen einleitenden Tephralage. Es gelang die Dauer des intraholsteinzeitlichen Carpinus Minimums auf etwa 1500±100 Jahre zu bestimmen und eine interne Zweigliederung zu dokumentieren. Im rhumezeitlichen Kern von Bilshausen (BI 1) konnten zahlreiche Störungen nachgewiesen werden. Insbesondere im Teufenbereich des Bilshausener „Birken-Kiefern-Vorstoßes“ deuten diese auf eine möglicherweise verfälschte Überlieferung. Der palynologisch markante „Lindenfall“ von Bilshausen liegt im Bereich einer isoklinalen Schichtenverfaltung. Die in der Literatur im Horizont des „Lindenfalls“ beschriebene „Bilshausentephra“ wurde nicht gefunden. Warvenzählungen an den Kernen MU 1, MU 2 und BI 1 ermöglichten Pollenzonendauern in Holstein- und Rhume-Interglazial zu bestimmen. Dabei wurde mittels den Warvenzählungen, unter zu Hilfenahme von Literaturdaten und von Schätzwerten eine Dauer für das Holstein-Interglazial sensu stricto (Pollenzonen I-XIV) von 15400-17800 Jahren und für das Rhume-Interglazial von wahrscheinlich 22000 Jahren bis maximal 26000 Jahren ermittelt.