Development of a penetration test for timber impregnation products for use in old buildings

This paper studies the application of commercial biocides to old maritime pine timber structures (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that have previously been impregnated with other products. A method was developed in the laboratory to be used in situ to determine the impregnation depth achieved by a new generation biocide product applied to timber from an old building. This timber had once been treated with an unknown product difficult to characterize without extensive analysis. The test was initially developed in laboratory conditions and later tested on elements of the roof structure of an 18th century building. In both cases the results were promising and mutually consistent with penetration depths for some treatments reaching 2.0 cm. The application in situ proved the tests viability and simplicity of execution giving a clear indication on the feasibility of possible re-treatments.

Development of an in situ penetration test for the uptake of preservatives in applied wood

This paper concerns the study of biocides application in old timber structures of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ail.), previously impregnated with other products. A method was developed in laboratory to determine in situ the penetration depth of a product applied superficially. As initial treatment, three traditional products for sawn timber for buildings were used and, for new treatments, two newer, more environmentally benign products were used. Their ability to penetrate the pre-treated surfaces was evaluated after 1, 2 and 3 applications at 24 hours intervals and the results obtained are presented. Finally, the applicability of the developed test to the in-situ evaluation of timber structures is also discussed.

Determination of soil properties from standard penetration test complemented by torque measurement (SPT-T)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ricerca delle vulnerabilità e Penetration Test per Architetture Serverless

Il lavoro di tesi proposto è volto allo studio delle architetture Serverless, strutture che permettono agli sviluppatori di comporre facilmente applicazioni distribuite su molti servizi all’interno di un cloud, senza la necessità di gestire il server. Più nello specifico sono state studiate le FaaS (Function-as-a-Service), un modello di elaborazione cloud basato su eventi in cui il codice viene distribuito in container gestiti dalla piattaforma, e successivamente eseguito on-demand. A seguito di una prima parte di ricerca dello stato dell'arte, l'attenzione si è spostata sulla ricerca di vulnerabilità nel contesto del servizio OpenFaaS, un framework open-source che permette agli sviluppatori di distribuire facilmente funzioni e microservizi. Il deployment è stato fatto faasd, quest’ultimo è una semplificazione di OpenFaaS, usa le stesse componenti e lo stesso ecosistema di OpenFaaS ma usa Containerd al posto di Kubernetes. Dopo una prima fase di installazione e log-in il lavoro si è concentrato nelle varie metodologie di penetration test, nonché di ricerca delle vulnerabilità di sicurezza associate a tale paradigma. In informatica, il penetration test è il processo operativo di analisi o valutazione della sicurezza di un sistema o di una rete, simulando l'attacco di un potenziale utente malintenzionato. Nell'ultima fase sono stati condotti vari tentativi di attacco al sistema OpenFaaS tramite l'ausilio di alcuni tool. Inizialmente è stata fatta un'analisi della rete e del traffico tramite tool quali NMAP e Wireshark, per comprenderne meglio la struttura e come faasd creasse le funzioni a partire dai container. Infine, tramite OpenFaaS sono state create delle funzioni per testare la sicurezza e l'affidabilità di quest'ultima. In particolare, le funzioni indagano all'interno dei container al fine di comprendere la possibilità di eseguire code injection e rilevare possibili dati sensibili nel filesystem dell'immagine Docker così come nelle variabili d'ambiente.

SPT-T: test procedure and applications

Ranzini (1988) proposed the Standard Penetration Test with torque measurement (SPT-T) and some geotechnical engineers in Brazil have been using it since 1991. This paper presents the state of the art on SPT-T testing, emphasizing what is already established as common knowledge in Brazilian engineering practice, besides a suggestion for test procedure, including equipment and practical aspects. In addition, the study of the shape of the torque versus rotation-degree angle curve obtained by an electric torquemeter used in several SPT-T tests carried out on six experimental research sites in the southeast region of Brazil is discussed here. Four different methods to predict pile capacity based on SPT-T test results are briefly presented and a comparison with load tests carried out on different types of piles, on those six experimental research sites, is presented.

Theoretical and experimental evaluation of the influence of the length of drill rods in the SPT-T test

The influence of soil drill rod length on the N value in the SPT-T test has been studied extensively by Mello (1971), Schmertmann & Palacios (1979), Odebrecht et al. (2002) and Cavalcante (2002). This paper presents an analysis of the Standard Penetration Test supplemented with torque measurement (SPT-T). A theoretical study of the resistance of the rod material to torsion and bending indicated that the shear stress caused by the rod self-weight represents less than 1% of that caused by the torsional moment. An experimental study with electric torquemeters attached to a horizontal rod system, as well as two field tests in the vertical direction, were also carried out to compare and substantiate the results. The purpose of these tests was to analyze changes along the length of the rod in response to successive increments at 1-meter intervals. Torque measurements were taken at each increment of the length to ascertain the accuracy of the theoretical data. The difference between the applied torque and the measured torque at the end of rod system was lower than the minimum scale of mechanical torquemeters used in practice.

La relació entre el valor N30 de L'SPT i la resistència a la compressió simple

The unconfined compression strength is a geotechnical parameter frequently used to determine the bearing capacity of foundations on clayey soils. Its value can be obtained from the unconfined compression test and, among several in situ tests, the standard penetration test (SPT). However, a comparison between the values of such a strength determined by both tests in CL, CL-ML and CH soils shows that it does not exist an approximate relationship. In any case it is remarkable that values of the test conducted in the laboratory fit between the lower and the higher ones calculated from the standard penetration number. This is very important for those geotechnical reports in which the unconfined compression strength is only based on the SPT. In this way, if the lower value is taken to evaluate the ultimate soilbearing capacity the result will not be very accurate but it will probably be by the side of safety

Laboratory Investigation of Concrete Beam-End Treatments, RB08-013, 2015

The ends of prestressed concrete beams under expansion joints are often exposed to moisture and chlorides. Left unprotected, the moisture and chlorides come in contact with the ends of the prestressing strands and/or the mild reinforcing, resulting in corrosion. Once deterioration begins, it progresses unless some process is employed to address it. Deterioration can lead to loss of bearing area and therefore a reduction in bridge capacity. Previous research has looked into the use of concrete coatings (silanes, epoxies, fiber-reinforced polymers, etc.) for protecting prestressed concrete beam ends but found that little to no laboratory research has been done related to the performance of these coatings in this specific type of application. The Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) currently specifies coating the ends of exposed prestressed concrete beams with Sikagard 62 (a high-build, protective, solvent-free, epoxy coating) at the precast plant prior to installation on the bridge. However, no physical testing of Sikagard 62 in this application has been completed. In addition, the Iowa DOT continues to see deterioration in the prestressed concrete beam ends, even those treated with Sikagard 62. The goals of this project were to evaluate the performance of the Iowa DOT-specified beam-end coating as well as other concrete coating alternatives based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T259-80 chloride ion penetration test and to test their performance on in-service bridges throughout the duration of the project. In addition, alternative beam-end forming details were developed and evaluated for their potential to mitigate and/or eliminate the deterioration caused by corrosion of the prestressing strands on prestressed concrete beam ends used in bridges with expansion joints. The alternative beam-end details consisted of individual strand blockouts, an individual blockout for a cluster of strands, dual blockouts for two clusters of strands, and drilling out the strands after they are flush cut. The goal of all of the forming alternatives was to offset the ends of the prestressing strands from the end face of the beam and then cover them with a grout/concrete layer, thereby limiting or eliminating their exposure to moisture and chlorides.

Wood as a model material for medical biomaterials. In vivo and in vitro studies with bone and Betula pubescens Ehrh

Novel biomaterials are needed to fill the demand of tailored bone substitutes required by an ever‐expanding array of surgical procedures and techniques. Wood, a natural fiber composite, modified with heat treatment to alter its composition, may provide a novel approach to the further development of hierarchically structured biomaterials. The suitability of wood as a model biomaterial as well as the effects of heat treatment on the osteoconductivity of wood was studied by placing untreated and heat‐treated (at 220 C , 200 degrees and 140 degrees for 2 h) birch implants (size 4 x 7mm) into drill cavities in the distal femur of rabbits. The follow‐up period was 4, 8 and 20 weeks in all in vivo experiments. The flexural properties of wood as well as dimensional changes and hydroxyl apatite formation on the surface of wood (untreated, 140 degrees C and 200 degrees C heat‐treated wood) were tested using 3‐point bending and compression tests and immersion in simulated body fluid. The effect of premeasurement grinding and the effect of heat treatment on the surface roughness and contour of wood were tested with contact stylus and non‐contact profilometry. The effects of heat treatment of wood on its interactions with biological fluids was assessed using two different test media and real human blood in liquid penetration tests. The results of the in vivo experiments showed implanted wood to be well tolerated, with no implants rejected due to foreign body reactions. Heat treatment had significant effects on the biocompatibility of wood, allowing host bone to grow into tight contact with the implant, with occasional bone ingrowth into the channels of the wood implant. The results of the liquid immersion experiments showed hydroxyl apatite formation only in the most extensively heat‐treated wood specimens, which supported the results of the in vivo experiments. Parallel conclusions could be drawn based on the results of the liquid penetration test where human blood had the most favorable interaction with the most extensively heat‐treated wood of the compared materials (untreated, 140 degrees C and 200 degrees C heat‐treated wood). The increasing biocompatibility was inferred to result mainly from changes in the chemical composition of wood induced by the heat treatment, namely the altered arrangement and concentrations of functional chemical groups. However, the influence of microscopic changes in the cell walls, surface roughness and contour cannot be totally excluded. The heat treatment was hypothesized to produce a functional change in the liquid distribution within wood, which could have biological relevance. It was concluded that the highly evolved hierarchical anatomy of wood could yield information for the future development of bulk bone substitutes according to the ideology of bioinspiration. Furthermore, the results of the biomechanical tests established that heat treatment alters various biologically relevant mechanical properties of wood, thus expanding the possibilities of wood as a model material, which could include e.g. scaffold applications, bulk bone applications and serving as a tool for both mechanical testing and for further development of synthetic fiber reinforced composites.

La relació entre el valor N30 de L'SPT i la resistència a la compressió simple

The unconfined compression strength is a geotechnical parameter frequently used to determine the bearing capacity of foundations on clayey soils. Its value can be obtained from the unconfined compression test and, among several in situ tests, the standard penetration test (SPT). However, a comparison between the values of such a strength determined by both tests in CL, CL-ML and CH soils shows that it does not exist an approximate relationship. In any case it is remarkable that values of the test conducted in the laboratory fit between the lower and the higher ones calculated from the standard penetration number. This is very important for those geotechnical reports in which the unconfined compression strength is only based on the SPT. In this way, if the lower value is taken to evaluate the ultimate soilbearing capacity the result will not be very accurate but it will probably be by the side of safety

O estudo geoestatístico de sondagens spt para geração de mapas auxiliares em obras de engenharia

A sondagem com SPT ("Standard Penetration Test") é o método de investigação com mais freqüência empregado na caracterização geotécnica de solos. Devido a relevância desse tipo de ensaio, desenvolveu-se um procedimento para geração de mapas de SPT com base em métodos geoestatísticos. Esses mapas devem conter a estimativa do índice de penetração (SPT) em diferentes posições no terreno em estudo, partindo de ensaios pré-existentes, objetivando auxiliar de maneira mais efetiva o planejamento de obras de engenharia. O trabalho foi baseado em um banco de dados com 141 sondagens realizadas na cidade de Passo Fundo/RS, compreendendo uma área total de 4,16km2. O banco de dados compreende sondagens de uma única empresa (o que minimiza os erros decorrentes da própria sondagem SPT) e uma única unidade geotécnica. Essas informações foram utilizadas para a avaliação do comportamento espacial dos parâmetros modelados e, posteriormente, construção de mapas de SPT. As estimativas foram efetuadas por krigagem ordinária em blocos com dimensões de 100mx100m, em quatro níveis distintos definidos de acordo com a variação média do índice de penetração com a profundidade Os mapas resultantes da krigagem ordinária revelaram-se satisfatórios para o fim a que se destina esse trabalho. Para a avaliação desses mapas, é relevante que se quantifiquem as incertezas associadas a essas estimativas. A metodologia para tal é baseada em Simulação Geoestatística, onde foram efetuadas simulações seqüenciais Gaussianas (ssG), em blocos de mesma dimensão que a utilizada na krigagem. Os resultados positivos mostraram ser adequado o emprego da simulação seqüencial Gaussiana, para geração de mapas auxiliares de valores de SPT a serem empregados no planejamento de investigações geotécnicas complementares.

Integração de dados por meio de geoprocessamento, para a elaboração de mapas geotécnicos, análise do meio físico e suas interações com a mancha urbana : o caso de Porto Alegre (RS)

A elaboração de diagnósticos e a tomada de decisões sobre o meio físico, com a finalidade de estabelecer diretrizes para a ocupação racional do solo, são cada vez mais prementes, especialmente, no que diz respeito ao direcionamento da expansão urbana para áreas mais favoráveis. Da mesma forma, a facilidade de acesso aos parâmetros geotécnicos de uma região constituí um inestimável recurso nas etapas preliminares dos projetos de Engenharia, no planejamento de atividades extrativas e nos programas de preservação ambiental. A cartografia geotécnica, nesse sentido, tem sido um dos instrumentos mais eficientes para a avaliação do meio físico nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de um mapa geotécnico requer a análise de um grande número de informações que precisam ser tratadas e combinadas com rapidez. Esta tese apresenta uma metodologia para a integração de dados, por meio da ferramenta básica geoprocessamento, visando agilizar, na fase de escritório, a elaboração de mapas geotécnicos e a análise de determinados aspectos do meio físico sob o ponto de vista da Geotecnia, bem como suas interações com a mancha urbana existente. A área teste escolhida é o município de Porto Alegre (RS) situado na porção leste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, à margem esquerda do Lago Guaiba, cuja paisagem é marcada pela diversidade de cenários naturais formados por terrenos de coxilhas, morros, cristas, lagos e planícies. A metodologia envolve a captura, o processamento e a integração de informações provenientes de fontes diversas como mapas temáticos, levantamento aerofotogramétrico, cartas topográficas, fotografias aéreas, imagens de satélite, boletins de sondagens SPT (Standart Penetration Test), dissertações e teses acadêmicas. Para isso, é constituída por nove etapas distintas, que utilizam: a) sistema de digitalização para a conversão de informações analógicas para o meio digital; b) modelagem digital do terreno (MDT) para o modelamento e a identificação do relevo, a determinação de declividades, o mapeamento de áreas com isodeclividades e o cálculo do fator topográfico, esse último objetivando a determinação da suscetibilidade à erosão laminar; c) técnicas de processamento e classificação de imagens orbitais para os mapeamentos das áreas inundáveis e da mancha urbana; d) Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs) para o processamento e a integração de informações georreferenciadas no computador; e) banco de dados digital para o armazenamento de dados descritivos sobre o meio físico e parâmetros geotécnicos obtidos em laboratório, sondagens e outras formas de investigação in situ. A estimativa das unidades geotécnicas é procedida com base na proposta metodológica para mapeamento geotécnico desenvolvida por Davison Dias (1995), na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Além da elaboração do mapa geotécnico, a metodologia propõe a análise e o cruzamento de vários fatores do meio físico com a mancha urbana existente, ou com uma subárea pertencente à região de estudo, a geração de mapas de aptidão do solo para diferentes usos e a identificação das áreas consideradas de eventos perigosos e de risco geológico. Os principais softwares empregados são o AutoCAD@, o SURFER@, ACESS@ e o IDRISI 2.0@, desenvolvido pela Clark University, USA. Os resultados obtidos a partir da implementação da metodologia demonstraram a importância e a contribuição que a ferramenta básica geoprocessamento pode trazer aos estudos geotécnicos. Os diferentes sistemas de geoprocessamento utilizados para a manipulação e tratamento das informações espaciais mostraram-se adequados e eficientes quando aplicados na coleta, processamento e integração de dados geotécnicos. Para a área teste foram identificadas trinta e sete unidades com perfis de solos com comportamento geotécnico praticamente similar frente ao uso e à ocupação do solo, cujas informações descritivas sobre o meio físico puderam ser facilmente acessadas e visualizadas, no computador, por meio da integração banco de dados geotécnicos com Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Por outro lado, o emprego de técnicas de processamento e classificação de imagens digitais revelou-se um recurso importante para a obtenção de informações sobre o meio físico, enquanto o uso de modelagem digital do terreno (MDT) agilizou o mapeamento das declividades e o cálculo da suscetibilidade potencial à erosão laminar, além de permitir a geração do relevo em perspectiva da região estudada.

Interpretation of Resistivity Piezocone Tests in a Contaminated Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise da compacidade do solo na área urbana de Bauru/ Estado de São Paulo utilizando Ensaios de Penetração Padronizado e sísmica de refração

This study was done to determine compactness of soil strata in the urban area of Bauru, central São Paulo State using standard penetration test (SPT) and seismic refraction methods. Frequency distribution within boreholes was measured every meter to a depth of 30 meters. The geometric mean of standard penetration test values was computed every meter. A biplot graph showing the relationship of SPT with depth indicates soil stratification. In addition, five sections of seismic refraction values, which also indicate the compactness of soil strata, were obtained. A comparison of the two methods shows significant correlation between the results obtained from each.

The use of CPT to evaluate the effect of helical pile installation in tropical soils

The uplift capacity of helical piles depends on the shear resistance of the soil above the helical plates. During helical pile installation, the soil traversed by the plates are sheared and displaced laterally, and consequently the soil structure is disturbed. Considering this fact, the aim of this paper is presenting the effect of helical piles installation in the soil mass by means of CPT tests carried out close to the soil cylinder above the pile helices. The CPT tests were performed at the CRHEA site from the Sao Carlos School of Engineering, Sao Carlos city, inland of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. In addition, an interpretation of CPT tests data for stratigrafic logging are presented and compared to Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) carried out at this site. This study showed that the CPT sleeve friction fs data were affected by the installation of helical pile in this particular tropical soil site. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group.