Occupational titles and supposed gender-neutrality : A corpus-based diachronic study on gender-neutral occupational titles in American English

Traditionally, some occupational titles have been explicitly marked for the gender of the group dominating the occupation. For example, in male-dominated occupations, titles often end with -man. However, since the second-wave feminist movement, several of the previously gender-biased titles have been supplemented by new, gender-neutral titles. Previous research has shown a discrepancy between researchers regarding the implications of these new titles. Some argue that the gender-neutral titles are only used for female referents, whereas others claim that gender-neutral titles, especially for male- dominated occupations, tend to still presuppose maleness. In the present paper, a corpus-based study is conducted on a few selected occupational titles. The aim is to investigate whether the gender-neutral alternatives have increased in usage over time, and whether the gender-biased ones have decreased. In addition, the study aims at examining whether the gender-neutral forms tend to be used primarily for women or men. The present study is corpus-based, examining the particular terms in the TIME Magazine Corpus. The results of the study show that there has been an increase of the gender-neutral forms since their introduction to English, and that they are primarily used when there is no explicit gender referencing. Proposed explanations for these results are that it may depend on the type of work involved in the selected occupations, as well as them being male-dominated. Furthermore, the results indicate that the gender- neutral terms are opted for when gender is either unknown or irrelevant for the context. 

Why the “Big Deal” continues to persist

The advantages of bundling e-journals together into publisher collections include increased access to information for the subscribing institution’s clients, purchasing cost-effectiveness and streamlined workflows. Whilst cataloguing a consortial e-journal collection has its advantages, there are also various pitfalls and the author outlines efforts by the CAUL (Council of Australian University Libraries) Consortium libraries to further streamline this process, working in conjunction with major publishers. Despite the advantages that publisher collections provide, pressures to unbundle existing packages continue to build, fuelled by an ever-increasing selection of available electronic resources; decreases in, and competing demands upon, library budgets; the impact of currency fluctuations; and poor usage for an alarmingly high proportion of collection titles. Consortial perspectives on bundling and unbundling titles are discussed, including options for managing the addition of new titles to the bundle and why customising consortial collections currently does not work. Unbundling analyses carried out at Queensland University of Technology during 2006 to 2008 prior to the renewal of several major publisher collections are presented as further case studies which illustrate why the “big deal” continues to persist.

The entrepreneurial vlogger : participatory culture beyond the professional-amateur divide

In this chapter, we frame YouTube as an example of “co-creative” culture – whatever YouTube is, it is produced dynamically (that is, as an ongoing process, over time) as a result of many interconnected instances of participation, by many different people. In order to understand these co-creative relationships, it is important not to focus exclusively on how the “ordinary consumer” or “amateur producer,” are participating in YouTube; rather, we argue it is necessary to include the activities of “traditional media” companies and media professionals, and more importantly, the new models of media entrepreneurialism that are grounded in YouTube’s “grassroots” culture. Hence, this chapter focuses the role that “YouTube stars” – highly visible and successful “homegrown” performers and producers – play in modelling and negotiating these co-creative relationships within the context of YouTube’s social network; and the new models of entrepreneurship within participatory culture that they represent.

Creative Labor in Cinema and Media Industries

Introduction The rapidly burgeoning popularity of cinema at the beginning of the 20th century favored industrialized modes of creativity organized around large production studios that could churn out a steady stream of narrative feature films. By the mid-1910s, a handful of Hollywood studios became leaders in the production, distribution, and exhibition of popular commercial movies. In order to serve incessant demand for new titles, the studios relied on a set of conventions that allowed them to regularize production and realize workplace efficiencies. This entailed a socialized mode of creativity that would later be adopted by radio and television broadcasters. It would also become a model for cinema and media production around the world, both for commercial and state-supported institutions. Even today the core tenets of industrialized creativity prevail in most large media enterprises. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, media industries began to change radically, driven by forces of neoliberalism, corporate conglomeration, globalization, and technological innovation. Today, screen media are created both by large-scale production units and by networked ensembles of talent and skilled labor. Moreover, digital media production may take place in small shops or via the collective labor of media users or fans who have attracted attention due to their hyphenated status as both producers and users of media (i.e., “prosumers”). Studies of screen media labor fall into five conceptual and methodological categories: historical studies of labor relations, ethnographically inspired investigations of workplace dynamics, critical analyses of the spatial and social organization of labor, and normative assessments of industrialized creativity.

Entrelaçamento dos planos da linguagem na literatura juvenil contemporânea: alternativas de leitura

A proposta da tese é investigar o papel da linguagem na indicação das obras literárias (juvenis) contemporâneas. Para operacionalizá-la, mergulha-se na análise dos textos em busca de marcas lingüístico-discursivas que revelam seu padrão de qualidade, observando a Língua Portuguesa em funcionamento: suas manifestações fonológicas, morfológicas, sintáticas, semânticas geradoras de efeitos de sentido inéditos, a fim de abrir espaço no chamado cânone literário, incorporando novos títulos e escritores brasileiros. Pretende-se traçar um percurso alternativo de leituras, visando à conquista de alunos matriculados no final do Ensino Fundamental e Ensino Médio, para que se tornem membros, de fato, da comunidade de leitores, cujos horizontes não se limitam ao período escolar. Objetiva-se, portanto, desenvolver no educando habilidades de leitura, interpretação e expressão (oral e escrita) em sua língua materna, levando-o a refletir sobre a língua no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Como a tese privilegia a tríade Língua Portuguesa-Ensino-Leitura, tendo como corpus o discurso literário, busca-se sensibilizar o estudante para questionar-se acerca das escolhas lingüístico-discursivas do escritor na elaboração estética de sua narrativa, com o fito de ativar a participação do leitor na construção de sentido(s) da história. Intenta-se, enfim, ter a língua como o próprio tema das aulas de Português, focalizando a relação entre a produção dos textos e suas finalidades interativas

Bibliography of the Algonquin languages,

"Mr. Wilberforce Eames ... has contributed ... a number of special articles ... relating to the publications of the Apostle Eliot, the Indiane primer, Lykins, Mather, Mayhew, Meeker, Pierson, Quinney, Rawson, Sergeant, and Simerwell, besides many new titles, biographic material, etc."--Pref., p. iv.

Revised history of Harlem (City of New York) : its origin and early annals, prefaced by home scenes in the fatherlands, or, notices of its founders before emigration. : Also, sketches of numerous families, and the recovered history of the land-titles ... /

"Revised from the author's notes and enlarged by Henry Pennington Toler. Edited by Sterling Potter."

The new DOT : a database of occupational titles for the twenty-first century : final report /

"May 1993"--Cover.

Proceedings of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, appointed by law for the extinguishment of Indian titles in the state of New York. Published from the original manuscript in the library of the Albany Institute.

Includes the text of several treaties.

New serial titles, classed subject arrangement.

Title from caption.

The catholic doctrine of a Trinity : proved by above an hundred short and clear arguments, expressed in the terms of the Holy Scripture, compared in a manner entirely new and digested under the four following titles: 1. The divinity of Christ. 2. The divinity of the Holy Ghost. 3. The plurality of persons. 4. The Trinity in unity. With a few reflections, occasionally interspersed, upon some of the Arian writers, particularly Dr. S. Clarke: to which is added, A letter to the common people, in answer to some popular arguments against the Trinity.

A reply to "An appeal to the common sense of all Christian people", by William Hopkins.

Revised history of Harlem (City of New York): its origin and early annals. Prefaced by home scenes in the fatherlands; or notices of its founders before emigration. Also, sketches of numerous families, and the recovered history of the land-titles ...

Revised from the author's notes and enlarged by Henry Pennington Toler. Edited by Sterling Potter.

The new month of Mary, or, Reflections for each day of the month on the different titles applied to the Holy Mother of God in the Litany of Loretto : principally designed for the month of May /

Mode of access: Internet.

The land owner's manual. Containing a summary of statute regulations, in New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, concerning land titles, deeds, mortgages, wills of real estate, descents, land taxes, tax sales, redemptions, limitations, exemptions, interest of money and usury, with an appendix, containing the constitutions of the said states.

Mode of access: Internet.