Ornithine decarboxylase expression in the small intestine of broilers submitted to feed restriction and glutamine supplementation

Six hundred and forty one-day-old Cobb male broilers were used to evaluate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) expression in the mucosa of the small intestine. Birds were submitted to early feed restriction from 7 to 14 days of age. The provided feed was supplemented with glutamine. A completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used (with or without glutamine, with or without feed restriction). Restricted-fed birds were fed at 30% the amount of the ad libitum fed group from 7 to 14 days of age. Glutamine was added at the level of 1% in the diet supplied from 1 to 28 days of age. Protein concentration in the small intestine mucosa was determined, and ODC expression at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age was evaluated by dot blotting. ODC was present in the mucosa of broilers, and the presence of glutamine in the diet increased ODC activation. Glutamine prevented mucosa atrophy by stimulating protein synthesis, and was effective against the effects of feed restriction. Dot blotting can be used to quantify ODC expression in the intestinal mucosa of broilers.

Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chickens fed natural growth promoters

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of uracil calculi on cell growth and apoptosis in the BBN-initiated Wistar rat urinary bladder mucosa

The different potential of initiated and non-initiated urinary bladder mucosa (UBM) to develop neoplasia was quantitatively evaluated in the male Wistar rat. Initiation of carcinogenesis was accomplished with N-butyl-N- (4-hydroxybutyl) -nitrosamine (BBN). Stimuli for cell proliferation and apoptosis were obtained by exposure followed by withdrawal of 3% Uracil in the diet. The proliferation index (PI) was estimated in UBM immunostained for the proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA). The apoptotic index (AI) and the density of papillary/nodular hyperplasia (PNH) were estimated in hematoxilin-eosin stained sections. PNH was the main proliferative response to the mechanical irritation by uracil, irrespective of previous initiation with BBN. Uracil exposure induced higher PI and PNH density in the initiated rats. After uracil withdrawal, there was a significant increase of the AI in both uracil-treated groups, which correlated well to the respective PNH density. However, at the end of the experiment, PNH incidence and density were significantly higher in the BBN-initiated mucosa, which also presented 18% incidence of papillomas and 27% of carcinomas. Therefore, under prolonged uracil calculi trauma, the UBM of BBN-initiated Wistar rats gives rise to epithelial proliferative lesions that progress to neoplasia through acquired resistance to apoptosis. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effects of uracil calculi on cell growth and apoptosis in the BBN- initiated Wistar rat urinary bladder mucosa

The different potential of initiated and non-initiated urinary bladder mucosa (UBM) to develop neoplasia was quantitatively evaluated in the male Wistar rat. Initiation of carcinogenesis was accomplished with N-butyl-N-(4- hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN). Stimuli for cell proliferation and apoptosis were obtained by exposure followed by withdrawal of 3% Uracil in the diet. The proliferation index (PI) was estimated in UBM immunostained for the proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA). The apoptotic index (AI) and the density of papillary/nodular hyperplasia (PNH) were estimated in hematoxilin- eosin stained sections. PNH was the main proliferative response to the mechanical irritation by uracil, irrespective of previous initiation with BBN. Uracil exposure induced higher PI and PNH density in the initiated rats. After uracil withdrawal, there was a significant increase of the AI in both uracil-treated groups, which correlated well to the respective PNH density. However, at the end of the experiment, PNH incidence and density were significantly higher in the BBN-initiated mucosa, which also presented 18% incidence of papillomas and 27% of carcinomas. Therefore, under prolonged uracil calculi trauma, the UBM of BBN-initiated Wistar rats gives rise to epithelial proliferative lesions that progress to neoplasia through acquired resistance to apoptosis.

Growth response of broiler chickens to inclusion of hydrolyzed porcine mucosa (Palbio) in diets varying in total lysine content.

Growth response of broiler chickens to inclusion of hydrolyzed porcine mucosa (Palbio) in diets varying in total lysine content

Growth response of broilers to lysine levels and hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa (Palbio) inclusion in diet from 1 to 21 d of age

Palbio (PAL, Palbio 50 RD, Bioibérica, Spain) is a protein concentrate based on hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa dried under a fluid bed system over a soybean carrier, currently used in piglet feeds. The digestibility of PAL is very high and the product may be an excellent source of protein for young chicks. An experiment was conducted with 1,280 straight-run one-d-old Ross 308 chicks to evaluate the growth response of broilers to dietary inclusion of PAL.

G protein-coupled cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors are responsible for physiological cell growth of the stomach mucosa in vivo.

Many peptide hormone and neurotransmitter receptors belonging to the seven membrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor family have been shown to transmit ligand-dependent mitogenic signals in vitro. However, the physiological roles of the mitogenic activity through G protein-coupled receptors in vivo remain to be elucidated. Here we have generated G protein-coupled cholecystokinin (CCK)-B/gastrin receptor deficient-mice by gene targeting. The homozygous mice showed a remarkable atrophy of the gastric mucosa macroscopically, even in the presence of severe hypergastrinemia. The atrophy was due to a decrease in parietal cells and chromogranin A-positive enterochromaffin-like cells expressing the H+,K(+)-ATPase and histidine decarboxylase genes, respectively. Oral administration of a proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, which induced hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa with hypergastrinemia in wild-type littermates, did not eliminate the gastric atrophy of the homozygotes. These results clearly demonstrated that the G protein-coupled CCK-B/gastrin receptor is essential for the physiological as well as pathological proliferation of gastric mucosal cells in vivo.

Randomized phase II trial of the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab combined with docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer administered as first-line treatment : the M77001 study group

Purpose: This randomized, multicenter trial compared first-line trastuzumab plus docetaxel versus docetaxel alone in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to six cycles of docetaxel 100 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks, with or without trastuzumab 4 mg/kg loading dose followed by 2 mg/kg weekly until disease progression. Results: A total of 186 patients received at least one dose of the study drug. Trastuzumab plus docetaxel was significantly superior to docetaxel alone in terms of overall response rate (61% v 34%; P = .0002), overall survival (median, 31.2 v 22.7 months; P = .0325), time to disease progression (median, 11.7 v 6.1 months; P = .0001), time to treatment failure (median, 9.8 v 5.3 months; P = .0001), and duration of response (median, 11.7 v 5.7 months; P = .009). There was little difference in the number and severity of adverse events between the arms. Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia was seen more commonly with the combination (32%) than with docetaxel alone (22%), and there was a slightly higher incidence of febrile neutropenia in the combination arm (23% v 17%). One patient in the combination arm experienced symptomatic heart failure (1%). Another patient experienced symptomatic heart failure 5 months after discontinuation of trastuzumab because of disease progression, while being treated with an investigational anthracycline for 4 months. Conclusion: Trastuzumab combined with docetaxel is superior to docetaxel alone as first-line treatment of patients with HER2-positive MBC in terms of overall survival, response rate, response duration, time to progression, and time to treatment failure, with little additional toxicity. © 2005 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Avaliação do potencial leishmanicida e antibacteriano de Annona mucosa (Jacq.) - Annonaceae cultivada in vitro e in vivo

A biodiversidade brasileira abrange plantas de importância medicinal que podem ser utilizadas na formulação de novos fármacos. Contudo, tem sido reduzida em velocidade alarmante, em função de diferentes ações antrópicas. A cultura de tecidos vegetais propicia a conservação e uso do germoplasma permitindo a obtenção de substâncias de importância medicinal. As leishmanioses são consideradas um problema de saúde pública mundial sendo a espécie Leishmania braziliensis de maior importância epidemiológica no Brasil. Recentemente tem-se registrado aumento da resistência à linha de tratamento usual. Do mesmo modo, o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos levou ao aumento de bactérias multirresistentes, que representam sério risco de infecção. A espécie Annona mucosa (Jacq.) possui substâncias, como acetogeninas e alcaloides, que apresentam atividades antiparasitária e antimicrobiana. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial leishmanicida e antibacteriano de extratos de A. mucosa de material produzido in vitro e in vivo. Foi proposto um protocolo de germinação in vitro, ainda não reportada para a espécie, com vistas à obtenção de plântulas axênicas. Em meio WPM foram cultivados explantes hipocotiledonares e foliares em meio MS, suplementados com PIC e diferentes concentrações de KIN, BAP ou TDZ. Os calos obtidos foram cultivados em meio líquido de mesma composição para a produção de suspensões celulares. Os materiais foram submetidos à extração metanólica e posterior fracionamento em hexano e diclorometano. Para a avaliação da atividade dos extratos sobre L. braziliensis foi usado o modelo in vitro, com a forma promastigota, e in vivo na forma amastigota, a partir do tratamento de macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos infectados com o parasito. Ambas as formas foram tratadas com os extratos por 96 e 48h, respectivamente. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por macrodiluição do extrato em Mueller-Hinton, sendo avaliado o crescimento das cepas após 16h de incubação a 48C. A germinação in vitro da espécie foi alcançada em substrato vermiculita estéril umedecido com solução de sais do meio MS, com taxa média de 85%. A maior produção de calos friáveis foi obtida em meios contendo KIN, com potencial uso para cultivo em suspensões celulares. Os extratos do material in situ e in vitro apresentaram atividade leishmanicida, apesar da toxicidade para macrófagos. Culturas de células em suspensão apresentaram potencial leishmanicida in vitro e redução da infecção em macrófagos. Os extratos do material avaliado apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana seletiva, com inibição do crescimento de Streptococcus pyogenes e Bacillus thurigiensis em diferentes concentrações avaliadas. Os métodos biotecnológicos empregados permitiram a obtenção de materiais com propriedades medicinais para as atividades leishmanicida e antibacteriana, assim como o material in vivo, constituindo este estudo o primeiro relato para as atividades propostas em A. mucosa.

Adaptação digestiva com duodenal switch parcial em pacientes diabéticos e com IMC<35 Kg/m2. Análise da resposta clínica, laboratorial, enterohormonal e da expressão do gene p53 na mucosa intestinal

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença de prevalência crescente na população mundial, sendo associado ao aumento de diversas comorbidades. A relação entre o trato digestivo e o DM2 tem sido fortalecida a partir dos resultados das diferentes cirurgias metabólicas frente à remissão do distúrbio endócrino. Alterações morfológicas hipertróficas no epitélio intestinal são percebidas nos estágios iniciais da doença e parece ter papel primordial na instalação da hiperglicemia crônica. O gene p53 participa ativamente dos processos de regulação do crescimento epitelial intestinal e pode sofrer alteração de sua expressão em estados diabéticos. Objetiva-se avaliar os resultados clínicos e laboratoriais de pacientes DM2 e com índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) >25 e <35 Kg/m2 submetidos a cirurgia metabólica denominada adaptação digestiva com duodenal switch parcial (DSP) e avaliar o comportamento da expressão do gene p53 na mucosa intestinal no período pré e pós-operatório. Nove pacientes DM2, com IMC<35Kg/m2 foram operados pela técnica DSP. Biópsias de duodeno e íleo foram colhidas no estado diabético (pré e transoperatório respectivamente) e, 3 meses após a cirurgia, através de endoscopia digestiva alta. Foram comparados os dados de evolução antropométrica (IMC) e laboratorial no período pré e pós-operatório. Através do método enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) foram determinados os níveis dos entero-hormônios glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) e glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), no pré e pós-operatório, em jejum e pós-prandial nos períodos 30',60',90' e 120'. A expressão do gene p53, foi avaliada por real time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-PCR) e western blot, nos dois diferentes momentos. As variáveis: glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial (2 horas), trigliceridemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada (HbAc1) e peptídeo C foram analisadas. As médias dos parâmetros laboratoriais foram comparadas pela análise multivariada ANOVA e após teste-Tukey. A média de expressão relativa do gene p53 foi comparada nos dois períodos pelo teste t-student. Os resultados evidenciaram que entre maio e dezembro de 2010, nove pacientes (4 homens, 5 mulheres) DM2 e com IMC entre 26 e 34Kg/m2 foram submetidos a DSP. A média de IMC do grupo operado foi de 31,3. Houve queda do IMC média de 23% após um ano. Houve queda significativa (p<0,05) nos níveis de triglicerídeos, glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial (2 horas), HbA1c assim como aumento do peptídeo-C (p<0,05), quando comparados os períodos pré e pós-operatório. Os níveis séricos de GLP-1 foram significativamente maiores no pós-operatório (p<0,05), tanto em jejum como pós-prandial sendo que houve diminuição dos níveis de GIP, contudo sem significância estatística. O gene p53 sofreu aumento significativo de sua expressão relativa (qrt-PCR)(p<0,05) no período pós-operatório na mucosa duodenal e uma tendência de aumento no íleo, contudo sem significância estatística. A análise da expressão ao nível proteico foi bem sucedida somente no íleo, também mostrando tendência de aumento. Concluí-se que a DSP foi capaz de controlar satisfatoriamente o DM2 em pacientes com IMC<35 Kg/m2. Houve aumento da secreção de GLP-1 e tendência de diminuição do GIP. Houve aumento da expressão do p53 na mucosa intestinal, no período pós-operatório, após o controle do diabetes, quando comparada ao período pré-operatório.

Elevated C-peptide and insulin predict increased risk of colorectal adenomas in normal mucosa.

BACKGROUND: Lower concentrations of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and elevated concentrations of insulin or C-peptide have been associated with an increase in colorectal cancer risk (CRC). However few studies have evaluated IGFBP-1 and C-peptide in relation to adenomatous polyps, the only known precursor for CRC. METHODS: Between November 2001 and December 2002, we examined associations between circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, IGFBP-1 and apoptosis among 190 individuals with one or more adenomatous polyps and 488 with no adenomatous polyps using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Individuals with the highest concentrations of C-peptide were more likely to have adenomas (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-4.0) than those with the lowest concentrations; associations that appeared to be stronger in men (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.7-10.9) than women. Individuals with high insulin concentrations also had a higher risk of adenomas (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.7-7.4), whereas higher levels of IGFBP-1 were associated with a reduced risk of adenomas in men only (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Overweight and obese individuals with higher C-peptide levels (>1(st) Q) were at increased risk for lower apoptosis index (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.9-7.1), an association that remained strong in overweight and obese men (OR = 6.3, 95% CI 1.0-36.7). Higher levels of IGFBP-1 in overweight and obese individuals were associated with a reduced risk of low apoptosis (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between these peptides and the apoptosis index in overweight and obese individuals, suggest that the mechanism by which C-peptide could induce adenomas may include its anti-apoptotic properties. This study suggests that hyperinsulinemia and IGF hormones predict adenoma risk, and that outcomes associated with colorectal carcinogenesis maybe modified by gender.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4): a targetable regulator of drug resistance in colorectal cancer

The discovery of underlying mechanisms of drug resistance, and the development of novel agents to target these pathways, is a priority for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously undertook a systems biology approach to design a functional genomic screen and identified fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) as a potential mediator of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FGFR4 in drug resistance using RNAi and the small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398 (Novartis). We found that FGFR4 is highly expressed at the RNA and protein levels in colon cancer tumour tissue compared with normal colonic mucosa and other tumours. Silencing of FGFR4 reduced cell viability in a panel of colon cancer cell lines and increased caspase-dependent apoptosis. A synergistic interaction was also observed between FGFR4 silencing and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colon cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, FGFR4 silencing decreased activity of the pro-survival STAT3 transcription factor and expression of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP. Furthermore, silencing of STAT3 resulted in downregulation of c-FLIP protein expression, suggesting that FGFR4 may regulate c-FLIP expression via STAT3. A similar phenotype and downstream pathway changes were observed following FGFR4 silencing in cell lines resistant to 5-FU, oxaliplatin and SN38 and upon exposure of parental cells to the FGFR small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398. Our results indicate that FGFR4 is a targetable regulator of chemo-resistance in CRC, and hence inhibiting FGFR4 in combination with 5-FU and oxaliplatin is a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.

Opposite effects of fasting on TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI distribution in the gastric mucosa of suckling and early weanling rats

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a dietary regimen (suckling or early weaning) and feeding status (fed or fasted) on the distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) and TGF receptor-I (T beta RI) in the gastric epithelium of pups Methods: Wistar rats were used At 15 d, half of the pups were separated from dams and fed with hydrated powered chow On day 17, suckling and early weanling rats were subjected to fasting (17 h). Four different conditions were established. suckling fed and fasted and early weanling fed and fasted At 18 d stomachs were collected under anesthesia and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry The number of immunostained epithelial cells per microscopic field was determined for TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI in longitudinal sections from the gastric mucosa Results: We found that during suckling, fasting reduced the number of immunolabeled cells per field of both molecules when compared with the fed group (P < 0.05), whereas in early weaning, food restriction increased TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI distributions (P < 0.05) We also observed that TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI were more concentrated in parietal cells in the upper gland in suckling pups, whereas after early weaning these were displaced to parietal and chief cells at the bottom of the gland Conclusion: Suckling and early weaning directly influence TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI distributions in the gastric epithelium in response to fasting, such that early weaning anticipates the effects observed in adult rats. Furthermore, the differential concentrations of TGF-beta 3 and T beta RI indicate that they might be important for cell proliferation events in growth control (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Early weaning accelerates the differentiation of mucous neck cells in rat gastric mucosa: Possible role of TGF alpha/EGFR

The development of the gastric mucosa is controlled by hormones, growth factors and feeding behavior. Early weaning (EW), which means the abrupt interruption of suckling, increases proliferation and differentiation in the rat gastric epithelium. Transforming growth factor alpha(TGF alpha) is secreted in the stomach, binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor( EGFR) and may control cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Here, we investigated the influence of suckling-weaning transition on the differentiation of mucous neck cells in the stomach and its association to the expression of TGF alpha and EGFR. Fifteen-day-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups: suckling( control), in which pups were kept with the dam, and early weaning( EW), in which rats were separated from their mother and fed with hydrated powdered chow. TGF alpha and EGFR levels were increased at 18 days in EW animals compared to control ones (p<0.05). Histochemical reactions with Periodic Acid-Schiff reagent+Alcian Blue or Bandeiraea simplicifolia II lectin were used to stain the mucous neck cells and showed an increase in this cell population throughout EW, which was more pronounced at 17 days when compared to suckling pups (p<0.05). These morphological results were confirmed by RT-PCR for mucin 6. The levels of mucin 6 mRNA were higher in EW animals from the 16th to the 18th day(1-3 days post-weaning) when compared to the respective control group. Inhibition of EGFR through AG1478 administration to EW animals prevented the expansion of mucous neck cell population induced by EW (p<0.05). Therefore, early weaning up regulated TGF alpha/EGFR expression and induced differentiation of mucous neck cells. Moreover, we showed that EGFR takes part in the maturation of this cell population. We conclude that regular suckling-weaning transition is crucial to guarantee the development of the gastric mucosa. (C) 2009 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fasting differentially regulates plasma corticosterone-binding globulin, glucocorticoid receptor, and cell cycle in the gastric mucosa of pups and adult rats

Ogias D, de Andrade Sa ER, Kasai A, Moisan M, Alvares EP, Gama P. Fasting differentially regulates plasma corticosterone-binding globulin, glucocorticoid receptor, and cell cycle in the gastric mucosa of pups and adult rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 298: G117-G125, 2010. First published October 15, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2009.-The nutritional status influences gastric growth, and interestingly, whereas cell proliferation is stimulated by fasting in suckling rats, it is inhibited in adult animals. Corticosterone takes part in the mechanisms that govern development, and its effects are regulated in particular by corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). To investigate whether corticosterone activity responds to fasting and how possible changes might control gastric epithelial cell cycle, we evaluated different parameters during the progression of fasting in 18- and 40-day-old rats. Food restriction induced higher corticosterone plasma concentration at both ages, but only in pups did CBG binding increase after short-and long-term treatments. Fasting also increased gastric GR at transcriptional and protein levels, but the effect was more pronounced in 40-day-old animals. Moreover, in pups, GR was observed in the cytoplasm, whereas, in adults, it accumulated in the nucleus after the onset of fasting. Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP 90 were differentially regulated and might contribute to the stability of GR and to the high cytoplasmic levels in pups and elevated shuttling in adult rats. As for gastric epithelial cell cycle, whereas cyclin D1 and p21 increased during fasting in pups, in adults, cyclin E slowly decreased, concomitant with higher p27. In summary, we demonstrated that corticosterone function is differentially regulated by fasting in 18-and 40-day-old rats, and such variation might attenuate any possible suppressive effects during postnatal development. We suggest that this mechanism could ultimately increase cell proliferation and allow regular gastric growth during adverse nutritional conditions.