Digestive ripening: a synthetic method par excellence for core-shell, alloy, and composite nanostructured materials

The solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method has been used for the synthesis of colloids of metal nanoparticles. It is a top-down approach involving condensation of metal atoms in low temperature solvent matrices in a SMAD reactor maintained at 77 K. Warming of the matrix results in a slurry of metal atoms that interact with one another to form particles that grow in size. The organic solvent solvates the particles and acts as a weak capping agent to halt/slow down the growth process to a certain extent. This as-prepared colloid consists of metal nanoparticles that are quite polydisperse. In a process termed as digestive ripening, addition of a capping agent to the as-prepared colloid which is polydisperse renders it highly monodisperse either under ambient or thermal conditions. In this, as yet not well-understood process, smaller particles grow and the larger ones diminish in size until the system attains uniformity in size and a dynamic equilibrium is established. Using the SMAD method in combination with digestive ripening process, highly monodisperse metal, core-shell, alloy, and composite nanoparticles have been synthesized. This article is a review of our contributions together with some literature reports on this methodology to realize various nanostructured materials.

Cell polarity: Scaffold proteins par excellence

Par proteins are involved in determining cellular asymmetry. Recent studies have identified one of these proteins, Par6, as a key regulator of cell polarity and transformation via its interactions with small GTPases and atypical forms of protein kinase C.

Kommissionierung par excellence

Der Kommissionierprozess stellt im Rahmen der innerbetrieblichen Logistik - gerade auch im Hinblick auf Just-In-Time-Lieferungen und Fragen der Produkthaftung - einen zentralen Baustein des Material- und Informationsflusses in Unternehmen dar. Dabei ist die Wahl des Kommissioniersystems ausschlaggebend für die Optimierung der personal- und zeitaufwendigen Kommissioniervorgänge und dient damit zur Leistungssteigerung unter gleichzeitiger Reduzierung der Fehlerquote.

Les livres sacrés de l'Orient : comprenant le Chou-King ou le livre par excellence ; les Sse-Chou ou les quatre livres de Confucius et de ses disciples ; les lois de Manou, premier législateur de l'Inde ; le Koran de Mahomet /

Mode of access: Internet.

Les livres sacrés de l'Orient, comprenant le Chou-King ou le livre par excellence, les Sse-Chou ou les quatre livres moraux de Confucius et de ses disciples, les lois de Manou, premier législateur de l'Inde; le Koran de Mahomet, traduits ou revus et corrigés.

Mode of access: Internet.

Caracterização sorológica e detecção molecular do HTLV em amostras de pacientes com distúrbios neurológicos no Estado do Pará, Brasil (1996-2005)

ABSTRACT: Human T-lymphotropic virus tipe 1 is recognized as the etiologic agent of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). A very similar clinical disease has been increasingly associated to HTLV-2, whose pathogenicity still requires further assessments. This transversal, retrospective epidemiological survey aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV among individuals with neurological disturbances and further evaluate cases of inconclusive serology using molecular biology methods. The present study involved patients inhabitants of Pará State and/or admitted at health institutions of the and who were referred to the Virology Section of Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC) by local doctors between January of 1996 and December 2005, to search for the presence of HTLV-1/2 serum antibodies. Of these patients 353 were selected, with age between 9 months and 79 years, who presented at least one signal or symptom of the Marsh’s Complex (1996), as well as had HTLV-1/2 positive serology at screening and confirmatory ELISA. The overall prevalence of HTLV antibodies by ELISA as 8,8% (31/353), with rates of 10,6% (19/179) and 6,9% (12/174) for female and male patients, respectively. Among HTLV-1/2 the 31 ELISA-positive patients it was noted that 15 (48.4%) of 31 had paresis (n = 8), parestesis (n = 5), and paraplegia (n = 3). Of these 31 HTLV ELISA positive patients, 25 could be submitted to WB for assessment of viral types, which were distributed as follow: 80% (20/25) were HTLV-1, 12% (3/25) were HTLV-2, one case was of HTLV-1+HTLV-2 infection (4%), and serum from one patient yielded an indeterminate profile (4%). Only 14 of these 25 patients could be re-localised for collection of an additional sample for molecular analysis. It was observed that 78.6% of samples typed by WB had the proviral TAX region successfully amplified by nested-PCR. In addition, types were confirmed as based on results obtained from the amplification of the POL region using real-time PCR; this denoted good specificity and sensitivity of the WB used in this study. The sample defined as HTLV-1+HTLV-2 infection by WB was amplified in its TAX region but real time PCR confirmed HTLV-1 infection only. The patient with WB indeterminate profile and one of samples typed as HTLV-2 by WB were amplified by nested-PCR but the real time PCR was negative for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in both samples. One patient presenting clinical manifestations of crural myalgia and parestesia with duration of about 7 years reacted HTLV-2-positive by both WB and real-time PCR, a denoting a clear HTLV-2- related chronic myelopathy. This study has identified a case of possible vertical transmission in two distinct situations: a patient whose mother presented antibodies for HTLV-1 by WB and two sisters who reacted HTLV-1-positive by WB and real-time PCR. Although of epidemiological relevance, results from this study warrant further and broader analyses concerning the molecular epidemiology of HTLV types and subtypes HTLV. In addition, a more complete clinical assessment of neurological symptoms should be further performed, in order to better characterise cases of HTLV-related chronic myelopathy in our region.

Caracterização molecular de cepas do Vírus da raiva (Lyssavirus; Rhabdoviridae) isoladas no Estado do Pará

A raiva é uma das zoonoses mais antigas e temidas pelo homem devido a seu desfecho fatal. Os cães ainda são considerados os principais responsáveis pela manutenção e transmissão da raiva para o homem. Porém, nos últimos anos os morcegos hematófagos têm ganhado destaque como potenciais transmissores de raiva para animais e humanos nas Américas. Recentemente, várias epidemias de raiva humana transmitida por morcegos hematófagos foram relatados no estado do Pará, o que mostra uma grande alteração no ambiente natural destes animais. A amplificação parcial do gene N pela técnica de RT-PCR foi aplicada em 62 amostras positivas para o Vírus da raiva, pela imunofluorescência direta e prova biológica. As seqüências nucleotídicas obtidas foram comparadas entre si e com outras amostras de vírus rábico isoladas no Brasil, utilizando os métodos de análise filogenética máxima verossimilhança e Bayesiano. Estas análises permitiram traçar o perfil epidemiológico molecular das variantes virais circulantes no estado do Pará, observando a emergência da transmissão de casos associados à variante antigênica 3 (VAg3), comumente encontrada em morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus em detrimento dos casos relacionados à variante antigênica 2 (VAg2) associada a cães domésticos, bem como a identificação de três linhagens genéticas relacionadas a VAg3 e uma relacionada a VAg2 e uma possível nova variante isolada de morcego frugívoro Uroderma bilobatum.

L’évolution de la qualité d’emploi des immigrants du Canada par rapport aux natifs : une comparaison interprovinciale

Il est bien connu que les immigrants rencontrent plusieurs difficultés d’intégration dans le marché du travail canadien. Notamment, ils gagnent des salaires inférieurs aux natifs et ils sont plus susceptibles que ces derniers d’occuper des emplois précaires ou pour lesquels ils sont surqualifiés. Dans cette recherche, nous avons traité de ces trois problèmes sous l’angle de la qualité d’emploi. À partir des données des recensements de la population de 1991 à 2006, nous avons comparé l’évolution de la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs au Canada, mais aussi au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Ces comparaisons ont mis en évidence la hausse du retard de qualité d’emploi des immigrants par rapport aux natifs dans tous les lieux analysés, mais plus particulièrement au Québec. Le désavantage des immigrants persiste même lorsqu’on tient compte du capital humain, des caractéristiques démographiques et du taux de chômage à l’entrée dans le marché du travail. La scolarité, l’expérience professionnelle globale et les connaissances linguistiques améliorent la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs. Toutefois, lorsqu’on fait la distinction entre l’expérience de travail canadienne et l’expérience de travail étrangère, on s’aperçoit que ce dernier type d’expérience réduit la qualité d’emploi des immigrants. Dans ces circonstances, nous trouvons incohérent que le Canada et le Québec continuent à insister sur ce critère dans leur grille de sélection des travailleurs qualifiés. Pour valoriser les candidats les plus jeunes ayant peu d’expérience de travail dans leur pays d’origine, nous suggérons d’accroître l’importance accordée à l’âge dans ces grilles au détriment de l’expérience. Les jeunes, les étudiants étrangers et les travailleurs temporaires qui possèdent déjà une expérience de travail au Canada nous apparaissent comme des candidats à l’immigration par excellence. Par contre, les résultats obtenus à l’aide de la méthode de décomposition de Blinder-Oaxaca ont montré que l’écart de qualité d’emploi entre les immigrants et les natifs découle d’un traitement défavorable envers les immigrants dans le marché du travail. Cela signifie que les immigrants sont pénalisés au chapitre de la qualité d’emploi à la base, et ce, peu importe leurs caractéristiques. Dans ce contexte, la portée de tout ajustement aux grilles de sélection risque d’être limitée. Nous proposons donc d’agir également en aval du problème à l’aide des politiques d’aide à l’intégration des immigrants. Pour ce faire, une meilleure concertation entre les acteurs du marché du travail est nécessaire. Les ordres professionnels, le gouvernement, les employeurs et les immigrants eux-mêmes doivent s’engager afin d’établir des parcours accélérés pour la reconnaissance des compétences des nouveaux arrivants. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le traitement défavorable à l’égard des immigrants dans le marché du travail est plus prononcé au Québec qu’en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Il se peut que la société québécoise soit plus réfractaire à l’immigration vu son caractère francophone et minoritaire dans le reste de l’Amérique du Nord. Pourtant, le désir de protéger la langue française motive le Québec à s’impliquer activement en matière d’immigration depuis longtemps et la grille de sélection québécoise insiste déjà sur ce critère. D’ailleurs, près des deux tiers des nouveaux arrivants au Québec connaissent le français en 2011.

O acesso à educação superior pelas populações do campo, na universidade pública: um estudo do PRONERA, PROCAMPO e PARFOR, na Universidade Federal do Pará

O presente estudo foca a temática do acesso das populações do campo à universidade pública, com base na análise do PRONERA – Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária, do PROCAMPO – Programa de Apoio à Formação Superior em Licenciatura em Educação do Campo e do PARFOR – Plano Nacional Formação de Professores da Educação Básica, tomando como referência a Universidade Federal do Pará. A pesquisa analisa o cenário da Educação Superior e as modificações no sistema de acesso à universidade, apresenta um panorama sobre as iniciativas de acesso das populações do campo, analisando cursos, recursos financeiros, dados estatísticos e apresentando uma cartografia dos programas no Brasil e no Estado do Pará. Para alcançar o objetivo geral, que foi de analisar as formas de acesso pela população do campo à Educação Superior, no período pós Lei 9.394/96, optou-se por uma metodologia de abordagem dialética, buscamos analisar fatores sociais, políticos, econômicos e as relações estabelecidas, no contexto do acesso das populações do campo à educação superior. Convém esclarecer que não tomamos o método dialético por excelência, pois consideramos que existem muitos elementos dele que não poderão ser aplicados por nós no tempo que a pesquisa propõe, uma vez que somente essa perspectiva nos permitiria a análise da realidade em questão, buscando o apoio na exploração de bibliografias e na técnica de análises de documentos, para posterior sistematização, organização e análise dos dados estatísticos e das informações coletadas ao longo da pesquisa. Os resultados da investigação apontam para um novo eixo de análise dentro da temática Educação Superior – a Educação Superior do Campo, uma vez que o acesso das populações do campo, com metodologias diferenciadas e pautadas no referencial da Educação do Campo passou a ser uma realidade em nosso País. A pesquisa aponta ainda a ampliação do acesso às universidades públicas, com base nos princípios conquistados pela luta dos movimentos sociais e do movimento por uma educação do campo, assim como identificou outras particularidades que não condizem, a princípio, com o que seria uma política educacional voltada para o campo, como é o caso do PARFOR, que, embora não seja criado propriamente a atender estudantes do campo, tem, no Pará, contemplado uma significativa parcela de estudantes/ educadores atuantes em escolas do campo.

Confucian education and enlightenment for the masses in the manner of Guwen guanzhi

The topic of this study is the most renowned anthology of essays written in Literary Chinese, Guwen guanzhi, compiled and edited by Wu Chengquan (Chucai) and Wu Dazhi (Diaohou), and first published during the Qing dynasty, in 1695. Because of the low social standing of the compilers, their anthology remained outside the recommended study materials produced by members of the established literati and used for preparing students in the imperial civil-service examinations. However, since the end of the imperial era, Guwen guanzhi has risen to a position as the classical anthology par excellence. Today it is widely used as required or supplementary reading material of Literary Chinese in middle-schools both in Mainland China and on Taiwan. The goal of this study is to explain the persistent longevity of the anthology. So far, Guwen guanzhi has not been a topic of any published academic study, and the opinions expressed on it in various sources are widely discrepant. Through a comparative study with a dozen classical Chinese anthologies in use during the early Qing dynasty, this study reveals the extent to which the compilers of Guwen guanzhi modelled their work after other selections. Altogether 86 % of the texts in Guwen guanzhi originate from another Qing era anthology, Guwen xiyi, often copied character by character. However, the notes and commentaries are all different. Concentrating on the special characteristics unique to Guwen guanzhi—the commentaries and certain peculiarities in the selection of texts—this study then discusses the possible reasons for the popularity of Guwen guanzhi over the competing readers during the Qing era. Most remarkably, Guwen guanzhi put in practise the equalitarian, educational ideals of the Ming philosopher Wang Shouren (Yangming). Thus Guwen guanzhi suited the self-enlightenment needs of the ”subordinate classes”, in particular the rising middle-class comprised mainly of merchants. The lack of moral teleology, together with the compact size, relative comprehensiveness of the selection and good notes and comments, have made Guwen guanzhi well suited for the new society since the abolition of the imperial examination system. Through a content analysis, based on a sample of the texts, this study measures the relative emphasis on centralism and localism (both in concrete and spiritual terms) expressed in the texts of Guwen guanzhi. The analysis shows that the texts manifest some bias towards emphasising innate virtue on the expense of state-defined moral. This may reflect hidden critique towards intellectual oppression by the centralised imperial rule. During the early decades of the Qing era, such critique was often linked to Ming-loyalism. Finally, this study concludes that the kind of ”spiritual localism” that Guwen guanzhi manifests gives it the potential to undermine monolithic orthodoxy even in today’s Chinese societies. This study has progressed hand in hand with the translation of a selection of texts from Guwen guanzhi into Finnish, published by Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press: Jadekasvot – Valittuja tarinoita Kiinan muinaisajoilta (2005), Jadelähde – Valittuja kirjoituksia Kiinan keskiajalta (2007) and Jadepeili – Valittuja kirjoituksia keisarillisen Kiinan kulta-ajoilta (2008). All translations are critical editions, complete with extensive notation. The trilogy is the first comprehensive translation based on Guwen guanzhi in a European language.

Imazhinist Mariengof : Dendi. Montazh. Ciniki.

The study is dedicated to the Russian poet and prose writer Anatolii Borisovich Mariengof (1897–1962). Mariengof – “the last dandy of the Republic” – was one of the leaders and main theoreticians in the poetic group of the Russian Imaginists. For his contemporaries, he was an Imaginist par excellence. His Imaginist principles – in theory and practice – are applied to the study of his first fictional novel, Cynics (1928), which served as an epilogue for his Imaginist period (1918–1928). The novel was not published in the Soviet Union until 1988. The method used in the study is a conceptual and literary historical reading, making use of the contemporary semiotic understanding of cultural mechanisms and of intertextual analysis. There are three main concepts used throughout the study: dandy, montage and catachresis. In the first chapter, the history, practice and theory of the Russian Imaginism are analyzed from the point of view of dandyism. The Imaginist theatricalisation of life is juxtaposed with the thematic analysis of their poetry, and Imaginist dandyism appears as a catachrestic category in culture. The second chapter examines the Imaginist poetic theory. It is discussed in the context of the montage principle, defining the post-revolutionary culture in Soviet Russia. The Imaginist montage can be divided into three main theoretical paradigms: S. Yesenin’s “technical montage” (reminiscent of Dadaist collage), V. Shershenevich’s “nominative montage” (catalogues of images) and Anatolii Mariengof’s “catachrestic montage”. The final chapter deals with Mariengof’s first fictional novel, Cynics. The study begins with the complex history of publication of the novel, as well as its relation to the Imaginist poetic principles and to the history of the poetic movement. Cynics is, essentially, an Imaginist montage novel. The fragmentary play of the fictional and the documentary material follows the Imaginist montage principle. The chapter concludes in a thematic analysis of the novel, concentrating on the description of the October Revolution in Cynics.

Gustaf III inför sina undersåtar : Konsten att härska och politikens kulturhistoria

The dissertation analyses the political culture of Sweden during the reign of King Gustav III (1771-1792). This period commonly referred to as the Gustavian era followed the so-called Age of Liberty ending half a century of strong parliamentary rule in Sweden. The question at the heart of this study engages with the practice of monarchical rule under Gustav III, its ideological origins and power-political objectives as well as its symbolic expression. The study thereby addresses the very nature of kingship. In concrete terms, why did Gustav III, his court, and his civil service vigorously pursue projects that contemporaneous political opponents and, in particular, subsequent historiography have variously pictured as irrelevant, superficial, or as products of pure vanity? The answer, the study argues, is to be found in patterns of political practice as developed and exercised by Gustav III and his administration, which formed a significant part of the political culture of Gustavian Sweden. The dissertation is divided into three parts. The first traces the use and development of royal graces chivalric orders, medals, titles, privileges, and other gifts issued by the king. The practice of royal reward is illustrated through two case studies: the 1772 coup d état that established Gustav III s rule, and the birth and baptism of the crown prince, Gustav Adolf, in 1778. The second part deals with the establishment of the Court of Appeal in Vasa in 1776. The formation of the Appeals Court was accompanied by a host of ceremonial, rhetorical, emblematic, and architectural features solidifying its importance as one of Gustav III s most symbolic administrative reform projects and hence portraying the king as an enlightened monarch par excellence. The third and final part of the thesis engages with war as a cultural phenomenon and focuses on the Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790. In this study, the war against Russia is primarily seen as an arena for the king and other players to stage, create and re-create as well as articulate themselves through scenes and roles adhering to a particular cultural idiom. Its codes and symbolic forms, then, were communicated by means of theatre, literature, art, history, and classical mythology. The dissertation makes use of a host of sources: protocols, speeches, letters, diaries, newspapers, poetry, art, medals, architecture, inscriptions and registers. Traditional political source material and literary and art sources are studied as totalities, not as separate entities. Also it is argued that political and non-fictional sources cannot be understood properly without acknowledging the context of genre, literary conventions, and artistic modes. The study critically views the futile, but nonetheless almost habitual juxtaposition of the reality of images, ideas, and metaphors, and the reality of supposedly factual historical events. Significantly, the thesis presumes the symbolic dimension to be a constitutive element of reality, not its cooked up misrepresentation. This presumption is reflected in a discussion of the concept of role , which should not be anachronistically understood as roles in which the king cast himself at different times and in different situations. Neither Gustav III nor other European sovereigns of this period played the roles as rulers or majesties. Rather, they were monarchs both in their own eyes and in the eyes of their contemporaries as well as in all relations and contexts. Key words: Eighteenth-Century, Gustav III, Cultural History, Monarchs, Royal Graces, the Vasa Court of Appeal, the Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790.