The integration of lipid-sensing and anti-inflammatory effects: how the PPARs play a role in metabolic balance

The peroxisomal proliferating-activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid-sensing transcription factors that have a role in embryonic development, but are primarily known for modulating energy metabolism, lipid storage, and transport, as well as inflammation and wound healing. Currently, there is no consensus as to the overall combined function of PPARs and why they evolved. We hypothesize that the PPARs had to evolve to integrate lipid storage and burning with the ability to reduce oxidative stress, as energy storage is essential for survival and resistance to injury/infection, but the latter increases oxidative stress and may reduce median survival (functional longevity). In a sense, PPARs may be an evolutionary solution to something we call the 'hypoxia-lipid' conundrum, where the ability to store and burn fat is essential for survival, but is a 'double-edged sword', as fats are potentially highly toxic. Ways in which PPARs may reduce oxidative stress involve modulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) expression (thus reducing reactive oxygen species, ROS), optimising forkhead box class O factor (FOXO) activity (by improving whole body insulin sensitivity) and suppressing NFkB (at the transcriptional level). In light of this, we therefore postulate that inflammation-induced PPAR downregulation engenders many of the signs and symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, which shares many features with the acute phase response (APR) and is the opposite of the phenotype associated with calorie restriction and high FOXO activity. In genetically susceptible individuals (displaying the naturally mildly insulin resistant 'thrifty genotype'), suboptimal PPAR activity may follow an exaggerated but natural adipose tissue-related inflammatory signal induced by excessive calories and reduced physical activity, which normally couples energy storage with the ability to mount an immune response. This is further worsened when pancreatic decompensation occurs, resulting in gluco-oxidative stress and lipotoxicity, increased inflammatory insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Reactivating PPARs may restore a metabolic balance and help to adapt the phenotype to a modern lifestyle.

Metabolic syndrome signs in Wistar rats submitted to different high-fructose ingestion protocols

In search of an adequate model for the human metabolic syndrome, the metabolic characteristics of Wistar rats were analysed after being submitted to different protocols of high fructose ingestion. First, two adult rat groups (aged 90 d) were studied: a control group (C1; n 6) received regular rodent chow (Labina, Purina) and a fructose group (F1; n 6) was fed on regular rodent chow. Fructose was administered as a 10 % solution in drinking water. Second, two adult rat groups (aged 90 d) were evaluated: a control group (C2; n 6) was fed on a balanced diet (AIN-93G) and a fructose group (F2; n 6) was fed on a purified 60 % fructose diet. Finally, two young rat groups (aged 28 d) were analysed: a control group (C3; n 6) was fed on the AIN-93G diet and a fructose group (F3; n 6) was fed on a 60 % fructose diet. After 4-8 weeks, the animals were evaluated. Glucose tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile and body fat were analysed. In the fructose groups F2 and F3 glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were lower, while triacylglycerolaemia was higher than the respective controls C2 and C3 (P < 0.05). Blood total cholesterol, HDL and LDL as well as body fat showed change only in the second protocol. In conclusion, high fructose intake is more effective at producing the signs of the metabolic syndrome in adult than in young Wistar rats. Additionally, diet seems to be a more effective way of fructose administration than drinking water.

A new conceptual model of nitrification: A key factor in resolving the metabolic state of the ocean

Máster en Oceanografía

Effect of atmospheric gas plasmas on cancer cell signaling

Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases with many forms still regarded as incurable. The conventional cancer treatments have unwanted side effects such as the death of normal cells. A therapy that can accurately target and effectively kill tumor cells could address the inadequacies of the available therapies. Atmospheric gas plasmas (AGP) that are able to specifically kill cancerous cells offer a promising alternative approach compared to conventional therapies. AGP have been shown to exploit tumor-specific genetic defects and a recent trial in mice has confirmed its antitumor effects. The mechanism by which the AGP act on tumor cells but not normal cells is not fully understood. A review of the current literature suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by AGP induce death of cancer cells by impairing the function of intracellular regulatory factors. The majority of cancer cells are defective in tumor suppressors that interfere normal cell growth pathways. It appears that pro-oncogene or tumor suppressor-dependent regulation of antioxidant/or ROS signaling pathways may be involved in AGP-induced cancer cell death. The toxic effects of ROS are mitigated by normal cells by adjustment of their metabolic pathways. On the other hand, tumor cells are mostly defective in several regulatory signaling pathways which lead to the loss of metabolic balance within the cells and consequently, the regulation of cell growth. This review article evaluates the impact of AGP on the activation of cellular signaling and its importance for exploring mechanisms for safe and efficient anticancer therapies.

Peritoneal dialysis and neurological outcome in infants and small children

Although improved outcomes for children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been seen in recent years, the youngest patients continue to demonstrate inferior growth, more frequent infections, more neurological sequelae, and higher mortality compared to older children. Also, maintain-ing normal intravascular volume status, especially in anuric patients, has proven difficult. This study was designed to treat and monitor these youngest PD patients, which are relatively many due to the high prevalence of congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF, NPHS1) in Finland, with a strict protocol, to evaluate the results and to improve metabolic balance, growth, and development. A retrospective analysis of 23 children under two years of age at onset of PD, treated between 1995 and 2000, was performed to obtain a control population for our prospective PD study. Respectively, 21 patients less than two years of age at the beginning of PD were enrolled in prospective studies between 2001 and 2005. Medication for uremia and nutrition were care-fully adjusted during PD. Laboratory parameters and intravascular volume status were regu-larly analyzed. Growth was analyzed and compared with midparental height. In a prospective neurological study, the risk factors for development and the neurological development was determined. Brain images were surveyed. Hearing was tested. In a retrospective neurological study, the data of six NPHS1 patients with a congruent neurological syndrome was analyzed. All these patients had a serious dyskinetic cerebral palsy-like syndrome with muscular dysto-nia and athetosis (MDA). They also had a hearing defect. Metabolic control was mainly good in both PD patient groups. Hospitalization time shortened clearly. The peritonitis rate diminished. Hypertension was a common problem. Left ventricular hypertrophy decreased during the prospective study period. None of the patients in either PD group had pulmonary edema or dialysis-related seizures. Growth was good and catch-up growth was documented in most patients in both patient groups during PD. Mortality was low (5% in prospective and 9% in retrospective PD patients). In the prospective PD patient group 11 patients (52%) had some risk factor for their neuro-development originating from the predialysis period. The neurological problems, detected be-fore PD, did not worsen during PD and none of the patients developed new neurological com-plications during PD. Brain infarcts were detected in four (19%) and other ischemic lesions in three patients (14%). At the end of this study, 29% of the prospectively followed patients had a major impairment of their neurodevelopment and 43% only minor impairment. In the NPHS1+MDA patients, no clear explanation for the neurological syndrome was found. The brain MRI showed increased signal intensity in the globus pallidus area. Kernic-terus was contemplated to be causative in the hypoproteinemic newborns but it could not be proven. Mortality was as high as 67%. Our results for young PD patients were promising. Metabolic control was acceptable and growth was good. However, the children were significantly smaller when compared to their midparental height. Although many patients were found to have neurological impairment at the end of our follow-up period, PD was a safe treatment whereby the neurodevelopment did not worsen during PD.

Alteração do ciclo menstrual na adolescência: manifestação precoce da Síndrome Metabólica?

Na última década, surgiram evidências de que a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), relatada de forma crescente entre adolescentes, tem início na vida intrauterina e seus sinais e sintomas já estão presentes na adolescência, porém, ainda faltam critérios diagnósticos específicos para essa faixa etária. O ciclo menstrual representa o resultado do funcionamento normal não apenas do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Ovário (HHO), do útero e do aparelho genital, mas também, do equilíbrio metabólico do organismo. Alterações no ciclo menstrual podem representar sinais de desequilíbrio e anormalidade. A SM está também relacionada à Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP), disfunção ovariana caracterizada por oligoanovulação, hiperandrogenismo e/ou ovários policísticos. A resistência à insulina (RI) tem um papel central na fisiopatologia e na inter-relação dos componentes tanto da SM como também da SOP. A RI é compensada pelo aumento da produção de insulina pelas células beta pancreáticas, e essa hiperinsulinemia compensatória tem conseqüências no endotélio, nos fatores inflamatórios, no metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, além de afetar o ciclo menstrual pelo estímulo da androgênese ovariana, suprimindo a SHBG e possivelmente alterando o padrão da secreção pulsátil do GnRH. Estas alterações menstruais podem apresentar-se de forma precoce, antes das alterações metabólicas da RI, portanto, a avaliação atenta do padrão menstrual de adolescentes pode representar um valioso sinal que alerta para o risco metabólico e cardiovascular. Avaliamos o comportamento de parâmetros da Síndrome Metabólica e sua relação com o ciclo menstrual em adolescentes através de um estudo observacional transversal com 59 adolescentes do sexo feminino entre 12 e 19 anos e presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes fatores de risco para SM: Sobrepeso - Obesidade - Acantose Nigricans. Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a uma avaliação clínica com levantamento de dados antropométricos, e laboratoriais composta de: Glicose de Jejum, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, Triglicerídeos, Teste Oral de Tolerância a Glicose (Glicose 120), Insulina pré (insulina jejum), pós TOTG (insulina 120), Folículo-Estimulante (FSH), Hormônio Luteinizante (LH), Testosterona Total (TT), Androstenediona, Foram criados 2 grupos:G-1- adolescentes com ciclos irregulares, e G-2- adolescentes com ciclos regulares. Das 59 adolescentes avaliadas, 36 formaram o G-1, e 23 o G-2. A média da idade ginecológica foi de 4,5 anos e da menarca 11,3 anos. Na análise estatística das diferenças nas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos, observou-se que o G-1 apresentou: Cintura (p=0,026), Insulina de jejum (p=0,001), Glicose 120 (p=0,002), insulina 120 (p=0,0001), HOMA-IR (p=0,0008), Triglicerídeos (p=0,013), SM (p<0,0001) e SOP (p<0,0001) significativamente maiores e QUICK (p=0,008), G/I (p=0,002), HDL (p=0,001) significativamente menores que o G-2. (88,8% das adolescentes com ciclos irregulares no ultimo ano apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca. Estes resultados demonstram uma associação significativa entre a irregularidade menstrual, RI, SM e SOP na população estudada. Todas as adolescentes com diagnóstico de SM apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca e destas, 93,5% tiveram o diagnóstico de SOP. O nosso estudo chama a atenção para o comportamento do ciclo menstrual na adolescência em relação aos riscos cardiovasculares e metabólicos, sinalizando assim que outros estudos precisam ser desenvolvidos nesta população.

Perfil dos peptídeos gastrointestinais na obesidade programada pelo desmame precoce e após a terapia anti-obesidade com cálcio

O desmame precoce (DP) leva ao desenvolvimento tardio de obesidade e de resistência insulínica (RI), sendo essas alterações prevenidas quando os animais são suplementados com cálcio. Sabe-se que os peptídeos gastrointestinais (GI) atuam na regulação do apetite e em diversos outros processos, podendo ter um papel relevante no desenvolvimento da obesidade e RI. Uma vez que os animais programados pelo DP são obesos e hiperfágicos, investigamos o perfil plasmático e tecidual de GLP-1, CCK e PYY (anorexígenos) de grelina (orexígena) e de seus receptores, assim como o efeito da dieta rica em cálcio sobre estes peptídeos a fim de identificar algum distúrbio no controle do apetite. Ao nascimento das proles, ratas lactantes Wistar foram separadas em: grupo DP (desmame precoce, n=20), filhotes cujas mães tiveram as mamas enfaixadas, impedindo o acesso da prole ao leite nos últimos 3 dias de lactação; e grupo C (controle, n=10), filhotes com livre acesso ao leite materno. Aos 120 dias, as proles DP foram subdivididas em: grupo DP, alimentado com ração comercial padrão, e grupo DPCa, alimentado com ração suplementada com cálcio (10g de carbonato de cálcio/Kg de ração). Os animais foram sacrificados aos 21 e 180 dias de vida. Quantificamos: GLP-1, CCK, PYY, grelina e citocinas (IL-6, TNF-α e IL-10) plasmáticas por ELISA; o conteúdo de grelina no estômago por ELISA e imunohistoquímica; o conteúdo de GLP-1 (intestino), GLP1-R (intestino, TA e ARC) e GHSR-1a (estômago e ARC) por Western blotting. Dados significativos quando p<0,05. Aos 21 dias, a prole DP apresentou aumento de GLP-1 no plasma (+168%) e GLP1-R no tecido adiposo (+72%), embora menor conteúdo de GLP-1 (-59%) e GLP1-R (-58%) no intestino. Não observamos alterações plasmáticas de grelina, CCK e PPY e no conteúdo de GHSR-1a no estômago aos 21 dias. Aos 180 dias, não verificamos diferença em nenhum dos peptídeos GI no plasma na prole DP. Porém, observamos menor conteúdo intestinal de GLP-1 tanto no grupo DP (-33%) quanto no DPCa (-32%), e uma tendência da grelina (+20%) e do GHSR-1a (+31%) a estarem elevados no estômago do grupo DP. Além de menor conteúdo de GLP1-R no tecido adiposo no grupo DP (-59%) e maior conteúdo de GLP1-R no intestino da prole DPCa (+62%). Não encontramos diferença entre os grupos na expressão de GLP1-R e GHSR-1a no ARC. O grupo DP apresentou ainda um perfil pró-inflamatório caracterizado por maior TNF-α e menor IL-10 no plasma. O DP alterou o perfil dos peptídeos GI a curto e longo prazos, o que pode ter colaborado para o desenvolvimento da obesidade, hiperfagia e RI neste modelo, uma vez que o GLP-1, único peptídeo alterado no período de imprinting, possui um possível papel adipogênico. A suplementação com cálcio foi capaz de reverter todas as alterações produzidas pelo DP. Evidenciamos, então, a importância do aleitamento materno na formação do comportamento alimentar e do balanço metabólico, bem como o papel da suplementação com cálcio no tratamento da obesidade e seus distúrbios associados, inclusive nas alterações do apetite.

Erythropoietin prevents sepsis-related acute kidney injury in rats by inhibiting NF-kappa B and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase

de Souza ACCP, Volpini RA, Shimizu MH, Sanches TR, Camara NOS, Semedo P, Rodrigues CE, Seguro AC, Andrade L. Erythropoietin prevents sepsis-related acute kidney injury in rats by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 302: F1045-F1054, 2012. First published January 11, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00148.2011.-The pathophysiology of sepsis involves complex cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks, a mechanism to which NF-kappa B activation is central. Downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contributes to sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction. Erythropoietin (EPO) has emerged as a major tissue-protective cytokine in the setting of stress. We investigated the role of EPO in sepsis-related acute kidney injury using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Wistar rats were divided into three primary groups: control (sham-operated); CLP; and CLP + EPO. EPO (4,000 IU/kg body wt ip) was administered 24 and 1 h before CLP. Another group of rats received N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) simultaneously with EPO administration (CLP + EPO + L-NAME). A fifth group (CLP + EPOtreat) received EPO at 1 and 4 h after CLP. At 48 h postprocedure, CLP + EPO rats presented significantly higher inulin clearance than did CLP and CLP + EPO + L-NAME rats; hematocrit levels, mean arterial pressure, and metabolic balance remained unchanged in the CLP + EPO rats; and inulin clearance was significantly higher in CLP + EPOtreat rats than in CLP rats. At 48 h after CLP, creatinine clearance was significantly higher in the CLP + EPO rats than in the CLP rats. In renal tissue, pre-CLP EPO administration prevented the sepsis-induced increase in macrophage infiltration, as well as preserving eNOS expression, EPO receptor (EpoR) expression, IKK-alpha activation, NF-kappa B activation, and inflammatory cytokine levels, thereby increasing survival. We conclude that this protection, which appears to be dependent on EpoR activation and on eNOS expression, is attributable, in part, to inhibition of the inflammatory response via NF-kappa B downregulation.

Exploring respiration and respiratory electron transport system (ETS) in Ulva spp.

[ES] Respiration is a key ecological index. For either individuals or communities, it can be use to assess carbon and energy, demand and expenditure as well as carbon flow rates through food webs. When combined with productivity measurements it can establish the level of metabolic balance. When combined with measurements of respiratory capacity, it can indicate physiological state. Here, we report pilot studies the metabolism of the green algae, Ulva rotundata that inhabits intertidal pools of Gran Canaria. As a starting point we used the electron transport system (ETS) to differentiate between different growing conditions in the natural environment. We suspected different levels of stress associated with these conditions and looked for the influence of this stress in the ETS measurements. This technique has been successfully applied to study bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton in the ocean, but it has not been used to study sessile marine macroalgae. These neritic and littoral macrophytes have major ecological and industrial importance, yet little is known about their respiratory physiology. Such knowledge would strengthen our understanding of the resources of the coastal ocean and facilitate its development and best use. Here, we modified the ETS methodology for Ulva rotundata. With this modified ETS assay we investigated the capacity of Ulva to resist anoxia. We measured respiration with optodes (Fibox 4, Presens) in the dark to the point of oxygen exhaustion and through 24 h of anoxia. Then we exposed the Ulva to light and followed the oxygen increase due to photosynthesis. We discuss here the capacity of Ulva to survive during anoxia.

The Role of Autophagy in Cancer and Chemotherapy

Resistance to current chemo- and radiation therapy is the principal problem in anticancer treatment. Although intensively investigated, the therapeutic outcome is still far from satisfactory. Among the multiple factors which contribute to the drug resistance in cancer cells, the involvement of autophagy is becoming more and more evident. Autophagy describes a cellular self-digestion process, in which cytoplasmic elements can be selectively engulfed and finally degraded in autophagolysosomes to supply nutrients and building blocks for the cells. Autophagy controls cellular homeostasis and can be induced in response to stresses, like hypoxia and growth factor withdrawal. Since the essential physiological function of autophagy is to maintain cellular metabolic balance, dysregulated autophagy has been found associated with multiple diseases, including cancer. Interestingly, the role of autophagy in cancer is two-sided; it can be pro- or antitumor. Autophagy can suppress tumor formation, for example, by controlling cell proliferation and the production of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, autophagy can provide nutrients to the tumor cells to support tumor growth under nutrition-limiting conditions, thereby promoting tumor development. This ambivalent behavior is also evident in anticancer therapy: By inducing autophagic cell death, autophagy has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, but autophagy has also been linked to drug resistance, since inhibiting autophagy has been found to sensitize tumor cells toward anticancer drug-induced cell death. In this chapter, we will focus on the dual role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and chemotherapy, will classify autophagy inducers and inhibitors used in anticancer treatment, and will discuss topics related to future drug development which have arisen.

Compilation of scientific results of the OASIS project

Seamounts are of great interest to science, industry and conservation because of their potential role as 'stirring rods' of the oceans, their enhanced productivity, their high local biodiversity, and the growing exploitation of their natural resources. This is accompanied by rising concern about the threats to seamount ecosystems, e.g. through over-fishing and the impact of trawling. OASIS described the functioning characteristics of seamount ecosystems. OASIS' integrated hydrographic, biogeochemical and biological information. Based on two case studies. The scientific results, condensed in conceptual and mass balanced ecosystem models, were applied to outline a model management plan as well as site-specific management plans for the seamounts investigated. OASIS addressed five main objectives: Objective 1: To identify and describe the physical forcing mechanisms effecting seamount systems Objective 2: To assess the origin, quality and dynamics of particulate organic material within the water column and surface sediment at seamounts. Objective 3: To describe aspects of the biodiversity and the ecology of seamount biota, to assess their dynamics and the maintenance of their production. Objective 4: Modelling the trophic ecology of seamount ecosystems. Objective 5: Application of scientific knowledge to practical conservation.

Differential response of two Mediterranean cold-water coral species to ocean acidification

Cold-water coral (CWC) reefs constitute one of the most complex deep-sea habitats harboring a vast diversity of associated species. Like other tropical or temperate framework builders, these systems are facing an uncertain future due to several threats, such as global warming and ocean acidification. In the case of Mediterranean CWC communities, the effect may be exacerbated due to the greater capacity of these waters to absorb atmospheric CO2 compared to the global ocean. Calcification in these organisms is an energy-demanding process, and it is expected that energy requirements will be greater as seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions decrease. Therefore, studies assessing the effect of a pH decrease in skeletal growth, and metabolic balance are critical to fully understand the potential responses of these organisms under a changing scenario. In this context, the present work aims to investigate the medium- to long-term effect of a low pH scenario on calcification and the biochemical composition of two CWCs from the Mediterranean, Dendrophyllia cornigera and Desmophyllum dianthus. After 314 d of exposure to acidified conditions, a significant decrease of 70 % was observed in Desmophyllum dianthus skeletal growth rate, while Dendrophyllia cornigera showed no differences between treatments. Instead, only subtle differences between treatments were observed in the organic matter amount, lipid content, skeletal microdensity, or porosity in both species, although due to the high variability of the results, these differences were not statistically significant. Our results also confirmed a heterogeneous effect of low pH on the skeletal growth rate of the organisms depending on their initial weight, suggesting that those specimens with high calcification rates may be the most susceptible to the negative effects of acidification.

Temperature dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production in the European Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is warming at two to three times the global rate and is perceived to be a bellwether for ocean acidification. Increased CO2 concentrations are expected to have a fertilization effect on marine autotrophs, and higher temperatures should lead to increased rates of planktonic primary production. Yet, simultaneous assessment of warming and increased CO2 on primary production in the Arctic has not been conducted. Here we test the expectation that CO2-enhanced gross primary production (GPP) may be temperature dependent, using data from several oceanographic cruises and experiments from both spring and summer in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. Results confirm that CO2 enhances GPP (by a factor of up to ten) over a range of 145-2,099?µatm; however, the greatest effects are observed only at lower temperatures and are constrained by nutrient and light availability to the spring period. The temperature dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production has significant implications for metabolic balance in a warmer, CO2-enriched Arctic Ocean in the future. In particular, it indicates that a twofold increase in primary production during the spring is likely in the Arctic.