Color degradation of acrylic resin denture teeth as a function of liquid diet: ultraviolet-visible reflection analysis

The effect of different beverages on acrylic resin denture teeth color degradation is evaluated. Ten acrylic resin denture teeth brands were evaluated: Art Plus (AP), Biolux (BX), Biotone IPN (BI), Magister (MG), Mondial 6 (MD), Premium 6 (PR), SR Vivodent PE (SR), Trilux (TR), Trubyte Biotone (TB), and Vipi Dent Plus (VP). Teeth were immersed in staining solutions (coffee, cola, and orange juice) or artificial saliva (control) (n = 6) for 1, 7, 15, or 30 days. Specimen colors were evaluated spectrophotometrically based on the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage L*a*b* system. Color differences (Delta E) were calculated between the baseline and post-staining results. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey test (alpha = 0.05). BI (1.82 +/- 0.95) and TR (1.78 +/- 0.72) teeth exhibited the greatest Delta E values, while BX (0.88 +/- 0.43) and MD (1.09 +/- 0.44) teeth were the lowest, regardless of solution and measurement period, and were different from BI and TR teeth (P < 0.05). Cola and coffee promoted higher denture teeth color alterations than orange juice and saliva (P < 0.05). Saliva generated the lowest denture teeth color alterations. Greater immersion times caused higher denture teeth color changes. The lifespan of removable dentures and the aesthetic satisfaction of several edentulous patients may be increased with the use of stain-resistant artificial denture teeth. (C) The Authors.

Creatine Supplementation Prevents the Accumulation of Fat in the Livers of Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on liver fat accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Rats were fed 1 of 3 different diets for 3 wk: a control liquid diet (C), a high-fat liquid diet (HF), or a high-fat liquid diet supplemented with creatine (HFC). The C and HF diets contained, respectively, 35 and 71% of energy derived from fat. Creatine supplementation involved the addition of 1% (wt:v) of creatine monohydrate to the liquid diet. The HF diet increased total liver fat concentration, liver TG, and liver TBARS and decreased the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration. Creatine supplementation normalized all of these perturbations. Creatine supplementation significantly decreased the renal activity of L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and plasma guanidinoacetate and prevented the decrease in hepatic SAM concentration in rats fed the HF diet. However, there was no change in either the phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio or PE N-methyltransferase activity. The HF diet decreased mRNA for PPAR as well as 2 of its targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase and long-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase. Creatine supplementation normalized these mRNA levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation prevented the fatty liver induced by feeding rats a HF diet, probably by normalization of the expression of key genes of beta-oxidation. J. Nutr. 141: 1799-1804, 2011.

Ethanol feeding enhances inflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis

Elevated concentrations of plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 have been detected in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatocyte necrosis. The present study used a rat model to conduct a detailed histological and biochemical examination of the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and associated liver pathology in ethanol-potentiated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. Male Wistar rats were pair-fed either the control or ethanol-containing (36% of caloric intake as ethanol) form of the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 6 weeks. Liver injury was induced by the i.v. injection of LPS (1 mu g/g bodyweight), with animals being killed at O, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. At the later time points, plasma transaminase and transpeptidase activities were significantly elevated in ethanol-fed LPS-treated rats compared with control-fed LPS-treated animals. At these times after LPS treatment, hepatocytes in ethanol-fed animals displayed fatty change and necrosis with an associated neutrophil polymorph infiltrate. Time course analysis revealed that plasma TNF-alpha (1-3 h post-LPS) and IL-6 (3 h post-LPS) bioactivity was significantly elevated in ethanol-fed compared with control-fed animals. No difference was seen in plasma IL-1 alpha concentration (maximal in both groups 6 h post-LPS). The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA were elevated between 1 and 6 h post-LPS in the livers of both control and ethanol-fed rats. However, ethanol-fed LPS-treated animals exhibited significantly higher maximal expression of IL-1 and IL-6 mRNA. Comparison of the appearance of cytokine mRNA and plasma bioactivity indicated an effect of ethanol feeding on post-transcriptional processing and/or the kinetics of the circulating cytokines. Elevated levels of both hepatic cytokine mRNA expression and the preceding plasma cytokines are presumably a necessary prerequisite for hepatic injury seen in this model and, therefore, possibly for the damage seen in human alcoholics. Further studies using this model may lead to significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in humans.

Long-Term Ethanol Consumption Promotes Hepatic Tumorigenesis but Impairs Normal Hepatocyte Proliferation in Rats

Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption has been related to an increased risk of several cancers, including that of the liver; however, studies in animal models have yet to conclusively determine whether ethanol acts as a tumor promoter in hepatic tumorigenesis. We examined whether prolonged alcohol consumption could act as a hepatic tumor promoter after initiation by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 20 mg DEN/kg body weight 1 wk before introduction of either an ethanol liquid diet or an isoenergic control liquid diet. Hepatic pathological lesions, hepatocyte proliferation, apoptosis, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, and plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1) levels were assessed after 6 and 10 mo. Mean body and liver weights, plasma IGF-1 concentration, hepatic expressions of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen and Ki-67, and cyclin D1 in ethanol-fed rats were all significantly lower after 10 mo of treatment compared with control rats. In addition, levels of hepatic PPAR gamma protein, not PPAR alpha, were significantly higher in the ethanol-fed rats after prolonged treatment. Although ethanol feeding also resulted in significantly fewer altered hepatic foci, hepatocellular adenoma was detected in ethanol-fed rats at 10 mo, but not in control rats given the same dose of DEN. Together, these results indicate that chronic, excessive ethanol consumption impairs normal hepatocyte proliferation, which is associated with reduced IGF-1 levels, but promotes hepatic carcinogenesis. J. Nutr. 141: 1049-1055, 2011.

Quantitative evaluation of altered hepatic spaces and membrane transport in fibrotic rat liver

Four animal models were used to quantitatively evaluate hepatic alterations in this study: (1) a carbon tetrachloride control group (phenobarbital treatment only), (2) a CCl4-treated group (phenobarbital with CCl4 treatment), (3) an alcohol-treated group (liquid diet with alcohol treatment), and (4) a pair-fed alcohol control group (liquid diet only). At the end of induction, single-pass perfused livers were used to conduct multiple indicator dilution (MID) studies. Hepatic spaces (vascular space, extravascular albumin space, extravascular sucrose space, and cellular distribution volume) and water hepatocyte permeability/surface area product were estimated from nonlinear regression of outflow concentration versus time profile data. The hepatic extraction ratio of H-3-taurocholate was determined by the nonparametric moments method. Livers were then dissected for histopathologic analyses (e.g., fibrosis index, number of fenestrae). In these 4 models, CCl4-treated rats were found to have the smallest vascular space, extravascular albumin space, H-3-taurocholate extraction, and water hepatocyte permeability/surface area product but the largest extravascular sucrose space and cellular distribution volume. In addition, a linear relationship was found to exist between histopathologic analyses (fibrosis index or number of fenestrae) and hepatic spaces. The hepatic extraction ratio of H-3-taurocholate and water hepatocyte permeability/surface area product also correlated to the severity of fibrosis as defined by the fibrosis index. In conclusion, the multiple indicator dilution data obtained from the in situ perfused rat liver can be directly related to histopathologic analyses.

Effects of Crypthecodiniumcohnii, Chlorela spp. e Isochrysisgalbana addition to milk replacer on goat kids and lamb growth.

The effects of Crypthecodinium cohnii (Cryp.), Chlorela spp. (Chlo.) and Isochrysis galbana (Iso.) addition to milk replacer on goat kids and lambs growth were evaluated. About 80 Majorera goat kids (males and females) and 80 Canarian sheep lambs were randomly assigned into four different groups (by specie) according to diet. Control groups were fed with a commercial milk replacer at 16% (w/w); Cryp. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of C. cohnii; Chlo. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of Chlorela spp.; Iso. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of I. galbana. After colostrum period, animals were individually bottle-fed twice daily (8 am and 8 pm) ad libitum with the corresponding diet until day 60 of life. Animals were weighted every week at 8 am and liquid diet intake was recorded weekly. No effects of microseaweed addition were observed, neither growth nor milk replacer intake.

Energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis in obese women before and after weight loss.

In six young obese women (mean weight 85 +/- 3 kg) with a childhood history of obesity, and in six young nonobese women (mean weight 55 +/- 2 kg), the energy expenditure was measured during 24 h in a respiratory chamber with a maintenance energy intake. The next day, the thermogenic response to a mixed meal was investigated by using an open circuit indirect calorimetry hood system. In addition, five of the same obese women were similarly studied after a mean weight loss of 12.1 kg (14% of initial body weight) consecutive to an 11-wk hypocaloric diet (protein-supplemented modified fast). Expressed in absolute terms, the total 24 h and basal energy expenditures were found to be significantly greater in the obese (2208 +/- 105 and 1661 +/- 56 kcal/24 h, respectively) than in the controls (1746 +/- 61 and 1230 +/- 40 kcal/24 h, respectively). After weight loss, both the total 24-h and the basal energy expenditures were significantly reduced (2009 +/- 99 kcal/24 h and 1423 +/- 43 kcal/24 h respectively), but both values were still greater than that of the control subjects. The thermogenic response to the mixed meal (a liquid diet containing 17, 54, and 29% as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid calories, respectively, and an energy level determined to cover 60% of the basal energy expenditure computed for 24 h) was found to be significantly reduced in the obese as compared to controls (ie, 7.6 +/- 0.4% versus 9.5 +/- 0.4% of the energy content of the load, respectively, p less than 0.025). After weight loss, the postprandial thermogenesis of the obese was still markedly reduced (ie, 6.2 +/- 0.8%). Both before and after weight loss, the relative increase in diurnal urinary norepinephrine excretion was found to be lower in the obese than in controls, when compared to the nocturnal values. These results show that the greater 24 h energy expenditure of obese women is entirely due to their higher basal metabolic rate. The lower thermogenic response to the meal in the obese supports the concept of a thermogenic defect which can favor energy gain; furthermore, the unchanged response after weight loss in the obese suggests that the thermogenic defect may be a cause rather than a consequence of obesity.

Concomitant stress potentiates the preference for, and consumption of, ethanol induced by chronic pre-exposure to ethanol

Ethanol abuse is linked to several acute and chronic injuries that can lead to health problems. Ethanol addiction is one of the most severe diseases linked to the abuse of this drug. Symptoms of ethanol addiction include compulsive substance intake and withdrawal syndrome. Stress exposure has an important role in addictive behavior for many drugs of abuse (including ethanol), but the consequences of stress and ethanol in the organism when these factors are concomitant results in a complex interaction. We investigated the effects of concomitant, chronic administration of ethanol and stress exposure on the withdrawal and consumption of, as well as the preference for, ethanol in mice. Male Swiss mice (30–35 g, 8-10 per group) were exposed to an ethanol liquid diet as the only source of food for 15 days. In the final 5 days, they were exposed to forced swimming stress. Twelve hours after removal of the ethanol liquid diet, animals were evaluated for ethanol withdrawal by measuring anxiety-related behaviors and locomotor activity. Twenty-four hours after evaluation of ethanol withdrawal, they were evaluated for voluntary consumption of ethanol in a “three-bottle choice” paradigm. Mice exposed to chronic consumption of ethanol had decreased locomotor activity during withdrawal. Contrary to our expectations, a concomitant forced swimming stress did not aggravate ethanol withdrawal. Nevertheless, simultaneous ethanol administration and stress exposure increased voluntary consumption of ethanol, mainly solutions containing high concentrations of ethanol. These results showed that stressful situations during ethanol intake may aggravate specific addiction-related behaviors.

Étude d’impact de l’alimentation entérale précoce sur la durée de séjour hospitalier pour la chirurgie colique

Introduction: La réinstitution de l’alimentation entérale en deçà de 24h après une chirurgie digestive semble a priori conférer une diminution du risque d’infections de plaie, de pneumonies et de la durée de séjour. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier l’effet de la reprise précoce de l’alimentation entérale sur la durée de séjour hospitalier suite à une chirurgie colique. Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude prospective randomisée dans laquelle 95 patients ont été divisés aléatoirement en deux groupes. Dans le groupe contrôle, la diète est réintroduite lorsque le patient passe des gaz ou des selles per rectum, et qu’en plus il n’est ni nauséeux ni ballonné. Les patients du groupe expérimental reçoivent pour leur part une diète liquide dans les 12 heures suivant la chirurgie, puis une diète normale aux repas subséquents. L’objectif primaire de cette étude est de déterminer si la réinstitution précoce de l'alimentation entérale post chirurgie colique diminue la durée de séjour hospitalier lorsque comparée au régime traditionnel de réintroduction de l’alimentation. Les objectifs secondaires sont de quantifier l’effet de la réintroduction précoce de la diète sur les morbidités periopératoires et sur la reprise du transit digestif. Résultats: La durée de séjour hospitalier a semblé être légèrement diminuée dans le groupe expérimental (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), mais cette difference n’était pas statistiquement significative. Des nausées ou des vomissements furent rapportés chez 24 (51%) patients du bras experimental et chez 30 (62.5%) patients du groupe contrôle. Un tube nasogastrique a du être installé chez un seul patient du groupe experimental. La morbidité périopératoire fut faible dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Il semble sécuritaire de nourrir précocément les patients suite à une chirurgie colique. Cependant cette étude n’a pu démontrer un impact significatif de la reintroduction précoce de l alimentation per os sur la durée de séjour hospitalier.

Comparación de dos esquemas de preparación intestinal en niños llevados a colonoscopia: experimento clínico multicentrico

Objetivo: Comparar eficacia de PEG 3350 sin electrolitos y fosfato de sodio oral en preparación intestinal de niños previo a colonoscopia. Materiales y métodos: participaron 64 pacientes entre dos y dieciocho años, de ambos géneros, con indicación clínica de colonoscopia que acudieron a tres hospitales de Bogotá y asignados aleatoriamente a uno de dos brazos de intervención. Un grupo expuesto número 1 recibió PEG oral 2.5gr/kg/día por 2 días, un grupo control número 2 recibió Travad 133 ml/m2sc/día por 2 días, ambos grupos recibieron dieta líquida los días de preparación. Se evaluaron efectos adversos clínicos (cefalea, dolor abdominal, náuseas, vómito), adherencia y efectividad de cada uno de los manejos; se diligenció formulario en papel para cada participante, donde se interrogó efectos secundarios, días de preparación, cumplimiento de dieta e ingesta del medicamento y calidad de preparación. Resultados: 36 pacientes recibieron PEG y 28 fosfato de sodio, con edad media de 8.4 años y desviación estándar de 4.1. El 64.1% del género femenino. El 5.6% de pacientes con PEG no siguió las recomendaciones de dieta y un 10.7% del grupo de Travad. Un 61% del grupo de PEG y un 43% del grupo de Travad no tuvieron efectos adversos sin diferencias significativas (X²=0,14 p=0,073). La evaluación de calidad de la preparación entre los dos grupos no encontró diferencia significativa en su distribución, utilizando la prueba de X²=0,551 y una p=0,907. Conclusión: no hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos. La adherencia fue en general buena y no hubo efectos adversos significativos.

Sleep deprivation of rats: The hyperphagic response is real

Study Objectives: Chronic sleep deprivation of rats causes hyperphagia without body weight gain. Sleep deprivation hyperphagia is prompted by changes in pathways governing food intake; hyperphagia may be adaptive to sleep deprivation hypermetabolism. A recent paper suggested that sleep deprivation might inhibit ability of rats to increase food intake and that hyperphagia may be an artifact of uncorrected chow spillage. To resolve this, a palatable liquid diet (Ensure) was used where spillage is insignificant. Design: Sleep deprivation of male Sprague Dawley rats was enforced for 10 days by the flowerpot/platform paradigm. Daily food intake and body weight were measured. On day 10, rats were transcardially perfused for analysis of hypothalamic mRNA expression of the orexigen, neuropeptide Y (NPY). Setting: Morgan State University, sleep deprivation and transcardial perfusion; University of Maryland, NPY in situ hybridization and analysis. Measurements and Results: Using a liquid diet for accurate daily measurements, there was no change in food intake in the first 5 days of sleep deprivation. Importantly, from days 6-10 it increased significantly, peaking at 29% above baseline. Control rats steadily gained weight but sleep-deprived rats did not. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels were positively correlated to stimulation of food intake and negatively correlated with changes in body weight. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation hyperphagia may not be apparent over the short term (i.e., <= 5 days), but when extended beyond 6 days, it is readily observed. The timing of changes in body weight and food intake suggests that the negative energy balance induced by sleep deprivation prompts the neural changes that evoke hyperphagia.

Características físico-qímicas da carne de caprinos submetidos a diferentes níveis de substituição do leite por soro de queijo durante o aleitamento

Fifty six crossbred kids Parda Alpina x Gurgueia were separeted into four groups of 14 (seven male and seven female) and submited to four treatments with different levels of milk goat substitution by cheese serum. The treatments were : T1=milk goat (testify); T2=15% serum at 23 days and 33% at 55 days; T3=15% serum starting from 16 days, 33% on 23 days and 51% on 72 days of age; and T4=33% on 16 days and 69% of liquid diet in the final fase. At 92 days of age, all animals were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Pallete were separeted from 20 male animals (five by treatment) and the physical and chemical analysis of the meat were realized using these materials. The studied characteristics were: total weight (TW), meat weight (MW), bone weigth (BW) of the pallete, and percentage of umidity (U), ashes (A), protein (P), fat (F) and pH of the pallete meat. There was significant effect of the treatment over F. Means of PW, A and BW were, respectively 491, 342 and 149.8 g. The meal represented 69,6% of total pallete weight. Means of U, A, P and F were 73, 1.0, 19 and 1.95%, respectively. The pH was 6.7. Results allow to conclude that only the fat percentage of the meat was modified, due to the administration of serun milk on the liquid diet of the kids, during the milking fase.

Evaluation of the ethanol intake on the Calomys callosus seminal vesicle structure

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Impairment of adult male reproductive function in rats exposed to ethanol since puberty

The objective of this work was to evaluate reproductive function in adult male rats exposed to ethanol since puberty. Male Wistar rats, 50 days old, received a liquid diet with 36% of the daily calories derived from ethanol or an isocaloric control diet for 55 days. The ethanol treatment impaired sexual behavior and only 22% of these rats reached ejaculation. The fertility of ethanol-treated animals was significantly reduced, mainly after natural mating. Serum testosterone levels, daily sperm production and sperm count in the epididymis were also significantly diminished after ethanol treatment, associated with an acceleration of the sperm transit time in the cauda epididymidis, decrease in sperm motility and increased percentage of abnormal shaped sperm cells. The results showed that chronic consumption of ethanol beginning at puberty impairs the reproductive function of adult male rats. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A influência do anel na evolução ponderal após quatro anos da derivação gástrica em y-de-roux laparoscópica

RACIONAL: A utilização de anel nas derivações gástricas em Y-de-Roux ainda é motivo de polêmica entre os cirurgiões bariátricos. Não há consenso quanto às suas repercussões em relação à perda ponderal e à manutenção do peso em longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do anel sobre a evolução do peso corporal no decorrer de quatro anos após operação bariátrica. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 143 mulheres submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux videolaparoscópica pareadas pela utilização ou não do anel de Silastic®. O tempo de seguimento foi de até 48 meses. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade superior a 18 anos, operação bariátrica primária e frequência regular à clínica no período de interesse para a pesquisa. A técnica manteve reservatório gástrico de pequena curvatura, volume estimado em 30 ml. A alça alimentar media 150 cm e a biliar 40 cm a partir do ângulo duodenojejunal. O grupo com anel utilizou anel tubular de Silastic® com comprimento de 6,5 cm, colocado à 2 cm da anastomose gastrojejunal. O anel era fechado por cinco nós com fio de polipropileno em seu interior. Na manhã seguinte ao procedimento cirúrgico as pacientes recebiam líquidos isotônicos; no segundo dia dieta líquida salgada sem resíduos e alta hospitalar no terceiro dia. Dieta pastosa iniciava a partir do 20o dia e sólida no 30o, juntamente com uma drágea diária de polivitamínico. RESULTADOS: O emagrecimento do grupo com anel foi maior que o sem anel em todos os períodos analisados a nível de 10% e de 5% apenas no 3o ano pós-operatório. A proporção das operadas que não atingiram perda do excesso de peso de 50% foi significativamente maior no grupo sem anel que no grupo com anel (31% entre as sem anel e 8% das com anel no 4o ano). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na recuperação tardia do peso perdido na operação. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados foram favoráveis à utilização do anel ao se analisar exclusivamente a perda de peso.