Tests for the hysteresis hypothesis in Brazilian industrialized exports: A threshold cointegration analysis

This paper examines the hysteresis hypothesis in the Brazilian industrialized exports using a time series analysis. This hypothesis finds an empirical representation into the nonlinear adjustments of the exported quantity to relative price changes. Thus, the threshold cointegration analysis proposed by Balke and Fomby [Balke, N.S. and Fomby, T.B. Threshold Cointegration. International Economic Review, 1997; 38; 627-645.] was used for estimating models with asymmetric adjustment of the error correction term. Amongst sixteen industrial sectors selected, there was evidence of nonlinearities in the residuals of long-run relationships of supply or demand for exports in nine of them. These nonlinearities represent asymmetric and/or discontinuous responses of exports to different representative measures of real exchange rates, in addition to other components of long-run demand or supply equations. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The influence of relationship quality and culture in the relations between exporter and distributor : the case of portuguese exports to Angola

The objective of this research is to investigate the role of the relationship quality, cooperation and culture between Portuguese companies and their export market intermediaries in Angola. In particular, we aim to understand the importance that the quality of the relationship has in cooperation and the role of cultures in export activities. An important aspect of this study is precisely the fact that it includes an African country, where, in terms of the literature, there is a strong lack of studies. In terms of methodology we opted for qualitative analysis; we present the results of two case studies of Portuguese exporting companies and one case study of Angolan intermediate. In general, the results are that the business relationships are characterized by trust, commitment, cooperation, culture, similar values, as in the past, Angola belonged to Portugal there is easy communication because both countries share the same. Such factors will influence the trade relations between Portuguese exporters and their Angolan distributors.

Promoting Portuguese exports to Germany: A hand-on approach for the machinery and equipment sector

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Promoting Portuguese exports to Germany: An export promotion plan for the machinery & equipment sector

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Firms survival and international trade: The impact of exports and imports

Double Degree. A Work Project presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters in Management from Nova School of Business and Economics and Maastricht University.

Optimization of export support systems: How to promote exports from Portugal to Germany in the area of information technology and electronics

This work project focuses on developing new approaches which enhance Portuguese exports towards a defined German industry sector within the information technology and electronics fields. Firstly and foremost, information was collected and a set of expert and top managers’ interviews were performed in order to acknowledge the demand of the German market while identifying compatible Portuguese supply capabilities. Among the main findings, Industry 4.0 presents itself as a valuable opportunity in the German market for Portuguese medium sized companies in the embedded systems area of expertise for machinery and equipment companies. In order to achieve the purpose of the work project, an embedded systems platform targeting machinery and equipment companies was suggested as well as it was developed several recommendations on how to implement it. An alternative approach for this platform was also considered within the German market namely the eHealth sector having the purpose of enhancing the current healthcare service provision.

Programa de capacitación y de ejecución de acciones para favorecer el desarrollo del potencial exportador de las empresas pequeñas y medianas de Río Cuarto y región.Capacitation Programs to Encouraged Development of Rio Cuarto and Region Exports Potential.

Identificación: Programa de capacitación y de ejecución de acciones para favorecer el desarrollo del potencial exportador de las empresas pequeñas y medianas de Río Cuarto y región. Caracterización del problema objeto de estudio: La zona de influencia de la ciudad de Río Cuarto posee, por su ubicación y características naturales, un potencial exportador no explotado, considerando la actual dinámica de los mercados internacionales. La ciudad está en el cruce de rutas nacionales que la conecta a las principales ciudades del MERCOSUR, con salida al Pacífico y al Atlántico y conexión rápida a rutas que van hacia la frontera norte del país. A modo de presentación de situaciones favorables, en el caso de Bolivia es para aprovechar el prestigio de los productos argentinos en ese mercado y las ventajas que las empresas chicas y medianas pueden disponer al no existir barreras idiomáticas, razonables requisitos de calidad y una gran necesidad de productos elaborados que pueden ser ofertados por PYMES regionales.En el caso de Chile importan tres aspectos: primero, la cercanía geográfica a la zona de Río Cuarto, ya que se accede en forma directa por vía terrestre, con una distancia de sólo 900 Km. respecto a la zona metropolitana de ese país; segundo, es el mercado regional con mayores niveles de exigencia para acceder al mismo, constituyendo por lo tanto una buena plataforma de aprendizaje para lograr el acceso luego al mundo desarrollado; tercero, al tener Chile firmado acuerdos de libre comercio con mercados que suman 3500 millones de habitantes, con acceso directo al cinturón del Pacífico, que es la zona más dinámica del comercio mundial actual, ese país necesita complementarse con sus vecinos para poder aprovechar las demandas potenciales de esos mercados.Con el proyecto se pretende contribuir a acentuar la internacionalización económica de la ciudad de Río Cuarto y su región circundante. Hipótesis:Se puede generar un polo exportador pyme a partir de la actividad sistemática de un programa de difusión de conocimientos sobre el comercio exterior, lo que contribuirá a profundizar la sustentabilidad económica de Río Cuarto y su región circundante.Objetivos: -a) Crear, desde el programa, una oferta de capacitación y asesoramiento que satisfaga los interrogantes y necesidades de las empresas pequeñas y medianas que busquen iniciarse en la actividad de exportación. b) Promover la formación de consorcios y formas asociativas, sobre todo de pequeñas y medianas empresas, para expandir el comercio exterior regional. c) Difundir las posibilidades de inserción internacional de las pymes regionales y sus requerimientos en los aspectos productivos y de comercialización. Estos últimos suelen constituir puntos críticos en el desarrollo exportador de las firmas. d) Analizar las posibilidades competitivas en el comercio internacional, en especial en el área del MERCOSUR, de cluster Materiales y Métodos a Utilizar: - Elaboración de un Monitor de Expectativas Empresariales con el objetivo de cuantificar la actual y la potencial Oferta Exportadora Regional. - Desarrollo de Análisis Sectoriales para determinar las posibilidades de incrementar las ventas al exterior de productos regionales. - Creación de Informes Especiales sobre Productos Regionales, los cuales le permitirán a Pequeños y Medianos Productores conocer en detalle, las oportunidades y exigencias para ingresar a los mercados externos, especialmente al área del MERCOSUR. - Organización de Viajes y Rondas de Negocios con el fin de fortalecer los lazos comerciales y culturales del empresariado local y extranjero. Resultados Esperados: - Profundizar conocimientos sobre las posibilidades que poseen los productos regionales de ingresar a los mercados externos. - Lograr una difusión generalizada de conocimientos sobre el Comercio Exterior, brindándole a las Pymes las herramientas básicas y fundamentales para que puedan desarrollar su potencial exportador.

Financial health, exports, and rm survival: Evidence from UK and French firms

We use firm level data to assess the role of exporting in the link between financial health and rm survival. The data are for the UK and France. We examine whether fi rms at diff erent stages of export activity (starters, exiters, continuers, switchers) react di fferently to changes in financial variables. In general, export starters and exiters experience much stronger adverse e ffects of fi nancial constraints for their survival prospects. By contrast, the exit probability of continuous exporters and export switchers is less negatively a ffected by financial characteristics. These relationships between exporting, finance and survival are broadly similar in the British and French sub-samples.

Human thymus exports naive CD8 T cells that can home to nonlymphoid tissues.

Functionally naive CD8 T cells in peripheral blood from adult humans can be fully described by their CD45RA(bright)CCR7(+)CD62L(+) cell surface phenotype. Cord blood lymphocytes, from healthy newborns, are homogenously functionally naive. Accordingly, the majority of cord blood CD8 T cells express the same pattern of cell surface molecules. Unexpectedly, however, a significant fraction of cord blood CD8 T cells express neither CCR7 nor CD62L. Yet these cells remain functionally naive as they contain high levels of TCR excision circles, have long telomeres, display highly polyclonal TCRs, and do not exhibit immediate effector functions. In addition, these CD8 T cells already represent a significant fraction of the mature naive CD8 single-positive thymocyte repertoire and may selectively express the cutaneous lymphocyte Ag. We suggest that CD8 single-positive thymocytes comprise two pools of naive precursors that exhibit distinct homing properties. Once seeded in the periphery, naive CCR7(+)CD62L(+) CD8 T cells patrol secondary lymphoid organs, whereas naive CCR7(-)CD62L(-) CD8 T cells selectively migrate to peripheral tissues such as skin.

Trade liberalization, exports and technology upgrading: Evidence on the impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinean firms

This paper studies the impact of a regional free trade agreement, MERCOSUR, on technologyupgrading by Argentinean firms. To guide empirical work, I introduce technology choice inMelitz s (2003) model of trade with heterogeneous firms. The joint treatment of the technologyadoption and exporting choices shows that the increase in revenues produced by trade integrationcan induce exporters to upgrade technology. An empirical test of the model reveals that firms inindustries facing higher reductions in Brazil s tariffs increase their investment in technologyfaster. The effect of tariffs on entry in the export market and technology adoption is highest inthe upper-middle range of the firm size distribution, as predicted by the model.

On the dynamics of exports and FDI: The Spanish Internationalization Process

This paper provides further insights into the dynamics of exports and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in Spain from a time-series approach. The contribution of the paper is twofold: 1) the existence of either substitution or a complementary relationship between Spanish outward investments and exports is empirically tested using a multivariate cointegrated model (VECM). The evolution in exchange flows (1993-2008) and country-specific variables (such as world demand - including Spain’s main recently growing foreign markets - for trade flows and the relative price of exports in order to proxy new global competitors) are taken into account for the first time. And 2) the growth in the trade of services in recent decades leads us to test a specific causality relationship by disaggregating between goods and services flows. Our results provide evidence of a positive (Granger) causality relationship running from FDI to exports of goods (stronger) and to exports of services (weaker) in the long run, the complementarity relation of which is consistent with vertical FDI strategies. In the short run, however, only exports of goods are affected (positively) by FDIs.

Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth

This study expands existing research by considering both exports and tourism as potential influencing factors for economic growth. While trade of goods has been proven as a means of growth for countries, inbound tourism as non-traditional exports, has been scarcely examined in the literature. Using data for Italy and Spain over the period 1954-2000 and 1964-2000 respectively, both exports of goods and tourism exports are included in the same model. Standard cointegration and Granger causality techniques are applied. The main results reveal the significance of both exports and tourism towards longterm growth with some peculiarities for each country.

EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTENSITY OF EXPORTS IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR

ABSTRACT One of the fastest growing sectors in the domestic industry is the forestry, which has contributed significantly to economic development, job creation, income taxes, putting Brazil in a prominent position in the world market. This paper analyzes the evolution of the technological intensity of 12 main products exported by the sector, from 2000 to 2011. For that, utilizes an indicator called PRODY, which allows classifying different products according to their technological intensity or income content and considers the GDP per capita of exporting countries of each product, weighted by its revealed comparative advantage. It can be seen by the results, a continuous growth in all products' technology indicators and their decomposition into income effects, comparative advantage and joint effects, allowed to verify the main causes of this growth. Products with lower PRODY values are those that presented a higher evolution during the period studied. Products of higher processing, and those from pulp and paper industry, had greater technological advances, thanks to a joint effect, while the ones of lower processing, had a technological improvement due to the increase in GDP per capita in exporting countries. Sawn wood was the standout product, being the only one who proved to be dependent of comparative advantage effect, confirming that this industry has been reinventing itself and incorporating, in fact, more technology. This study revealed the importance of technological intensification to generate comparative advantage and be able to stand against international competition.