1000 resultados para homoploid hybrid


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Hybrid speciation is constrained by the homogenizing effects of gene flow from the parental species. In the absence of post-mating isolation due to structural changes in the genome, or temporal or spatial premating isolation, another form of reproductive isolation would be needed for homoploid hybrid speciation to occur. Here, we investigate the potential of behavioural mate choice to generate assortative mating among hybrids and parental species. We made three-first-generation hybrid crosses between different species of African cichlid fish. In three-way mate-choice experiments, we allowed hybrid and nonhybrid females to mate with either hybrid or nonhybrid males. We found that hybrids generally mated nonrandomly and that hybridization can lead to the expression of new combinations of traits and preferences that behaviourally isolate hybrids from both parental species. Specifically, we find that the phenotypic distinctiveness of hybrids predicts the symmetry and extent of their reproductive isolation. Our data suggest that behavioural mate choice among hybrids may facilitate the establishment of isolated hybrid populations, even in proximity to one or both parental species.

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Homoploid hybrid plant species are rare, and the mechanisms of their speciation are largely unknown, especially for homoploid hybrid tree species. Two contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of Hippophae goniocarpa: (1) it is a diploid hybrid originating from H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis x H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa, and (2) it originated via marginal differentiation from H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis. Regardless of which of these hypotheses is true (if either), previous studies have suggested that H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis is the only maternal donor for this hybrid species. In this study, we aim to elucidate the maternal composition of H. goniocarpa and to test the two hypotheses. For this purpose, we sequenced the maternal chloroplast DNA trnL-F region of 75 individuals representing H. goniocarpa, H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, and H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa in two co-occurring sites of the taxa. Seven haplotypes were identified from three taxonomic units, and their phylogenetic relationships were further constructed by means of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and network analyses. These seven haplotypes clustered into two distinct, highly divergent lineages. Two haplotypes from one lineage were found in H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, and five (representing the other lineage) in H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa. Hippophae goniocarpa shared four common haplotypes from both lineages, but the haplotypes detected from the two populations differed to some extent, and in each case were identical to local haplotypes of the putative parental species. Thus, both H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa appear to have together contributed to the maternal establishment of H. goniocarpa. These results clearly demonstrate that the marginal origin hypothesis should be rejected, and support the hybrid origin hypothesis. Hippophae goniocarpa exhibits a sympatric distribution with its two parent species, without occupying new niches or displaying complete ecological isolation. However, this species has effectively developed reproductive isolation from its sympatric parent species. Our preliminary results suggest that H. goniocarpa may provide a useful model system for studying diploid hybrid speciation in trees. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.

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Phylogenies of Adh1 and Adh2 genes suggest that a widespread Mediterranean peony, Paeonia officinalis, is a homoploid hybrid species between two allotetraploid species, Paeonia peregrina and a member of the Paeonia arietina species group. Three phylogenetically distinct types of Adh sequences have been identified from both accessions of P. officinalis, of which two types are most closely related to the two homoeologous Adh loci of the P. arietina group and the remaining type came from one of the two Adh homoeologs of P. peregrina. The other Adh homoeolog of P. peregrina was apparently lost from the hybrid genome, possibly through backcrossing with the P. arietina group. This is a documentation of homoploid hybrid speciation between allotetraploid species in nature. This study suggests that hybrid speciation between allotetraploids can occur without an intermediate stage of genome diploidization or a further doubling of genome size.

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物种形成一直以来是进化生物学的一个中心议题。因为杂交能够快速创造出新的遗传变异和提高基因组重组率,加速物种形成和适应性进化,所以杂交物种形成是其重要的组成部分。但是直到最近几年,人们才逐渐意识到同倍体杂种形成的重要性和普遍性。此外,人工杂交种群结果证实了杂种的适应性起源于亲本基因的超亲分离现象,这些基因之间通过加和效应或上位效应相互连锁,并在杂种后代中逐渐固定,因此,探讨维持这种适应机制的杂种的连锁不平衡模式就显得尤为重要。到目前为止,关于自然杂种的核苷酸多态性和连锁不平衡结构的报道非常稀见,对杂种的进化历史知之更少。高山松能生长于亲本种不能正常繁殖生长的青藏高原上,这种极端环境为杂种的适应性进化和与亲本的生态隔离造就了绝佳的条件,其生态和生殖的稳定性极大地方便了我们研究植物物种形成和适应性进化的遗传机理,对高山松开展的生态学、遗传学的系列分析已使高山松成为同倍体杂种形成的经典范例。 该论文通过随机挑选7个核基因位点对5个高山松群体、3个油松群体和3个云南松群体的164个大配子体单倍体基因组进行了核苷酸多态性分析。研究发现:所有基因座位的单倍型组成和基因谱系的拓扑结构都支持高山松的多次杂交起源。高山松的平均核苷酸多态性与油松相当,θW达到0.0107;比云南松高出一倍;高于已报道的裸子植物类群遗传变异水平。高山松如此高的遗传多态性与其杂交特性和有效群体大有关。我们运用分子钟和共祖模拟分析,推测出高山松的有效群体为7.32 x 105。等位基因共祖时间模拟分析发现,杂交过程早于青藏高原的隆升,也即是说,在杂种稳定成种以前,两个亲本种之间存在广泛的渐渗杂交。此外,高山松杂种的群体间分化严重,并且在不同的群体中,我们找到了多个偏离中性的基因座位。由此说明,高山松复杂的进化历史和适应的策略区域化。 在显著偏离中性的基因座位上,选取群体历史清晰的高山松群体,对其全基因序列多态性和连锁不平衡结构进行了深入调查,以期找到选择作用位点或区域。Ara-like和Dhn1两个基因在高山松与亲本之间都没有发现固定变异。在高山松中,Ara-like基因和Dhn1基因核苷酸多态性式样和连锁不平衡结构存在明显差异,这说明在两个基因上选择作用的程度和方向不尽相同。 我们对Dhn1基因的多态性分布、LD结构和中性偏离水平进行了分析,结果表明,该基因可能在PdNX和PdLZ群体中受到平衡选择的作用。从Dhn1基因谱系结构可以看出有两种来源的等位基因造成这种平衡多态性,一种属于祖先类型,另一种是从云南松继承衍生而来。这两种等位基因之间的分化很大,极有可能造成编码蛋白的亚功能化。事实上,Dhn1编码的脱水蛋白在植物对环境的抗逆过程中发挥着重要作用。由此我们推测高山松在高海拔极端环境中的适应性进化与Dhn1基因的平衡作用有关。 对Ara-like和Dhn1基因进行HKA检测,结果表明,与Dhn1基因相比,在Ara-like基因上,双维管束亚属与单维管束亚属之间存在显著分化,沉默突变位点的分化Ksil达到了0.1392,远远高于平均水平0.0508;在双维管束亚属共发现了43个固定突变位点,其中有6个能导致氨基酸突变,它们有可能导致了Ara-like基因功能的分化。结合裸子植物近缘物种间共享多态性的普遍性,我们推测Ara-like基因可能在单维管束亚属中的进化速率加快,暗示其在单维管束亚属中的适应性进化。 最后,基因内连锁不平衡分析结果显示,随机筛选的基因座位之间不存在连锁不平衡。高山松平均的基因内LD程度非常低,仅有18%的信息位点之间显著连锁。平均基因内LD在油松和高山松中的衰减速率很快,尤其在杂种中下降最快,在不到200bp以内就降到0.1以下。 LD的结果印证了高山松的有效群体大和多次起源特性。另外,我们也怀疑杂交物种形成过程中染色体组的重组和重排频繁发生,也是造成自然杂种现有群体的LD水平低的一个主要原因。 通过LD衰减曲线估计高山松的平均单位重组率,比亲本油松高17倍,比云南松高45倍。这个结果表明,杂种共适应的基因间要维持超亲分离,需要强烈的自然选择压力,才能保持它们之间的连锁不平衡。

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种间杂交在自然界中普遍存在。杂交可以为群体带来多方面的遗传改变,具有重要的进化生物学意义。越来越多的证据表明,同倍性杂交物种形成是一种重要物种形成途径,在动、植物物种进化中扮演着重要的角色。同倍性杂交物种形成意味着一个稳定的、可育的、与亲本种间形成生殖隔离的杂种群体建立起来,但不改变染色体的数目。这种生殖隔离被认为是通过快速的染色体重组、生态分化、或空间分离形成的。对于现存杂交种的对比分析和对同倍性杂交物种形成的理论模拟都表明,适应性分化和生态转变在同倍性杂交物种形成中起着至关重要的作用。来自于生态成种的研究也表明生态选择自身就可以导致生殖隔离的形成和新物种的形成。尽管如此,我们对同倍性杂交物种形成过程的研究仍然较多地关注于染色体重组及相应的遗传效应;对于自然选择,特别是生态选择在同倍性杂交成种过程中的作用模式缺乏全面地了解。 本研究以同倍性杂交种-高山松为研究对象,利用地理信息学技术、基于天然群体取样的性状对比分析和人工杂交手段,全面地定量描述了高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化、生态转变下的天然群体生殖适应性、以及生态选择下的形态变异和种间杂交可配性。以此探讨了高山松的杂交成种过程,生态转变和自然选择的重要性以及它们与杂交种适应性、形态变异和生殖隔离之间的关系。利用地理信息学手段,对高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化对比分析表明:高山松与其亲本种间形成了明显的生态转变;在自然选择的作用下,高山松已经具备了对于青藏高原东南缘横断山区高山地带独特的生态适应性;相对于亲本种,它的适应性特征体现为混合型,在某些性状上它高出亲本种的适应性,在另一些性状上,它体现出居中、较低或者类似于亲本种适应性;高山松适生区由于地形地貌的复杂性,往往不连续,呈间断状。基于四个反映结实效率的性状、小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常现象及花粉萌发率在种间的对比分析表明,这些反映生殖状态的指标,在三个种及群体间并没有显著差异;相对于亲本种的天然群体,居于青藏高原的高山松群体,表现出了正常的授粉效率和生殖适应性。高山松天然群体正常的生殖效率表明,它经历了生态转变过程中的选择作用,已经具备了在新生境下,繁殖发展下去的生殖适应性。 在大规模群体取样的基础上,通过对反映植物个体发育和营养状态的球果和针叶形态性状的对比分析,我们发现,高山松及其亲本种间的形态变异存在以下特征:第一,绝大多数性状,在种间和种内群体间都存在着显著的差异,并且大部分性状的差异主要体现在种间;第二,高山松在大部分形态性状上介于两个亲本种之间,少数性状表现为超亲分离、类似于某个亲本或无种间差别;第三,在多数性状上,和亲本种相比,高山松群体都拥有较大的变异幅度。第四,在临近亲本种的群体中,高山松的形态特征更类似于所临近的亲本种。上述形态变异特征及其与气象、土壤、经纬度、海拔等因子间普遍的相关性,意味着生态选择在高山松成种过程中起了重要作用。总的来说,形态性状变异的总体模式揭示出:高山松在选择作用下的遗传和表型的精炼过程中已经形成了自身适应于高原环境的、稳定而有效的形态发育模式和资源利用方式,甚至是恰当的防御机制。 本研究通过云南松×油松的单交实验和油松×高山松部分双列杂交实验,检验了高山松及其亲本种间的杂交可配性。结果表明,就平均水平而言,高山松及其亲本种间的种间杂交结实可配性低于种内杂交,但个别种间杂交组合的结实可配性可能高于种间杂交;高山松及其亲本种间正在或已经形成了部分的合子后生殖障碍;现存的高山松群体及其亲本种间的生态地理隔离可能是很有效的生殖隔离形式,一方面做为合子前生殖隔离,它能避免种间相互传粉、阻碍种间杂交的发生,另一方面做为合子后生殖隔离,它能清除掉可能存在的劣势回交产物。 综合已有的证据,我们提出了高山松同倍性杂交物种形成模型:高山松的同倍性杂交成种是与青藏高原隆升过程以及隆升过程中所产生的全新生态空间紧密相关的;青藏高原隆升导致了生态环境的剧变,创造了全新的生态位,在选择的作用下,拥有综合了双亲遗传基础的杂种基因型开始占领这个全新的生态位;在分化的生态选择的持续作用下,杂种基因型在新的生境下稳定下来,形成了独立于亲本种的资源利用方式、形态特征和繁育系统,具备了完善的生殖和生态适应性;此时,一个与亲本种间以生态隔离存在的同倍性杂交种-高山松形成了;随着分化的生态选择的持续进行,高山松与亲本种间的内在生殖隔离不断加强。

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The time for conducting Preventive Maintenance (PM) on an asset is often determined using a predefined alarm limit based on trends of a hazard function. In this paper, the authors propose using both hazard and reliability functions to improve the accuracy of the prediction particularly when the failure characteristic of the asset whole life is modelled using different failure distributions for the different stages of the life of the asset. The proposed method is validated using simulations and case studies.