Profit repatriation of a Polish subsidiary from tax planning point of view of an international corporation

The main purpose of this study was to examine and compare the possibilities of profit repatriation from the point of view of tax planning of an international corporation, in such a case that a Finnish parent company has a subsidiary in Poland. The main research problem was divided into two sub research problems: 1) to examine concepts and principles of international taxation and tax planning from the point of view of international corporations and 2) to discuss the main features of Polish Companies-, Accounting- and Tax Act from the point of view a Finnish parent company. The research method of this study is mainly decision making, comparative analysis. In this study have been discussed the possibilities of international profit repatriation for supporting the decision making of the management of a Finnish parent company. In addition different repatriation possibilities have been compared. In this study has been noticed that a Finnish parent company can repatriate profit of its Polish subsidiary either directly as dividends or by using indirect methods such as interests, royalties, management fees and transfer pricing of goods. The total tax burden of dividends is heavier than the tax burden of indirect methods. It was also concluded that during the last years the Polish legislation has been renewed in order to prevent hidden dividend distribution. This has been done by implementing new rules of transfer pricing and thin capitalization.

Bulvaani osakeyhtiön osakkaana -erityisesti verotuksen kohdistamisen, peitellyn osingon ja veron kiertämisen näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää verotuksen kohdistumista tilanteissa, joissa osakeyhtiön osakkaana on bulvaani. Käyttämällä bulvaanisuhdetta ja osakeyhtiön muotoa hyväksi, pyritään usein saavuttamaan sellaisia veroetuja, joita bulvaanin taustalla pysyttelevä päämies ei voisi ilman tällaista muodollista järjestelyä hyväkseen saada. Osakeyhtiön ja osakkaan erillisellä verovelvollisuudella pyritään välttämään veroseuraamusten kohdistaminen. Verotuksen kohdistamista tutkittiin lähinnä verotusmenettelylaissa säänneltyjen, peiteltyä osinkoa ja veron kiertämistä koskevien lainkohtien soveltamisedellytyksiä tarkastelemalla. Lainkohtien avoimen sanamuodon vuoksi peitellyn osingon kohdistamisongelman ratkaiseminen ja verovelvollisen toimenpiteiden tulkitseminen veron kierroksi, ovat jääneet oikeuskäytännössä syntyneiden linjausten varaan. Lisäksi tutkittiin valeoikeustoimen ja keinotekoisten järjestelyjen vaikutusta tuloverotuksen kohdistamisessa. Tutkimus on tehty voimassa olevaa lainsäädäntöä ja lakien valmisteluaineistoa tarkastelemalla sekä oikeustapausten että oikeuskirjallisuuden yhteistutkimuksena.

Osingonjako ja omien osakkeiden hankinta varojenjakokeinoina – veroseuraamusten tarkastelu

Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on perehtyä osingon ja omien osakkeiden hankinnan eroihin varojenjakokeinoina ja erityisesti tarkastella niihin liittyviä veroseuraamuksia. Veroseuraamuksia arvioidaan niin listaamattomista, kuin listatuista yhtiöistä saaduista varoista ja niitä selvennetään laskuesimerkein. Näiden lisäksi tutkielmassa käsitellään peitellyn osingon säännöksen soveltamista erityisesti omien osakkeiden hankintaan liittyen. Peiteltyyn osinkoon liittyvät ennakkopäätökset, joita tutkielmassa esitellään runsaasti, ovat avain asemassa säännöksen soveltamisen ymmärtämisessä. Koska tutkielman perustana on voimassa olevan oikeuden sisältö ja tarkoituksena on tulkita lainsäädäntöä, on kyseessä lainopillinen tutkimus. Tutkielmassa todetaan osingon ja omien osakkeiden hankinnan olevan toistensa kaltaisia varojenjakokeinoja, kun asiaa katsotaan osakeyhtiölain näkökulmasta. Kun asiaa tarkastellaan verotuksen näkökulmasta, lainsäädäntö kannustaa yleensä jakamaan osinkoa etenkin listaamattomista yhtiöistä. Pörssiyhtiöissä myös omien osakkeiden hankinta voi olla tarkoituksen mukainen keino saada varoja yhtiöstä.

Peitelty osingonjako osakeyhtiössä - Muodot ja oikaisut verotuksessa

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan peiteltyä osingonjakoa osakeyhtiössä yhtiöoikeuden ja verotuksen suhteen. Tavoitteena on selvittää peitellyn osingonjaon muotoja ja seuraamuksia verotuksessa jakajalle ja saajalle. Aluksi selvitetään laillista ja laitonta varojen jakoa osakeyhtiössä sekä erilaisten varojenjakomuotojen verotusta. Seuraavaksi kuvaillaan peitellyn osingonjaon luonnetta osakkaan ja osakeyhtiön kannalta. Tutkimuksessa käydään läpi erilaiset peitellyn osingonjaon muodot ja seuraamukset verotuksessa ja yritetään löytää kirjallisuuden ja oikeuskäytännön pohjalta rajanvetoja peitellyn osingonjaon tulkinnalle.

Emergent Antiferromagnetism Out Of The Hidden-order" State In Uru2si2: High Magnetic Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To 40 T."

Very high field (29)Si-NMR measurements using a fully (29)Si-enriched URu(2)Si(2) single crystal were carried out in order to microscopically investigate the hidden order (HO) state and adjacent magnetic phases in the high field limit. At the lowest measured temperature of 0.4 K, a clear anomaly reflecting a Fermi surface instability near 22 T inside the HO state is detected by the (29)Si shift, (29)K(c). Moreover, a strong enhancement of (29)K(c) develops near a critical field H(c) ≃ 35.6 T, and the ^{29}Si-NMR signal disappears suddenly at H(c), indicating the total suppression of the HO state. Nevertheless, a weak and shifted (29)Si-NMR signal reappears for fields higher than H(c) at 4.2 K, providing evidence for a magnetic structure within the magnetic phase caused by the Ising-type anisotropy of the uranium ordered moments.

The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of hidden mosaicism: apropos of three cases of sex chromosome anomalies

FISH has been used as a complement to classical cytogenetics in the detection of mosaicism in sex chromosome anomalies. The aim of this study is to describe three cases in which the final diagnosis could only be achieved by FISH. Case 1 was an 8-year-old 46,XY girl with normal female genitalia referred to our service because of short stature. FISH analysis of lymphocytes with probes for the X and Y centromeres identified a 45,X/46,X,idic(Y) constitution, and established the diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Case 2 was a 21-month-old 46,XY boy with genital ambiguity (penile hypospadias, right testis, and left streak gonad). FISH analysis of lymphocytes and buccal smear identified a 45,X/46,XY karyotype, leading to diagnosis of mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Case 3 was a 47,XYY 19-year-old boy with delayed neuromotor development, learning disabilities, psychological problems, tall stature, small testes, elevated gonadotropins, and azoospermia. FISH analysis of lymphocytes and buccal smear identified a 47,XYY/48,XXYY constitution. Cases 1 and 2 illustrate the phenotypic variability of the 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, and the importance of detection of the 45,X cell line for proper management and follow-up. In case 3, abnormal gonadal function could be explained by the 48,XXYY cell line. The use of FISH in clinical practice is particularly relevant when classical cytogenetic analysis yields normal or uncertain results in patients with features of sex chromosome aneuploidy. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):545-51

Hidden vorticity in binary Bose-Einstein condensates

We consider a binary Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) described by a system of two-dimensional (2D) Gross-Pitaevskii equations with the harmonic-oscillator trapping potential. The intraspecies interactions are attractive, while the interaction between the species may have either sign. The same model applies to the copropagation of bimodal beams in photonic-crystal fibers. We consider a family of trapped hidden-vorticity (HV) modes in the form of bound states of two components with opposite vorticities S(1,2) = +/- 1, the total angular momentum being zero. A challenging problem is the stability of the HV modes. By means of a linear-stability analysis and direct simulations, stability domains are identified in a relevant parameter plane. In direct simulations, stable HV modes feature robustness against large perturbations, while unstable ones split into fragments whose number is identical to the azimuthal index of the fastest growing perturbation eigenmode. Conditions allowing for the creation of the HV modes in the experiment are discussed too. For comparison, a similar but simpler problem is studied in an analytical form, viz., the modulational instability of an HV state in a one-dimensional (1D) system with periodic boundary conditions (this system models a counterflow in a binary BEC mixture loaded into a toroidal trap or a bimodal optical beam coupled into a cylindrical shell). We demonstrate that the stabilization of the 1D HV modes is impossible, which stresses the significance of the stabilization of the HV modes in the 2D setting.

Bayesian online algorithms for learning in discrete Hidden Markov Models

We propose and analyze two different Bayesian online algorithms for learning in discrete Hidden Markov Models and compare their performance with the already known Baldi-Chauvin Algorithm. Using the Kullback-Leibler divergence as a measure of generalization we draw learning curves in simplified situations for these algorithms and compare their performances.

Unlocking hidden genomic sequence

Despite the success of conventional Sanger sequencing, significant regions of many genomes still present major obstacles to sequencing. Here we propose a novel approach with the potential to alleviate a wide range of sequencing difficulties. The technique involves extracting target DNA sequence from variants generated by introduction of random mutations. The introduction of mutations does not destroy original sequence information, but distributes it amongst multiple variants. Some of these variants lack problematic features of the target and are more amenable to conventional sequencing. The technique has been successfully demonstrated with mutation levels up to an average 18% base substitution and has been used to read previously intractable poly(A), AT-rich and GC-rich motifs.

Contradiction of quantum mechanics with local hidden variables for quadrature phase amplitude measurements

We demonstrate a contradiction of quantum mechanics with local hidden variable theories for continuous quadrature phase amplitude (position and momentum) measurements. For any quantum state, this contradiction is lost for situations where the quadrature phase amplitude results are always macroscopically distinct. We show that for optical realizations of this experiment, where one uses homodyne detection techniques to perform the quadrature phase amplitude measurement, one has an amplification prior to detection, so that macroscopic fields are incident on photodiode detectors. The high efficiencies of such detectors may open a way for a loophole-free test of local hidden variable theories.

Duck hepatitis B virus expresses a regulatory HBx-like protein from a hidden open reading frame

Duck hepatitis B viruses (DHBV), unlike mammalian hepadnaviruses, are thought to lack X genes, which encode transcription-regulatory proteins believed to contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A lack of association of chronic DHBV infection with hepatocellular carcinoma development supports this belief. Here, we demonstrate that DHBV genomes have a hidden open reading frame from which a transcription-regulatory protein, designated DHBx, is expressed both in vitro and in vivo. We show that DHBx enhances neither viral protein expression, intracellular DNA synthesis, nor virion production when assayed in the full-length genome context in LMH cells. However, similar to mammalian hepadnavirus X proteins, DHBx activates cellular and viral promoters via the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and localizes primarily in the cytoplasm. The functional similarities as,well as the weak sequence homologies of DHBx and the X proteins of mammalian hepadnaviruses strongly suggest a common ancestry of ortho- and avihepadnavirus X genes. In addition, our data disclose similar intracellular localization and transcription regulatory functions of the corresponding proteins, raise new questions as to their presumed role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and imply unique opportunities for deciphering of their still-enigmatic in vivo functions.

O comportamento do preço das acções em ex-dividend: uma análise empírica do mercado português

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Análise Financeira

Improving quality-of-service in wireless sensor networks by mitigating “Hidden-Node Collisions”

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) emerge as underlying infrastructures for new classes of large-scale networked embedded systems. However, WSNs system designers must fulfill the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements imposed by the applications (and users). Very harsh and dynamic physical environments and extremely limited energy/computing/memory/communication node resources are major obstacles for satisfying QoS metrics such as reliability, timeliness, and system lifetime. The limited communication range of WSN nodes, link asymmetry, and the characteristics of the physical environment lead to a major source of QoS degradation in WSNs-the ldquohidden node problem.rdquo In wireless contention-based medium access control (MAC) protocols, when two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the former, there will be a collision-called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly impacts network throughput, energy-efficiency and message transfer delays, and the problem dramatically increases with the number of nodes. This paper proposes H-NAMe, a very simple yet extremely efficient hidden-node avoidance mechanism for WSNs. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes that scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no interference between overlapping clusters. Importantly, H-NAMe is instantiated in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee, which currently are the most widespread communication technologies for WSNs, with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with their protocols standards. H-NAMe was implemented and exhaustively tested using an experimental test-bed based on ldquooff-the-shelfrdquo technology, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. H-NAMe effectiveness was also demonstrated in a target tracking application with mobile robots - over a WSN deployment.

H-NAMe: specifying, implementing and testing a hidden-node avoidance mechanism for wireless sensor networks

The hidden-node problem has been shown to be a major source of Quality-of-Service (QoS) degradation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to factors such as the limited communication range of sensor nodes, link asymmetry and the characteristics of the physical environment. In wireless contention-based Medium Access Control protocols, if two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the formers, there will be a collision – usually called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly affects network throughput, energy-efficiency and message transfer delays, which might be particularly dramatic in large-scale WSNs. This technical report tackles the hidden-node problem in WSNs and proposes HNAMe, a simple yet efficient distributed mechanism to overcome it. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes and then scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no transmission interference between overlapping clusters. We also show that the H-NAMe mechanism can be easily applied to the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee protocols with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with the standard specifications. We demonstrate the feasibility of H-NAMe via an experimental test-bed, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. We believe that the results in this technical report will be quite useful in efficiently enabling IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee as a WSN protocol.