Impacto da herbivoria no sucesso do estabelecimento de novas pradarias de ervas marinhas

Dissertação mest., Biologia Marinha, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Herbivoria em soja: Efeito na composição química das folhas e na biologia da lagarta da soja e do percevejo verde pequeno

The objective of this research was to study the effect of previous herbivory in the chemical composition of soybean leaves, and its influence on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hüeb.) and Piezodorus guildinii (West.) development. Two soybean genotypes, 'Embrapa 4' and 'BR 37', were chemically analyzed. The caterpillars were fed on these genotypes leaves and the bugs on string beans, both injured and non- injured (control), totalizing 4 treatments with 50 replications for each treatment. Herbivory was performed by releasing 3rd instar velvetbean caterpillar. The caterpillars were taken out when 30%-40% of foliar area were consumed. After that, leaves and string beans were used in the experiment. The results obtained during this research indicate that leaves chemical composition was altered and that, in general, A. gemmatalis larvae and P. guildinii nymph have presented better development when fed on non-injured soybean plants, being 'Embrapa 4' genotype the most efficient one concerning insects development.

Influência de aves e morcegos insetívoros no controle da herbivoria em sistemas agroflorestais de café

Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal - IBILCE

Efeitos da defaunação na herbivoria, pisoteio de plântulas, remoção e predação de sementes na Floresta Atlântica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inter-relações entre zooplâncton e fitoplâncton mediante herbivoria na Lagoa do Camargo (zona de desembocadura do Rio Paranapanema na Represa de Jurumirim)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Resposta de Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe) e Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a voláteis induzidos por herbivoria

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Entomologia Agrícola) - FCAV

Herbivoria por Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 sobre espécies arbóreas em restauração florestal

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Herbivoria em Bauhinia rufa (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) em fragmentos de cerrado

Herbivory is the basal link among the trophic chains and therefore has great importance in the energy flow in the ecosystems. However, the ecological interactions have been changed due to the process of fragmentation that has occurred in the cerrado. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the herbivory and the presence of possible constituents of defense in leaves of Bauhinia rufa in two cerrado fragments of different sizes . We evaluated in both of them species richness and abundance of herbivores as well absolute herbivory ( n = 25 plants / fragment ) . Through histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy we verified the constituents of defense. The difference between the herbivory in the fragments was not statistically significant ( t = -1.387 , p = 0.166 ) . However , we found a higher abundance of morphotypes of herbivores in the smaller fragment. We detected chemical and physical constituents that may confer protection to the plant at all stages of leaf development. Although several publications have indicated that small fragments have a higher susceptibility to changes, our study revealed no effect of fragment size on the absolute herbivory, suggesting that there are other factors acting more strongly and maintaining this type of interaction in these ecosystems

Efeito das relações bióticas sobre o estabelecimento de macroalgas de ecossistemas lóticos tropicais: interação com microalgas e pressão por herbivoria

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Responses of Scots pine to nickel and copper exposure and herbivory

The goal of this thesis was to examine the ecophysiological responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), with an emphasis on the oxidative enzyme peroxidase and plant phenolics to environmental stresses like elevated levels of nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), and herbivory. The effects of Ni and Cu were studied in a gradient survey at a sulphur dioxide contaminated site in the Kola Peninsula, and with experiments in which seedlings were exposed to Ni mist or to Ni and Cu amended into the soil. In addition, experimental Ni exposure was combined with disturbance of the natural lichen cover of the forest ground layer. Pine sawfly attack was simulated in the early season defoliation experiment, in which mature Scots pine were defoliated (100 %) during two successive years in a dry, nutrient-poor Scots pine stand. In addition, the effect of previous defoliation on the growth of sawfly (Diprion pini L.) larvae was studied. Apoplastic peroxidase activity was elevated in the needles of pine in a Ni- , Cu- and SO2- polluted environment, which indicated an increased oxidative stress. Increased foliar peroxidase activity due to Ni contamination was shown in the experiment, in which Ni was added as mist. No such response was found in peroxidase acitivity of the roots exposed to elevated Ni and/or Cu in the soil. Elevated Ni in the soil increased the concentration of foliar condensed tannins, which are able to bind heavy metals in the cells. Addition of low levels of Ni in the soil appeared to benefit pine seedlings, which was seen as promoted shoot growth and better condition of the roots. Wet Ni deposition of 2000 mg m-2 reduced growth and survival of pine seedlings, whereas deposition levels 200 mg m-2 or 20 mg m-2 caused no effects in a 2-y lasting experiment. The lichen mat on the forest floor did not act as an effective buffer against the adverse impacts of heavy metals on pine seedlings. However, some evidence was found indicating that soil microbes profited from the lichen mat. Artificial defoliation increased peroxidase activity in the Scots pine needles. In addition, defoliation decreased nitrogen, diamine putrescine and glucose concentrations in the needles and increased the concentrations of several phenolic compounds, starch and sucrose. Previous artificial defoliation led to poor growth of sawfly larvae reared on the pines, suggesting delayed induced resistance in Scots pine. However, there was no consistent relationship between inducibility (proportional increase in a compound following defoliation) and adverse effects on the growth of pine sawfly larvae. The observed inducible responses in needle phenolics due to previous defoliation thus appear to represent non-specific responses against sawflies.

Uso de repelentes na proteção de árvores dos danos provocados por herbívoros vertebrados.

A introdução de árvores em pastagens com o gado é dificultada pelos danos provocados por pisoteio e forrageamento dos animais. Em outras situações de convivência de herbívoros com árvores tem-se procurado afastar os animais com uso de substâncias repelentes. Os repelentes se baseiam na utilização dos sentidos para provocar a aversão nos animais. Os sentidos em questão são o paladar (sabor amargo associado a um efeito negativo pós-ingestão, criando aversão condicionada), olfato (especialmente odores relacionados com o predador) e dor (estimulação do nervo trigêmeo, como capsaicina). De acordo com o modo como são aplicados, os repelentes podem ser classificados como de área (especialmente os baseados no odor); de contato (especialmente os baseados no sabor); e sistêmicos (uma substância que é absorvida pela planta e distribuída pelos tecidos vegetais, como é o caso do selênio). A pesquisa com repelentes ainda tem um longo caminho a seguir, porque inúmeros fatores afetam o resultado dessas substâncias, entre eles a existência de alimentos alternativos, densidade animal, chuvas e concentração do princípio ativo. Existem poucos trabalhos com bovinos. Alguns produtos foram considerados eficientes para cervídeos e são utilizados em larga escala em países de clima frio. Um desses produtos baseia-se em sólidos de ovos putrefeitos (Deer Away - BGR). Considera-se que tenha eficiência de proteção acima de 85% por um período superior a cinco semanas nas condições utilizadas. O desenvolvimento de produtos com essas características, para uso em mudas florestais expostas a bovinos (ou ovinos) em condições tropicais, poderia alavancar o estabelecimento de sistemas silvipastoris.

Interacciones entre el ambiente lumínico y la producción de defensas contra hervíboros y patógenos en plantas

La radiación UV-B es un componente importante de la luz solar y tiene efetos netos sobre el desarrollo de las plantas. En condiciones naturales se observa frecuentemente que las plantas expuestas a la radiación UV-B son menos atacadas por insectos herbívoros. Estudios previos indicaron que este fenómeno se encontraba relacionado a cambios en la calidad de los tejidos vegetales producido por la radiación UV-B. Se ha sugerido que podría existir una convergencia entre las cascadas de señalización inducidas por el UV-B y por la herbivoría ya que algunos de los compuestos inducidos por el UV-B también son producidas en respuesta al ataque de insectos. En base a esto, en el presente trabajo de tesis se estudió el rol de la vía de señalización de jasmonatos y el papel del fotoreceptor de UV-B, UVR8, sobre el incremento de la resistencia a insectos y patógenos necrótrofos producidos porla exposición de las plantas a la radiación UV-B. A partir de experimentos realizados con las plantas modelo Nicotiana attenuata y Arabidopsis thaliana, se evaluó la producción de diversos componentes de la respuesta de defensa y la resistencia de insectos y patógenos mediante bioensayos. Como resultado, se encontró que parte del efecto de la radiación UV-B incrementando las defensas implica a la vía de los jasmonatos y que la radiación UV-B incrementa la sensibilidad de los tejidos a estas hormonas. En otros casos, el UV-B incrementa la resistencia a agresores bióticos por mecanismos independientes de los jasmonatos, pero que son dependientes del fotorreceptor UVR8. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis constituye la primera evidencia directa del rol de los jasmonatos en el incremento de las defensas producido por la radiación UV-B y es además el primer trabajo donde se evalúa el rol del fotorreceptor UVR8 sobre la producción de defensas

A alga invasora Sargassum muticum e as macrófitas nativas do Sul de Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007