Anatomy of the floral scape of Bromeliaceae

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos e do escapo floral de Leiothrix crassifolia (Bong.) Ruhl., Eriocaulaceae, da Serra do Cipó-MG

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Factores que afectan la emisión de escapo floral y producción de bulbillos aéreos en ajo (Allium sativum L.)

El ajo constituye el principal producto agrícola no transformado destinado a la exportación en Mendoza. En la Argentina, la ausencia de cultivares específicas de ajo y producción de semilla fiscalizada han sido unas de las principales debilidades del sistema exportador. Para que los materiales provenientes de los planes de mejoramiento y saneados lleguen rápidamente al productor es necesario acelerar la tasa de multiplicación de los mismos. Con esta finalidad, los bulbillos aéreos que se forman en el extremo del escapo de ajo tipo “colorado" (Grupo IV, Argentina) libre de virus, pueden ser utilizados como propágulos en la producción de ajo “semilla". El objetivo general del presente trabajo fue establecer la influencia del: genotipo, liberación de virus (OYDV y LYSV), tamaño de “diente" empleado como propágulo, fertilización nitrogenada y conservación de los escapos luego de la cosecha, en la producción de bulbillos aéreos. En Mendoza, Argentina, se evaluaron durante el ciclo 1994, 32 introducciones de ajo tipo “colorado" de distinto origen, por su hábito de floración y producción de bulbillos aéreos. Se llevaron a cabo durante los años 1995 y 1996 dos ciclos de ensayos, en los que se evaluó en una población clonal de ajo “colorado criollo" (AR-I-051) y una de ajo “ruso" (AR-I-033) el efecto del saneamiento viral sobre la floración y producción de bulbillos aéreos, trabajando con material crónicamente enfermo y libre de OYDV y LYSV. En AR-I-051 además se estudió el efecto del tamaño de “diente" (2; 3,5 y 5 g ó 1,2; 3,2 y 5,2 g) e influencia de la fertilización nitrogenada (0, 50 y 100 kg.ha-1 de N como SO4(NH4)2). Entre 1995 y 1998, se compararon diversas métodos de “curado" de los escapos luego de la cosecha de las plantas (en planta entera, cortados de distintas longitudes, mantenidos en seco o con inmersión de sus bases en agua o en solución nutritiva con o sin el regulador del crecimiento CCC). Se concluye que la producción de bulbillos aéreos depende del genotipo considerado. En ajo “colorado" se distinguen 5 grupos por su modalidad de floración y potencialidad de producción de bulbillos. La producción de bulbillos aéreos útiles (>2,4 mm de diámetro) depende del tiempo transcurrido entre floración y cosecha y no entre plantación y floración. Se puede predecir la cantidad de bulbillos aéreos útiles (Numa) sobre la base del diámetro de espata (espa) y la longitud de escapo (long) al momento de cosecha, según la ecuación: Numa = - 81,62 + 4,79 espa + 1,05 long (r2 = 0,88). v La capacidad de cada genotipo de emitir escapos, disminuye con la liberación de OYDV y LYSV, por lo que la producción por hectárea de bulbillos aéreos útiles es menor en el material saneado. El empleo de material saneado, “dientes" grandes, como la fertilización con N producen plantas de mayor tamaño y con mayor área foliar, lo que se traduce en un mayor rendimiento en la producción de bulbos. Sin embargo, la producción de bulbillos aéreos por hectárea disminuye, debido al menor porcentaje de plantas que emiten escapos y no a la disminución del número de bulbillos por planta. En cambio, todas aquellas condiciones que favorecen menor expresión vegetativa de las plantas aumentan la emisión de escapos. El “curado" de los escapos separados de la planta madre se puede llevar a cabo sin necesidad de realizar la inmersión de la base de los mismos en agua o en solución nutritiva con o sin CCC. La longitud a la cual se deben cortar los escapos, de manera de no afectar la producción de bulbillos, depende del grado de crecimiento de los bulbillos en el campo. La longitud de corte del escapo en ajo “criollo", con escaso crecimiento de los bulbillos aéreos en el campo, no debe ser inferior a 50 cm. En ajo “ruso", que presenta al momento de cosecha de las plantas un desarrollo avanzado de los bulbillos aéreos, los escapos pueden cortarse de menor longitud, sin afectar la producción de bulbillos aéreos. La longitud del escapo, en planta o separado de ella, afecta la producción de bulbillos aéreos en forma directamente proporcional.

Morpho-anatomical aspects of Paepalanthus hilairei Koern (Eriocaulaceae) from Serra do Cipo MG

The morphological characteristics of seedlings and the anatomical characteristics of vegetative organs and floral scape of P. hilairei (Eriocaulaceae) were analyzed to investigate the ecological and taxonomic implications for the species. P. hilairei is a perennial plant with an aerial stem and it grows in recently decomposed stony, sandy soils of the Serra do Cipo, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is found both on wet and dry soils, exposed to constant winds, high light intensities and extreme daily fluctuations of temperature. The results show that the seeds have operculum and the initial seedling development stages are the same for other Eriocaulaceae. During the germination period, the undifferentiated axis of the embryo becomes apparent. The observation of the development of this axis, shows first, the growth of the leaves and later that of the adventitious root. Attention is focused on the apical stem region which presents sterelis lateral branching with adventitious roots in its base which will develop into paraclades (system of florescences). Both of them rise out of the pericycle and characterize its vegetative growth. The occurrence of a special leaf substomatal chamber may be related to an efficient protection for the gaseous exchange and may be considered an important characteristic of the Eriocaulaceae.

Aspectos morfo-anatômicos de Paepalanthus hilairei koern. (Eriocaulaceae) da Serra do Cipó-MG

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Anatomia do escapo floral de espécies brasileiras de Paepalanthus subgênero Platycaulon (Eriocaulaceae)

Foi estudada a anatomia dos escapos de 17 espécies de Paepalanthus subgênero Platycaulon, sendo 10 da sect. Divisi e sete da sect. Conferti. O trabalho foi realizado para caracterizar anatomicamente os escapos. como contribuição para o entendimento do grupo, uma vez que. morfologicamente, esse é o caráter laxonômico mais importante. Procurou-se, também, confirmar ou não o reconhecimento das duas seções dentro do subgênero. Para os estudos anatômicos utilizou-se material proveniente do Brasil, obtido de exsicatas de diferentes herbários e/ou coletado na Serra do Cipó, MG. Neste trabalho observou-se que Paepalanthus subg. Platycaulon é caracterizado morfologicamente por apresentar escapos pluricapitulados no ápice. Anatomicamente, as espécies estudadas da sect. Divisi apresentam escapos com vários cilindros vasculares, na região mediana e, ainda apresentam, em Paepalanthus vellozioides e P. spixianus, feixes vasculares corticais, características únicas na família. Diferentemente, as espécies avaliadas da sect. Conferti apresentam escapos com cilindro vascular único na região mediana, padrão análogo ao das demais Eriocaulaccae, e ainda apresentam, em Paepalanthus itatiaiensis, P. planifolius e P. paulensis, feixes vasculares medulares, que até então não haviam sido referidos para a família.

SCAPE sustainable urban design simulation

SCAPE is an interactive simulation that allows teachers and students to experiment with sustainable urban design. The project is based on the Kelvin Grove Urban Village, Brisbane. Groups of students role play as political, retail, elderly, student, council and builder characters to negotiate on game decisions around land use, density, housing types and transport in order to design a sustainable urban community. As they do so, the 3D simulation reacts in real time to illustrate what the village would look like as well as provide statistical information about the community they are creating. SCAPE brings together education, urban professional and technology expertise, helping it achieve educational outcomes, reflect real-world scenarios and include sophisticated logic and decision making processes and effects.---------- The research methodology was primarily practice led underpinned by action research methods resulting in innovative approaches and techniques in adapting digital games and simulation technologies to create dynamic and engaging experiences in pedagogical contexts. It also illustrates the possibilities for urban designers to engage a variety of communities in the processes, complexities and possibilities of urban development and sustainability.

Kiwifruit floral gene APETALA2 is alternatively spliced and accumulates in aberrant indeterminate flowers in the absence of miR172

In Arabidopsis, the identity of perianth and reproductive organs are specified by antagonistic action of two floral homeotic genes, APETALA2 (AP2) and AGAMOUS (AG). AP2 is also negatively regulated by an evolutionary conserved interaction with a microRNA, miR172, and has additional roles in general plant development. A kiwifruit gene with high levels of homology to AP2 and AP2-like genes from other plant species was identified. The transcript was abundant in the kiwifruit flower, particularly petal, suggesting a role in floral organ identity. Splice variants were identified, all containing both AP2 domains, including a variant that potentially produces a shorter transcript without the miRNA172 targeting site. Increased AP2 transcript accumulation was detected in the aberrant flowers of the mutant 'Pukekohe dwarf' with multiple perianth whorls and extended petaloid features. In contrast to normal kiwifruit flowers, the aberrant flowers failed to accumulate miR172 in the developing whorls, although accumulation was detected at the base of the flower. An additional role during dormancy in kiwifruit was proposed based on AP2 transcript accumulation in axillary buds before and after budbreak.

Public space for street-scape theatrics : guerrilla spatial tactics and methods of urban hacking in Brisbane, Australia

It could be argued that architecture has an inherent social responsibility to enrich the urban and spatial environments for the city’s occupants. However how we define quality, and how ‘places’ can be designed to be fair and equitable, catering for individuals on a humanistic and psychological level, is often not clearly addressed. Lefebvre discusses the idea of the ‘right to the city’; the belief that public space design should facilitate freedom of expression and incite a sense of spatial ownership for its occupants in public/commercial precincts. Lefebvre also points out the importance of sensory experience in the urban environment. “Street-scape theatrics” are performative activities that summarise these two concepts, advocating the ‘right to the city’ by way of art as well as providing sensual engagement for city users. Literature discusses the importance of Street-scape Theatrics however few sources attempt to discuss this topic in terms of how to design these spaces/places to enhance the city on both a sensory and political level. This research, grounded in political theory, investigates the case of street music, in particular busking, in the city of Brisbane, Australia. Street culture is a notion that already exists in Brisbane, but it is heavily controlled especially in central locations. The study discusses how sensory experience of the urban environment in Brisbane can be enriched through the design for busking; multiple case studies, interviews, observations and thematic mappings provide data to gather an understanding of how street performers see and understand the built form. Results are sometime surprisingly incongruous with general assumptions in regards to street artist as well as the established political and ideological framework, supporting the idea that the best and most effective way of urban hacking is working within the system. Ultimately, it was found that the Central Business District in Brisbane, Australia, could adopt certain political and design tactics which attempt to reconcile systematic quality control with freedom of expression into the public/commercial sphere, realism upheld. This can bridge the gap between the micro scale of the body and the macro of the political economy through freedom of expression, thus celebrating the idiosyncratic nature of the city.

The polycomb group gene EMF2B is essential for maintenance of floral meristem determinacy in rice

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) represses the transcriptional activity of target genes through trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3. The functions of plant PRC2 have been chiefly described in Arabidopsis, but specific functions in other plant species, especially cereals, are still largely unknown. Here we characterize mutants in the rice EMF2B gene, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis EMBRYONIC FLOWER2 (EMF2) gene. Loss of EMF2B in rice results in complete sterility, and mutant flowers have severe floral organ defects and indeterminacy that resemble loss-of-function mutants in E-function floral organ specification genes. Transcriptome analysis identified the E-function genes OsMADS1, OsMADS6 and OsMADS34 as differentially expressed in the emf2b mutant compared with wild type. OsMADS1 and OsMADS6, known to be required for meristem determinacy in rice, have reduced expression in the emf2b mutant, whereas OsMADS34 which interacts genetically with OsMADS1 was ectopically expressed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation for H3K27me3 followed by quantitative (q)RT-PCR showed that all three genes are presumptive targets of PRC2 in the meristem. Therefore, in rice, and possibly other cereals, PRC2 appears to play a major role in floral meristem determinacy through modulation of the expression of E-function genes.