Determination of equine fetal sex by Doppler ultrasonography of the gonads

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sex differences in the fetal heart rate variability indices of twins

Aims: To evaluate the differences in linear and complex heart rate dynamics in twin pairs according to fetal sex combination [male-female (MF), male-male (MM), and female-female (FF)]. Methods: Fourteen twin pairs (6 MF, 3 MM, and 5 FF) were monitored between 31 and 36.4 weeks of gestation. Twenty-six fetal heart rate (FHR) recordings of both twins were simultaneously acquired and analyzed with a system for computerized analysis of cardiotocograms. Linear and nonlinear FHR indices were calculated. Results: Overall, MM twins presented higher intrapair average in linear indices than the other pairs, whereas FF twins showed higher sympathetic-vagal balance. MF twins exhibited higher intrapair average in entropy indices and MM twins presented lower entropy values than FF twins considering the (automatically selected) threshold rLu. MM twin pairs showed higher intrapair differences in linear heart rate indices than MF and FF twins, whereas FF twins exhibited lower intrapair differences in entropy indices. Conclusions: The results of this exploratory study suggest that twins have sex-specific differences in linear and nonlinear indices of FHR. MM twins expressed signs of a more active autonomic nervous system and MF twins showed the most active complexity control system. These results suggest that fetal sex combination should be taken into consideration when performing detailed evaluation of the FHR in twins.

Ecobiometria e Triplex Doppler para a avaliação da vitalidade fetal em Cebus apella

Os objetos do trabalho foram: 1) realizar a ecobiometria do concepto para acompanhar o crescimento fetal e determinar a idade gestacional em Cebus apella; 2) descrever o momento em que os órgãos do feto são observados; 3) realizar a sexagem fetal; 4) avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo das artérias uterinas (AU) e umbilical (Aum), mensurando os índices de resistividade (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP); 5) observar a presença ou ausência da incisura protodiastólica (IPD) e do componente diastólico nas ondas de fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum, respectivamente, durante a gestação em C. apella. Seis fêmeas adultas da espécie C. apella foram selecionadas e, posteriormente, condicionadas para os procedimentos de colpocitologia ou contenção química. Para o monitoramento do ciclo reprodutivo das fêmeas e crescimento folicular, foram realizados exames colpocitológicos e ultrassonografia (US), respectivamente, para a escolha do melhor dia da monta natural ou inseminação artificial. Vinte dias após a cópula ou inseminação, era realizado o diagnóstico da gestação por meio da US. O dia de cada exame em relação ao parto foi contado em retrospecto (nascimento = dia 0). Os exames ultrassonográficos foram feitos nos dias -133, -113, -83, -53, -21 e -1 antes do parto. A US bidimensional em modo B foi utilizada para mensurar o saco gestacional do dia - 133 até -113; os diâmetros biparietal, fronto-occiptal, circunferência da cabeça e circunferência abdominal do dia -113 a -1; e comprimento do fêmur do dia -53 até -23, mostrando o aumento desses parâmetros com o avanço da gestação. O coração e o estômago começaram a ser visualizados no dia -113 e, os demais órgãos e a sexagem no dia -83. O Triplex Doppler foi empregado para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo durante o período gestacional, mostrando uma diminuição nos IR e IP das AU e Aum, do dia -133 a -1, bem como observar o desaparecimento da IPD (dia -1) e aparecimento do componente diastólico (dia -53) na onda de fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum, respectivamente. Entre os dias -113 a -1, a média da freqüência cardíaca fetal, obtida pelo Triplex Doppler, foi de 189 ± 2,43 bpm. O presente trabalho permitiu determinar a idade gestacional, avaliar o crescimento anatômico do feto, descrever o momento em que os órgãos são visualizados e realizar a sexagem em C. apella. Constatou-se, também, que o fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum são importantes parâmetros para avaliar a vitalidade fetal em C. apella.

The Use of a Vaginal Conductivity Probe to Influence Calf Sex Ratio via Altered Insemination Time

One hundred eighty-nine mixed breed beef heifers from 13 consignors enrolled in the MACEP heifer development project were utilized in this study. Heifers were synchronized by feeding 0.5 mg melengestrol acetate (MGA) per head per day for 14 days followed by an injection of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a; 25 mg Lutalyse®) 17 days after the last MGA feeding. Each heifer was fitted with a Heatwatch® transmitter on the morning of PGF2a administration to facilitate detection of estrus. Vaginal conductivity measurements were taken using an Ovatec® probe every 12 hours for 96 hours beginning at the time of PGF2a injection. Heifers randomly assigned to produce a female calf were inseminated near the onset of estrus (as indicated by probe values of £ 55 on the decline). Heifers randomly assigned to produce a male calf were inseminated approximately 24 hours after the onset of estrus (as indicated by probe values of ³ 60 on the incline). All heifers not inseminated by 96 hours after PGF2a were mass inseminated in an attempt to impregnate as many heifers as possible. Heifers that were diagnosed as pregnant as a result of the artificial insemination were subjected to ultrasonography for fetal sex determination. Only 70 of the 189 heifers (37.0%) exhibited estrus according to Heatwatch® and incidence of estrus was influenced by heifer average daily gain, reproductive tract score, and disposition score. Heifers receiving a disposition score of 3 (78.7) had a higher (P<.05) probe reading at AI than those receiving a disposition score of 1 or 2 (70.8 and 72.5, respectively). Heifers with probe readings at insemination of 80 - 84 and > 84 had lower (P<.05) pregnancy rates to AI (13.6 and 0.0%, respectively) than heifers with probe readings in the ranges of < 60, 60 - 64, 65 - 69, 70 - 74, and 75 - 79 (35.7, 40.9, 31.4, 35.3, and 26.9% respectively). Heifers that were bred when probe values were increasing had a lower (P<.05) percentage of male fetuses (34.4%) than those bred during a period of decreasing probe values (69.2% male fetuses). These results demonstrate that a vaginal conductivity probe may be a useful tool to determine an insemination time that could potentially alter calf sex ratio.

Hormonal control of spermatogenesis in men: therapeutic aspects in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

During the first two trimesters of intrauterine life, fetal sex steroid production is driven by maternal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The HPG axis is activated around the third trimester and remains active for the first 6-months of neonatal life. This so-called mini-puberty is a developmental window that has profound effects on future potential for fertility. In early puberty, GnRH secretion is reactivated first at night and then night and day. Pulsatile GnRH stimulates both LH and FSH, which induce maturation of the seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) results from GnRH deficiency. Men with CHH lack the mini-pubertal and pubertal periods of Sertoli Cell proliferation and thus present with prepubertal testes (<4mL) and low inhibin serum levels --reflecting diminished SC numbers. To induce full maturation of the testes, GnRH-deficient patients can be treated with either pulsatile GnRH, hCG or combined gonadotropin therapy (FSH+hCG). Fertility outcomes with each of these regimens are highly variable. Recently, a randomized, open label treatment study (n=13) addressed the question of whether a sequential treatment with FSH alone prior to LH and FSH (via GnRH pump) could enhance fertility outcomes. All men receiving the sequential treatment developed sperm in the ejaculate, whereas 2/6 men in the other group remained azoospermic. A large, multicenter clinical trial is needed to definitively prove the optimal treatment approach for severe CHH.

La néoglucogenèse rénale : un nouvel aspect dans la restriction de croissance intra-utérine chez le rat

Bien que l’environnement intra-utérin défavorable soit associé à des conditions pathologiques à l’âge adulte, les mécanismes mis en place in utero ne sont pas encore élucidés. Nous avons établi un modèle de restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) en donnant une diète faible en sodium à la rate pendant la dernière semaine de gestation. Ce modèle se caractérise par une diminution de perfusion placentaire et une redistribution du flot sanguin, favorisant l’irrigation des organes nobles (cœur et cerveau) au détriment du rein fœtal. De plus, l’expression rénale du facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire (VEGF) est diminuée chez le fœtus. L’hypothèse de travail est que la néoglucogenèse hépatique et rénale augmente chez les fœtus RCIU afin de compenser la diminution de perfusion placentaire, et que l’expression rénale des récepteurs de VEGF (Flt-1 et Flk-1) est altérée à la suite de la redistribution du flot sanguin. Nos objectifs étaient de comparer l’expression protéique des enzymes de la néoglucogenèse et des récepteurs de VEGF entre les fœtus témoins et RCIU. L’aldolase B, la fructose-1,6-biphosphatase et la glucose-6-phosphatase augmentent dans les reins de fœtus RCIU par rapport aux témoins alors qu’aucun changement n’est observé dans le foie. De plus, l’expression de ces enzymes est différente selon le sexe du fœtus. Une diminution de Flt-1 est notée dans les reins de fœtus RCIU. Nos résultats démontrent que des adaptations surviennent chez le fœtus à la suite d’une insulte intra-utérine favorisant sa survie mais ayant des conséquences telles que la dysfonction rénale observée chez les adultes de ce modèle animal. À long terme, ces travaux pourront permettre d’entrevoir des avenues pour mieux identifier les approches de prévention lors de naissance à la suite d’une RCIU.

Eficacia del diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo por células fetales libres en sangre materna 1990-2014. Revisión sistemática

ANTECEDENTES: El aislamiento de células fetales libres o ADN fetal en sangre materna abre una ventana de posibilidades diagnósticas no invasivas para patologías monogénicas y cromosómicas, además de permitir la identificación del sexo y del RH fetal. Actualmente existen múltiples estudios que evalúan la eficacia de estos métodos, mostrando resultados costo-efectivos y de menor riesgo que el estándar de oro. Este trabajo describe la evidencia encontrada acerca del diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo luego de realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue reunir la evidencia que cumpla con los criterios de búsqueda, en el tema del diagnóstico fetal no invasivo por células fetales libres en sangre materna para determinar su utilidad diagnóstica.  MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el fin de determinar si el diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo por células fetales libres en sangre materna es efectivo como método de diagnóstico.  RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 5,893 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de búsqueda; 67 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión: 49.3% (33/67) correspondieron a estudios de corte transversal, 38,8% (26/67) a estudios de cohortes y el 11.9% (8/67) a estudios casos y controles. Se obtuvieron resultados de sensibilidad, especificidad y tipo de prueba. CONCLUSIÓN: En la presente revisión sistemática, se evidencia como el diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo es una técnica feasible, reproducible y sensible para el diagnóstico fetal, evitando el riesgo de un diagnóstico invasivo.

Ultrasonographic monitoring of early pregnancy development in Murrah buffalo heifers (Bubalus bubalis)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of embryo yield and pregnancy rate between in vivo and in vitro methods in the same Nelore (Bos indicus) donor cows

To investigate why the preferred means to produce bovine embryos in Brazil has changed from in vivo to in vitro, we compared these two approaches in the same Nelore cows (n = 30) and assessed total embryo production and pregnancy rates. Without a specific schedule, all cows were subjected to ultrasound-guided ovum pick up (OPU)/in vitro production (IVP) and MOET, with intervals ranging from 15 to 45 d between procedures, respectively. To produce in vivo embryos, cows were superovulated and embryos were recovered nonsurgically from 1 to 3 times (1.4 +/- 0.6). whereas OPU/IVP was repeated from 1 to 5 times (3.2 +/- 1.2) in each donor cow during a 12-mo interval. Embryos obtained from both methods were transferred to crossbred heifers. on average. 25.6 +/- 15.3 immature oocytes were collected per OPU attempt. The average number of embryos produced by OPU/IVP (9.4 +/- 5.3) was higher (P < 0.05) than the MOET method (6.7 +/- 3.7). However, pregnancy rates were lower (P < 0.05) following transfer of IVP (33.5%) versus in vivo-derived embryos (41.5%) embryos. Embryonic losses between Days 30 and 60 and fetal sex ratio were similar (P > 0.05) between in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos. We concluded that in Nelore cows, with an interval of 15 d between OPU procedures, it was possible to produce more embryos and pregnancies compared to conventional MOET. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fatores que afetam a viabilidade e a proporção do sexo de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro em programa de sexagem comercial

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Evidence for sex differences in fetal programming of physiological stress reactivity in infancy

Associations between low birth weight and prenatal anxiety and later psychopathology may arise from programming effects likely to be adaptive under some, but not other, environmental exposures and modified by sex differences. If physiological reactivity, which also confers vulnerability or resilience in an environment-dependent manner, is associated with birth weight and prenatal anxiety, it will be a candidate to mediate the links with psychopathology. From a general population sample of 1,233 first-time mothers recruited at 20 weeks gestation, a sample of 316 stratified by adversity was assessed at 32 weeks and when their infants were aged 29 weeks (N = 271). Prenatal anxiety was assessed by self-report, birth weight from medical records, and vagal reactivity from respiratory sinus arrhythmia during four nonstressful and one stressful (still-face) procedure. Lower birth weight for gestational age predicted higher vagal reactivity only in girls (interaction term, p = .016), and prenatal maternal anxiety predicted lower vagal reactivity only in boys (interaction term, p = .014). These findings are consistent with sex differences in fetal programming, whereby prenatal risks are associated with increased stress reactivity in females but decreased reactivity in males, with distinctive advantages and penalties for each sex.

The vulnerable male, or the sex ratio among fetal deaths in Brazil

Some studies indicate the existence of innate male vulnerabilities, especially during the perinatal period. The current study is a cross-sectional analysis of fetal mortality in Brazil according to sex from 2000 to 2009, stratified by maternal characteristics (age, schooling, and gestational age), using Ministry of Health data (DATASUS). The analysis included all fetal deaths from 2000 to 2009, except when the sex of the fetus was not recorded. The male/female sex ratio (SR) for all fetal deaths was 1.188. Analysis of maternal characteristics showed that the SR was statistically higher (p < 0.01) in mothers that were younger (10-14 years), had no formal schooling, and with gestational age < 22 weeks. The study showed a statistically higher-than-expected SR (p < 0.01) for 13 underlying causes of death and a lower SR for two others. The results suggest a potential innate male vulnerability.

In utero exposure to cigarette chemicals induces sex-specific disruption of one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation in the human fetal liver

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Acknowledgements: We thank Ms Margaret Fraser, Ms Samantha Flannigan, and Dr Wing Yee Kwong for their expert assistance. The staff at Grampian NHS Pregnancy Counselling Service were essential for collecting fetuses. We thank Professor Geoffrey Hammond and Dr Marc Simard, University of British Colombia for helpful comments on the manuscript. Supported by grants as follows: Scottish Senior Clinical Fellowship (AJD); Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Executive, CZG/1/109 to PAF, & CZG/4/742 (PAF & PJOS); NHS Grampian Endowments 08/02 (PAF, SB & PJOS); the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 212885 (PAF & SMR); the Medical Research Council grants MR/L010011/1 (PAF & PJOS) and MR/K018310/1 (AJD). None of the funding bodies played any role in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, nor in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication