Career journeys and turning points of senior female managers in small construction firms

There is under-representation of senior female managers within small construction firms in the United Kingdom. The position is denying the sector a valuable pool of labour to address acute knowledge and skill shortages. Grounded theory on the career progression of senior female managers in these firms is developed from biographical interviews. First, a turning point model which distinguishes the interplay between human agency and work/home structure is given. Second, four career development phases are identified. The career journeys are characterized by ad hoc decisions and opportunities which were not influenced by external policies aimed at improving the representation of women in construction. Third, the 'hidden', but potentially significant, contribution of women-owned small construction firms is noted. The key challenge for policy and practice is to balance these external approaches with recognition of the 'inside out' reality of the 'lived experiences' of female managers. To progress this agenda there is a need for: appropriate longitudinal statistical data to quantify the scale of senior female managers and owners of small construction firms over time; and, social construction and gendered organizational analysis research to develop a general discourse on gender difference with these firms.

The Road to Poverty Reduction: Corporate Governance and Female Participation in MFIs

1.Microfinance Industry – Context of Analysis. This paper is an introduction to the microfinance industry. It serves as a context of analysis, for the empirical settings and basis for building the theoretical argument for the thesis. 2.Women in Microfinance Institutions: The Road to Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality? One of the unique aspects of microfinance institutions is their focus on outreach, i.e. their ability to reach the poor. This paper explores whether the presence of women in microfinance institutions is associated with improved outreach. Building on prior research that shows that women tend to improve financial performance and social responsibility, we examine an original dataset of 226 microfinance institutions. The empirical results suggest that the presence of a female CEO, female managers and female loan officers is directly related to improved outreach, while the presence of women board members is not. 3. Women in Microfinance Institutions: Is There a Trade-Off Between Outreach and Sustainability? Abstract This paper’s contribution to the understanding of microfinance is two-fold. First, while it has been shown that female CEOs in MFIs increase financial performance, it will be argued that female managers, female loan officers and female board members will do the same. Secondly, having previously shown that having a female presence in management in MFIs improves social performance the outreach, it will be argued that having females in the MFIs’ management will not lead to a trade-off between outreach and sustainability. These findings are based on an original data set of 226 MFIs. Statistical analysis demonstrates that a weak relationship between female managers and female loan officers vis-à-vis financial performance, but female board members do not. The trade-off between outreach and sustainability can be avoided with the appointment of females to the MFIs’ management positions, but the same cannot be concluded for female board members.

Pietarilaiset naisjohtajat siirtymätalouden murroksessa

Tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata ja selittää mahdollisimman yksityiskohtaisesti ja monipuolisesti pietarilaista naisjohtajuutta. Tutkielma on laadullinen tutkimus ja tutkimusmetodina käytetään tiheää kuvausta. Tiheä kuvaus pyrkii kertomaan mahdollisimman tarkasti johtamisen kokemisen. Aineisto kerättiin keväällä 2004 Pietarissa haastattelemalla kymmentä naisyritysjohtajaa. Aineiston analysoinnissa ilmeni, että naisjohtajuus oli vastanneille naisille mahdollisuus, jota kommunistisen järjestelmän aikana ei varsinaisesti ollut. Johtajiksi oli pääsääntöisesti haluttu. Vain muutama vastannut oli päätynyt johtajaksi ilman omaa halua. Haastateltavat kertoivat halunneensa johtajina kehittää itseään ja kasvaa urallaan. Venäläinen yhteiskunta ei varsinaisesti tue naisyrittäjiä ja –johtajia eli ei tarjoa heille mm. erityisiä sosiaalista apua perheenhoitoon tai tukea yrityksen perustamiseen. Kansan asenteet vastanneiden mukaan ovat naisjohtajia kohtaan parantuneet. Haastatellut naiset näkivät oman tulevaisuutensa positiivisena ja kehittämismahdollisuuksia täynnä. Venäjän taloudellinen tulevaisuus voi hyvinkin olla riippuvainen siitä, miten naiset pääsevät etenemään maassa ja perustamaan omia yrityksiään.

Dones directives i lideratge: el cas de les empreses gironines

L'objectiu de la tesi és l'anàlisi del accés de les dones a la direcció d'empreses, el seu estil de lideratge, Així com les dificultats que han trobat i tenen actualment per poder exercir la direcció. D'entrada s'ha fet una revisió de la literatura acadèmica sobre el lideratge i l'evolució de les seves característiques fins als dos grans estils: transaccional i transformacional. A partir d'aquest punt, es van recopilant una sèries d'estudis que analitzen les característiques diferencials de gènere i la influència que tenen en els estils de lideratge, per poder elaborar un model conceptual d'anàlisi que s'aplica en l'estudi empíric. Aquest fa referència a la realitat de les dones directives a les empreses de Girona i comarques. En primer lloc es fa una aproximació a les empreses per poder detectar on estan situades les dones directives i poder conèixer el seu perfil, així com l'estil de lideratge que tenen, com han accedit a la direcció i les dificultats que han de superar per poder exercir. Es fa especial referència a la conciliació de la vida laboral i la vida familiar, i també es fa una anàlisi de les motivacions que tenen per exercir la direcció i com veuen el futur per a les dones directives. La metodologia inclou anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa: per a la quantitativa es varen fer servir dos qüestionaris, el primer dirigit als directius i directives d'una mostra de les empreses de Girona, en que es varen aconseguir 252 qüestionaris vàlids i el segon dirigit a dones directives de les empreses, amb l'obtenció de 100 qüestionaris vàlids. Posteriorment i en la recollida de dades de la fase qualitativa, es varen realitzar entrevistes a 19 dones directives, amb una posterior anàlisi del discurs. L'anàlisi de dades ens mostra que l'accés a la direcció és, en elevats percentatges, la via familiar o el fet de ser empresàries. S'ha de tenir en compte el context en el que estan aquestes empreses, que és de petita i mitjana i bàsicament familiar. L'estil de lideratge amb el que més s'identifiquen és el transformacional, però tenint també molt en compte la importància dels resultats. Les motivacions bàsiques manifestades són: autorrealització i desenvolupament personal. Pel que fa a les dificultats, les directives enquestades i entrevistades no han trobat gaires problemes importants, però el que sí han manifestat, ha estat la sensació de que pel fet de ser dones, han hagut de demostrat molt més la seva capacitat i vàlua en diferents circumstàncies de l'exercici de la direcció. També es té en compte que en les últimes investigacions sobre el tema, malgrat que és considera que les dones poden fer aportacions molt valuoses a les empreses i que poden ser molt positives per l'exercici de la direcció, encara no hi ha en les grans empreses un nombre de dones en càrrecs d'alta direcció que afavoreixi un accés més fàcil als consells d'administració, a no ser que siguin dones membres de la família accionarial.

The role of gender in the construction and evaluation of feedback effectiveness

This study investigated factors that influence managers’ conceptions and subordinates’ perceptions of effective feedback. A social rules perspective was used to operationalize male and female managers’ conceptions of effective negative feedback. In the first study, 68 male and female managers identified their optimal strategies for providing feedback to subordinates. Male and female managers endorsed different goals and tactics for giving negative feedback, particularly in terms of levels of participation and directness. In the second study, 116 male and female subordinates evaluated the comparative effectiveness and difficulty of these and other standard approaches to feedback. The female manager strategy was evaluated by both men and women as generally more task and relationship effective but not more difficult to enact.

Subordinate-manager gender combination and perceived leadership style influence on emotions, self-esteem and organizational commitment

A theoretical model was developed to investigate the relationships among subordinate-manager gender combinations, perceived leadership style, experienced frustration and optimism, organization-based self-esteem and organizational commitment. The model was tested within the context of a probabilistic structural model, a discrete Bayesian network, using cross-sectional data from a global pharmaceutical company. The Bayesian network allowed forward inference to assess the relative influence of gender combination and leadership style on the emotions, self-esteem and commitment consequence variables. Further, diagnostics from backward inference were used to assess the relative influence of variables antecedent to organizational commitment. The results showed that gender combination was independent of leadership style and had a direct impact on subordinates' levels of frustration and optimism. Female manager-female subordinate had the largest probability of optimism, while male manager teamed with a male subordinate had the largest probability of frustration. Furthermore, having a female manager teamed up with a male subordinate resulted in the lowest possibility of frustration. However, the findings show that the gender issue is not simply female managers versus male managers, but is concerned with the interaction of the subordinate-manager gender combination and leadership style in a nonlinear manner. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

'Between a rock and a hard place':towards a theorisation of the role of gender in junior management

This paper seeks to theorise the role that gender plays in the careers of junior female managers. We do this by drawing upon two separate empirical studies, firstly a largescale study based on interviews with female managers in the West Midlands (UK) is used to explore the growth of female participation in junior managerial roles with reference to the notion of managerial careers as seduction. We explore the routes the women have taken into junior management careers and the barriers that exist to progression toward more senior roles. Secondly, a small-scale ethnographic study of a large service-based organization, also based in the West Midlands, is documented in an attempt to theorise the organizational role of female junior managers. While the dominance of masculine values and practices in organisations is explored, we also argue that growing female participation at junior managerial levels can only partly be explained by female managers adopting, or appearing to adopt, masculine behaviours. We seek to contribute to a fuller explanation by drawing attention to the way in which senior managers in the case study sought to employ female junior managers particularly for their perceived feminine skills. Significantly, however the ethnography reveals the ambiguously gendered construction of female junior managers roles through an exploration of the enactment of both masculine and feminine practices during the ‘doing’ of management.

Between a rock and a hard place:exploring women's experience of participation and progress in managerial careers

Purpose – The growth of women in management has been argued to offer a route to reduce organizational and social inequality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the careers and experiences of female managers from a variety of organizations operating in the West Midlands region of the UK. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on 56 interviews conducted with women managers within various sectors. The interviewees also completed pictorial careers maps, which along with interview recordings were analyzed. Findings – The key themes to emerge from this research centre upon the factors that draw women into management (which we term seductive elements) as well as some of the hindering practices that prevent women from progressing. Significantly, we find that managerial careers are associated with gendered assumptions and practices (e.g. facilitating and developing people) which contribute to construct management (done by women) as bounded-up characteristically with “feminized” behaviours. Research limitations/implications – The research is based upon a relatively small sample that is multi-sectorial. Wider studies that increase population size, together with deeper studies that hold sectorial variables constant would further add weight to the findings presented here. Practical implications – The paper draws attention to the “lived reality” of doing management, which, we argue often, for women in particular involves the reconciliation of contradictions and conflicting pressures. We draw attention to the lack of “alternative models” of organization and highlight the potential for gender-focus mentoring and management education. Originality/value – The paper is of value in giving voice to a selection of women managers by allowing them to reflect upon and explore their experience of management. The paper also documents the day-to-day reality of women's managerial careers that require the re-enactment and reproduction of stereotypical gender norms.

Benevolent sexism at work:gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences

The current research draws from ambivalent sexism theory to examine potential gender differences in the quantity and quality of developmental work experiences. In a sample of managers in the energy industry, men and women reported participating in a similar number of developmental experiences (with comparable levels of support), but men rated these experiences as more challenging and received more negative feedback than did women. Similarly, a sample of female managers in the health care industry reported comparable amounts, but less challenging types, of developmental experiences than their male counterparts'. The results of three complementary experiments suggest that benevolent sexism is negatively related to men's assignment of challenging experiences to female targets but that men and women were equally likely to express interest in challenging experiences. Taken together, these results suggest that stereotype-based beliefs that women should be protected may limit women's exposure to challenging assignments, which in turn may partially explain the underrepresentation of women at the highest levels of organizations. © The Author(s) 2012.

The Articulation of Different Life Domains among Female Senior Managers and Their Subjective Well-Being : Focusing on Meaning Constructions in Everyday Life

Work-life issues have become a major concern across Western societies with the objective to promote women's careers and well-being. However, despite growing attempts to increase the number of women in senior management positions in European countries, such as Switzerland, they remain highly underrepresented. Inspired from the cultural approach in psychology, this article focuses on these women's concrete everyday life to understand how they articulate different life domains and how this influences their subjective well-being. A narrative approach based on reflexivity is adopted to analyze women's activity. Results show meaning intertwinements between life priorities that are often conflicting. Two psychological functions are identified: the feeling of control and the letting go of control. Each of these contributes to women's subjective well-being through the use of diversified supports, but their structuring roles appear only in relation to one another. Results are discussed in the light of existing literature and of their implications.

Female senior managers in the Brazilian finance industry: a journey towards success

No nível global, a representação de líderes de sexo feminino nas empresas muitas vezes ainda se dá em números baixos em termos de percentagem. Particularmente em finanças, esses registros estão abaixo da média da indústria, e a forte concorrência e o ambiente de trabalho dominado pelos homens tornam difícil para as mulheres atingir o topo da pirâmide corporativa (Torres et al., 2013; OECD Better Life Index 2015). Isto pode ser devido a uma falta de equilíbrio trabalho-vida, diferentes estilos de liderança, as mulheres sendo intimidadas, ou a conformidade com estruturas familiares convencionalmente englobadas. No Brasil, os códigos de comportamento tradicionais são muito palpáveis na sociedade do país, embora esta também tenha se beneficiado de uma forte presença de movimentos feministas na segunda metade do século passado (Tate and Yang, 2015; Bowles et al. 2007; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007). Nos últimos anos, o setor financeiro brasileiro tem crescido, oferecendo maiores oportunidades de emprego e desenvolvimento de carreira nas corporações nacionais e internacionais (Chiang et al., 2013; Bruschini, 2007). Esta dissertação aborda os desafios enfrentados por líderes de sexo feminino do mercado financeiro brasileiro e as suas trajetórias de carreira. Este objetivo será atingido por meio de uma análise de mídia social, focando nos anos de experiência de trabalho das mulheres analisadas, a posição atual delas e se elas têm filhos, bem como com 10 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com executivas no setor financeiro no Brasil. Estas medidas irão abranger lacunas na literatura e consequentes recomendações para pesquisas futuras.

HIV/AIDS risk among female sex workers who use crack in Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To understand the social context of female sex workers who use crack and its impact on HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. METHODODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study carried out in Foz do Iguaçu, Southern Brazil, in 2003. Twenty-six in-depth interviews and two focus groups were carried out with female commercial sex workers who frequently use crack. In-depth interviews with health providers, community leaders and public policy managers, as well as field observations were also conducted. Transcript data was entered into Atlas.ti software and grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the data and develop a conceptual model as a result of this study. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Female sex workers who use crack had low self-perceived HIV risk in spite of being engaged in risky behaviors (e.g. unprotected sex with multiple partners). Physical and sexual violence among clients, occasional and stable partners was widespread jeopardizing negotiation and consistent condom use. According to health providers, community leaders and public policy managers, several female sex workers who use crack are homeless or live in slums, and rarely have access to health services, voluntary counseling and testing, social support, pre-natal and reproductive care. CONCLUSIONS: Female sex workers who use crack experience a plethora of health and social problems, which apparently affect their risks for HIV infection. Low-threshold, user-friendly and gender-tailored interventions should be implemented, in order to increase the access to health and social-support services among this population. Those initiatives might also increase their access to reproductive health in general, and to preventive strategies focusing on HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.