Defective protein folding and function in metabolic disorders: studies on the mitochondrial flavoenzyme ETF

Dissertation presented to obtain the PhD degree in Biochemistry at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

The effects of OF ETF creation on the price efficiency of underlying stocks

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Optimaalinen sijoitusstrategia ETF- portfoliossa : moderni portfolioteoria valintaongelman resoluutiossa

Tutkimus yhdistää perinteisen rahoitusteorian, Harry Markowitzin luoman modernin portfolioteorian, finanssimaailman uuteen sijoitustuotteeseen, ETF- rahastoon. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ratkaista portfolion valintaongelma tilanteessa, jossa sijoittajalla on mahdollisuus rakentaa portfolion sisältö eri luokkiin kuuluvista ETF- rahastoista. Saaduista tuloksista luodaan johtopäätöksiä portfolion sisällön muuttumiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä, kun optimoinnin primaariehdoiksi asetetaan eri tekijöitä. Tutkimus antaa lukijalle työkalut modernin portfolion valintaongelman resoluutioon ja ajatuksia teorian käytön kannattavuuteen. Tutkimus suoritettiin vahvasti empiiriseltä pohjalta. Teoreettisella aineistolla pyritään käsitteiden sisäistämiseen ennen tutkimuksen empiiriseen osioon siirtymistä. Empiirisen aineiston avulla saavutettujen tutkimustulosten ymmärtäminen edellyttää lukijalta tutkimuksessa käytettyjen käsitteiden tunnistamista. Saavutettuihin tutkimustuloksiin ja niistä tehtyihin johtopäätöksiin oman painoarvonsa ja värikkyytensä tuo finanssimaailmaa tutkimusperiodin aikana rasittanut taantuma, jonka johdosta tutkimustuloksien voidaan katsoa poikkeavan odotetusta. Tutkimustulokset tukevat modernin portfolioteorian toimivuutta myös nykyajan rahoitusmarkkinoilla niissä tilanteissa, joissa portfolion valintaongelman kohteena ovat markkinoiden uudet sijoitustuotteet. Teorian avulla saavutetaan satunnaisesti valittua portfoliota suurempaa tuottoa pienemmällä riskillä. Tutkimustulosten valossa teorian tuoma hyöty valintaongelman resoluutiossa ei kuitenkaan aina saavuta sitä merkittävyyttä, joka tukisi sen käytön kannattavuutta. Tutkimuksessa saavutettujen portfolioiden sisällön jakautuminen eri luokkiin kuuluvien ETFrahastojen välille optimointiehtojen muuttuessa, antoi mielenkiintoisen näkökulman osakepohjaisten ETF- rahastojen kannattavuudesta tutkimusperiodin aikana. Hajauttamista ei minkään saavutetun portfolion kohdalla suunnattu osakepohjaisiin ETF- rahastoihin, vaan valintaongelman ratkaisuksi moderni portfolioteoria antoi hajautuksen ETC ja ETN rahastojen välille. Näiden rahastoiden sijoitukset pohjautuvat raaka-aineisiin ja velkakirjoihin. Ilmiön selityksenä voidaan katsoa olevan tutkimusperiodin aikainen suuri volatiliteetti rahoitusmarkkinoilla, jonka johdosta osakemarkkinoiden suunta oli toimialasta ja maantieteellisestä sijainnista huolimatta negatiivinen hinnankehitys.

ETF hedge - rahastojen suoriutuminen sijoittajan näkökulmasta aikavälillä 2009 – 2013

Tutkielmassa analysoidaan yhtä ETF rahastojen viimeisimpiä aluevaltauksia: ETF hedge-rahastoja, joista ensimmäiset saivat alkunsa vuonna 2009 finanssikriisin aiheuttamien sääntömuutosten johdosta. ETF hedge-rahastot imitoivat perinteisten hedge-rahastojen positioita tarkoituksenaan saavuttaa hedge-rahastojen perinteisesti suuret voitot, mutta ilman niille ominaista suurta kustannusrakennetta. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten ETF hedge-rahastot ovat suoriutuneet Yhdysvaltain markkinoihin nähden, sekä miten nämä rahastot ovat onnistuneet hedge-rahastojen position imitoinnissa.

The growing importance of the ETF industry - the pros and cons of passive management

O objectivo deste projecto é a comparação entre os prós e contras de gestão passiva e ativa através da realização de um estudo estatístico de várias estratégias através dos Exchange-Traded Funds. Em particular, a análise vai passar pela estratégia mais passiva, ou seja, buy and hold, para um grau diferente de active indexing management, tais como rotações do sector e / ou classe de ativos com base no bottom-up, top-down e indicadores técnicos. A análise mostra que as estratégias ativas, se forem devidamente aplicadas, conseguem obter retornos ajustados ao risco substancialmente superiores quando comparados com uma abordagem passiva, superando as questões de custos de transação e diversificação que normalmente são reivindicadas por uma gestão passiva.

Testing co-volatility spillovers for natural gas spot, futures and ETF spot using dynamic conditional covariances

There is substantial empirical evidence that energy and financial markets are closely connected. As one of the most widely-used energy resources worldwide, natural gas has a large daily trading volume. In order to hedge the risk of natural gas spot markets, a large number of hedging strategies can be used, especially with the rapid development of natural gas derivatives markets. These hedging instruments include natural gas futures and options, as well as Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) prices that are related to natural gas stock prices. The volatility spillover effect is the delayed effect of a returns shock in one physical, biological or financial asset on the subsequent volatility or co-volatility of another physical, biological or financial asset. Investigating volatility spillovers within and across energy and financial markets is a crucial aspect of constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies. The paper tests and calculates spillover effects among natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets using the multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK model. The data used include natural gas spot and futures returns data from two major international natural gas derivatives markets, namely NYMEX (USA) and ICE (UK), as well as ETF data of natural gas companies from the stock markets in the USA and UK. The empirical results show that there are significant spillover effects in natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets for both USA and UK. Such a result suggests that both natural gas futures and ETF products within and beyond the country might be considered when constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies for natural gas spot prices.

Volatility spillovers for spot, futures, and ETF prices in energy and agriculture

The agricultural and energy industries are closely related, both biologically and financially. The paper discusses the relationship and the interactions on price and volatility, with special focus on the covolatility spillover effects for these two industries. The interaction and covolatility spillovers or the delayed effect of a returns shock in one asset on the subsequent volatility or covolatility in another asset, between the energy and agricultural industries is the primary emphasis of the paper. Although there has already been significant research on biofuel and biofuel-related crops, much of the previous research has sought to find a relationship among commodity prices. Only a few published papers have been concerned with volatility spillovers. However, it must be emphasized that there have been numerous technical errors in the theoretical and empirical research, which needs to be corrected. The paper not only considers futures prices as a widely-used hedging instrument, but also takes an interesting new hedging instrument, ETF, into account. ETF is regarded as index futures when investors manage their portfolios, so it is possible to calculate an optimal dynamic hedging ratio. This is a very useful and interesting application for the estimation and testing of volatility spillovers. In the empirical analysis, multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK models are estimated for comparing patterns of covolatility spillovers. The paper provides a new way of analyzing and describing the patterns of covolatility spillovers, which should be useful for the future empirical analysis of estimating and testing covolatility spillover effects.

An econometric analysis of ETF and ETF futures in financial and energy markets using generated regressors

It is well known that that there is an intrinsic link between the financial and energy sectors, which can be analyzed through their spillover effects, which are measures of how the shocks to returns in different assets affect each other’s subsequent volatility in both spot and futures markets. Financial derivatives, which are not only highly representative of the underlying indices but can also be traded on both the spot and futures markets, include Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), which is a tradable spot index whose aim is to replicate the return of an underlying benchmark index. When ETF futures are not available to examine spillover effects, “generated regressors” may be used to construct both Financial ETF futures and Energy ETF futures. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the covolatility spillovers within and across the US energy and financial sectors in both spot and futures markets, by using “generated regressors” and a multivariate conditional volatility model, namely Diagonal BEKK. The daily data used are from 1998/12/23 to 2016/4/22. The data set is analyzed in its entirety, and also subdivided into three subset time periods. The empirical results show there is a significant relationship between the Financial ETF and Energy ETF in the spot and futures markets. Therefore, financial and energy ETFs are suitable for constructing a financial portfolio from an optimal risk management perspective, and also for dynamic hedging purposes.