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Cooperative Proxying: An Approach to Reduce Network Energy Waste

A network connected host is expected to generate/respond to applications and protocols specific messages. Billions of Euro of electricity is wasted to keep idle hosts powered up 24/7 just to maintain network presence. This short paper describes the design of our cooperative Network Connectivity Proxy (NCP) that can impersonate sleeping hosts and responds to packets on their behalf as they were connected and fully operational. Thus, NCP is in fact an efficient approach to reduce network energy waste.

Improving Smartphones Battery Life by Reducing Energy Waste of Background Applications

Smartphones have undergone a remarkable evolution over the last few years, from simple calling devices to full fledged computing devices where multiple services and applications run concurrently. Unfortunately, battery capacity increases at much slower pace, resulting as a main bottleneck for Internet connected smartphones. Several software-based techniques have been proposed in the literature for improving the battery life. Most common techniques include data compression, packet aggregation or batch scheduling, offloading partial computations to cloud, switching OFF interfaces (e.g., WiFi or 3G/4G) periodically for short intervals etc. However, there has been no focus on eliminating the energy waste of background applications that extensively utilize smartphone resources such as CPU, memory, GPS, WiFi, 3G/4G data connection etc. In this paper, we propose an Application State Proxy (ASP) that suppresses/stops the applications on smartphones and maintains their presence on any other network device. The applications are resumed/restarted on smartphones only in case of any event, such as a new message arrival. In this paper, we present the key requirements for the ASP service and different possible architectural designs. In short, the ASP concept can significantly improve the battery life of smartphones, by reducing to maximum extent the usage of its resources due to background applications.

Analysis of hybrid waste-to-energy for medium-sized cities

Urban centers have a huge demand for electricity and the growing problem of the solid waste management generated by their population, a relevant social and administrative problem. The correct disposal of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in cities is one of the most complex engineering problems that involves logistics, safety, environmental and energetic aspects for its adequate management. Due to a national policy of solid wastes recently promulgated, Brazilian cities are evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of incinerating the non-recyclable waste. São José dos Campos, a São Paulo State industrialized city, is considering the composting of organic waste for biogas production and mass incineration of non-recyclable waste. This paper presents a waste-to-energy system based on the integration of gas turbines to a MSW incinerator for producing thermal and electric energy as an alternative solution for the solid waste disposal in São José dos Campos, SP. A technical and economic feasibility study for the hybrid combined cycle plant is presented and revealed to be attractive when carbon credit and waste tax are included in the project income. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

A DSL for querying building data streams of energy, eeather and occupation data

The superfluous consumption of energy is faced by the modern society as a Socio-Economical and Environmental problem of the present days. This situation is worsening given that it is becoming clear that the tendency is to increase energy price every year. It is also noticeable that people, not necessarily proficient in technology, are not able to know where savings can be achieved, due to the absence of accessible awareness mechanisms. One of the home user concerns is to balance the need of reducing energy consumption, while producing the same activity with all the comfort and work efficiency. The common techniques to reduce the consumption are to use a less wasteful equipment, altering the equipment program to a more economical one or disconnecting appliances that are not necessary at the moment. However, there is no direct feedback from this performed actions, which leads to the situation where the user is not aware of the influence that these techniques have in the electrical bill. With the intension to give some control over the home consumption, Energy Management Systems (EMS) were developed. These systems allow the access to the consumption information and help understanding the energy waste. However, some studies have proven that these systems have a clear mismatch between the information that is presented and the one the user finds useful for his daily life, leading to demotivation of use. In order to create a solution more oriented towards the user’s demands, a specially tailored language (DSL) was implemented. This solution allows the user to acquire the information he considers useful, through the construction of questions about his energy consumption. The development of this language, following the Model Driven Development (MDD) approach, took into consideration the ideas of facility managers and home users in the phases of design and validation. These opinions were gathered through meetings with experts and a survey, which was conducted to the purpose of collecting statistics about what home users want to know.

Analysis of energy management in GMIT

Energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling and conserving energy in a building or organisation. The main reasons for this are for cost purposes and benefit to the environment. Through various techniques and solutions for lighting, heating, office equipment, the building fabric etc along with a change in people’s attitudes there can be a substantial saving in the amount spent on energy. A good example o f energy waste in GMIT is the lighting situation in the library. All the lights are switched on all day on even in places where that is adequate daylighting, which is a big waste o f energy. Also the lights for book shelves are left on. Surely all these books won’t be searched for all at the one time. It would make much more sense to have local switches that the users can control when they are searching for a particular book. Heating controls for the older parts o f the college are badly needed. A room like 834 needs a TRV to prevent it from overheating as temperatures often reach the high twenties due to the heat from the radiators, computers, solar gains and heat from users o f the room. Also in the old part o f the college it is missing vital insulation, along with not being air tight due to the era when it was built. Pumped bonded bead insulation and sealant around services and gaps can greatly improve the thermal performance o f the building and help achieve a higher BER cert. GMIT should also look at the possibility o f installing a CHP plant to meet the base heating loads. It would meet the requirement o f running 4500 hours a year and would receive some financial support from the Accelerated Capital Allowance. I f people’s attitudes are changed through energy awareness campaigns and a few changes made for more energy efficient equipment, substantial savings can be made in the energy expenditure.

Comparative effects of oleoyl-estrone and a specific b3-adrenergic agonist (CL316, 243) on the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism of rat white adipose tissue

Background: The combination of oleoyl-estrone (OE) and a selective b3-adrenergic agonist (B3A; CL316,243) treatment in rats results in a profound and rapid wasting of body reserves (lipid). Methods: In the present study we investigated the effect of OE (oral gavage) and/or B3A (subcutaneous constant infusion) administration for 10 days to overweight male rats, compared with controls, on three distinct white adipose tissue (WAT) sites: subcutaneous inguinal, retroperitoneal and epididymal. Tissue weight, DNA (and, from these values cellularity), cAMP content and the expression of several key energy handling metabolism and control genes were analyzed and computed in relation to the whole site mass. Results: Both OE and B3A significantly decreased WAT mass, with no loss of DNA (cell numbers). OE decreased and B3A increased cAMP. Gene expression patterns were markedly different for OE and B3A. OE tended to decrease expression of most genes studied, with no changes (versus controls) of lipolytic but decrease of lipogenic enzyme genes. The effects of B3A were widely different, with a generalized increase in the expression of most genes, including the adrenergic receptors, and, especially the uncoupling protein UCP1. Discussion: OE and B3A, elicit widely different responses in WAT gene expression, end producing similar effects, such as shrinking of WAT, loss of fat, maintenance of cell numbers. OE acted essentially on the balance of lipolysislipogenesis and the blocking of the uptake of substrates; its decrease of synthesis favouring lipolysis. B3A induced a shotgun increase in the expression of most regulatory systems in the adipocyte, an effect that in the end favoured again the loss of lipid; this barely selective increase probably produces inefficiency, which coupled with the increase in UCP1 expression may help WAT to waste energy through thermogenesis. Conclusions: There were considerable differences in the responses of the three WAT sites. OE in general lowered gene expression and stealthily induced a substrate imbalance. B3A increasing the expression of most genes enhanced energy waste through inefficiency rather than through specific pathway activation. There was not a synergistic effect between OE and B3A in WAT, but their combined action increased WAT energy waste.

Design and Development of Geographical Information System (GIS) Map for Nuclear Waste Streams

A nuclear waste stream is the complete flow of waste material from origin to treatment facility to final disposal. The objective of this study was to design and develop a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) module using Google Application Programming Interface (API) for better visualization of nuclear waste streams that will identify and display various nuclear waste stream parameters. A proper display of parameters would enable managers at Department of Energy waste sites to visualize information for proper planning of waste transport. The study also developed an algorithm using quadratic Bézier curve to make the map more understandable and usable. Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 and Microsoft SQL Server 2012 were used for the implementation of the project. The study has shown that the combination of several technologies can successfully provide dynamic mapping functionality. Future work should explore various Google Maps API functionalities to further enhance the visualization of nuclear waste streams.

Energy consumption and energy efficiency in olive oil mills: case studies in Portugal and Spain in the frame of TESLA project

TESLA project (Transfering Energy Save Laid on Agroindustry) financed by the European Commission, had the main goals of evaluating the energy consumption and to identify the best available practices to improve energy efficiency in key agro-food sectors, such as the olive oil mills. A general analysis of energy consumptions allowed identifying the partition between electrical and thermal energy (approximately 50%) and the production processes responsible for the higher energy consumptions, as being the in the mill and paste preparation and the phases separation. Some measures for reducing energy waste and for improving energy efficiency were identified and the impact was evaluated by using the TESLA tool developed by Circe and available at the TESLA website.

Análise da pozolanicidade da cinza da casca da castanha do caju pelo método de difratometria de raios X

Atualmente, o aproveitamento de resíduos na construção civil tem sido estimulado, uma vez que esse setor apresenta-se como um dos maiores consumidores de materiais naturais em seus processos e produtos. As cinzas ocupam lugar de destaque entre os resíduos agroindustriais por resultarem de processos de geração de energia. Grande parte dessas cinzas possui atividade pozolânica, podendo ser utilizada como substituto parcial do cimento Portland, resultando numa economia significativa de energia e custo. Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, a qual busca avaliar a viabilidade técnica da cinza da casca da castanha de caju (CCCC) como adição mineral em matrizes de cimento Portland, como também, propor uma metodologia de análise de cinzas agroindustriais. Aplicou-se a técnica de difratometria de raios X para avaliar a reatividade do hidróxido de cálcio pela cinza da casca da castanha de caju em pastas, empregaram-se teores de substituição entre 2,5 e 30,0% e os difratogramas das pastas foram comparados com os das pastas confeccionadas com sílica ativa, executados sobre as mesmas condições de ensaio. Os resultados apontam para a ausência de reatividade pozolânica da CCCC com o cimento Portland.

Reducing fuel consumption through modular vehicle architectures

By identifying energy waste streams in vehicles fuel consumption and introducing the concept of lean driving systems, a technological gap for reducing fuel consumption was identified. This paper proposes a solution to overcome this gap, through a modular vehicle architecture aligned with driving patterns. It does not address detailed technological solutions; instead it models the potential effects in fuel consumption through a modular concept of a vehicle and quantifies their dependence on vehicle design parameters (manifesting as the vehicle mass) and user behavior parameters (driving patterns manifesting as the use of a modular car in lighter and heavier mode, in urban and highway cycles). Modularity has been functionally applied in automotive industry as manufacture and assembly management strategies; here it is thought as a product development strategy for flexibility in use, driven by environmental concerns and enabled by social behaviors. The authors argue this concept is a step forward in combining technological solutions and social behavior, of which eco-driving is a vivid example, and potentially evolutionary to a lean, more sustainable, driving culture.

Análise de eficiência energética de transportes rodoviários

Projecto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática e de computadores

Diagnóstico energético da indústria de placas de borracha e optimização do sector de pintura

Cada vez mais a indústria tem vindo a sofrer algumas mudanças no seu processo produtivo. Hoje, mais que nunca, é preciso garantir que as instalações produtivas sejam o mais eficiente possível, procurando a racionalização de energia com um decrescimento dos custos. Deste modo o objectivo desta dissertação é o diagnóstico energético da fábrica de placas de borracha e a optimização do sector da pintura na empresa Monteiro Ribas. A realização de um diagnóstico energético, para a detecção de desperdícios de energia tem sido amplamente utilizada. A optimização irá prospectar potenciais de mudanças e aplicação de tecnologias de eficiência energética. Pretende-se deste modo travar o consumo energético sem que seja afectada a produção, já que a empresa é considerada consumidora intensiva de energia. Na empresa Monteiro Ribas há consumo de gás natural, de vapor e de energia eléctrica, sendo o vapor a forma de energia mais consumida, seguida da energia eléctrica e por fim, do gás natural nas proporções de 55%, 41% e 4%, respectivamente. A optimização feita permitiu estudar a influência de algumas variáveis, nos consumos anuais da energia, e assim apresentar propostas de melhoria. Uma das propostas analisadas foi a possibilidade de efectuar um isolamento térmico a algumas válvulas. Este isolamento conduziria a uma poupança de 79.263,4 kWh/ano. Propôs-se também a implementação de balastros electrónicos, que conduziria a uma diminuição em energia eléctrica de 29.509,92 kWh/ano. Relativamente às máquinas utilizadas no sector da pintura, verificou-se ser a estufa IRK 6, um dos equipamentos de grande consumo energético. Então analisou-se a influência da velocidade de circulação das placas de borracha através desta máquina, bem como a alteração da respectiva potência, pela diminuição do número de cassetes incorporados nesta estufa.

Aplicação de um ciclo orgânico de Rankine à indústria Naval

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Eficiência energética e energias renováveis em edifícios

As preocupações com a escassez dos recursos fósseis, o aumento gradual e acentuado dos seus preços e problemas ambientais, cada vez mais há uma preocupação em relação à eficiência energética e as energias renováveis, sendo estes os dois pilares para se encaminhar para uma política energética sustentável. Sobretudo nos edifícios que são responsáveis por grande parte do consumo de energia mundial. Cabo Verde tem um elevado grau de desperdício energético e de consumo de energia elétrica, torna-se imprescindível ressaltar a importância da análise de Eficiência Energética nas Edificações. Contudo, em Cabo Verde, relativamente à vertente da eficiência energética nos edifícios, não existe ainda uma legislação que de alguma forma condicione o consumo de energia e os impactos ambientais associados aos edifícios. De igual forma, as construções com características bioclimáticas ou incorporando sistemas passivos ainda não são prática corrente, pois não existe nenhuma regulamentação que garante que o projetista aquando a conceção de um edifício aplique estratégias de construção bioclimática ou integração das energias renováveis, fazendo o uso do potencial dos recursos renováveis existente no país. Assim, o conforto dos ocupantes dos edifícios e a diminuição das necessidades de consumo não estão presentes de uma forma satisfatória na construção de edifícios em Cabo Verde. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação tem como intuito, recolher e estruturar informação relativa a temática da eficiência energética e energias renováveis nos edifícios de forma a promover a eficiência energética nos edifícios e apoiar o desenvolvimento das energias renováveis em Cabo Verde, contribuindo para a mudança de mentalidade. Assim este estudo pretende refletir sobre a importância da construção sustentável, a Certificação Energética, sistemas e procedimentos para garantir, no mínimo, igual conforto dos ocupantes e simultaneamente a redução do consumo de energia nos edifícios, mudança de comportamentos e escolhas com menor consumo energético. São ainda apresentados as possibilidades de integração das energias renováveis nos edifícios. Assim decidiu-se analisar a implementação de um sistema de microgeração fotovoltaico, para aumentar a eficiência energética de edifícios de acordo com a legislação vigente em Cabo Verde. Nestes termos, é dimensionado um sistema para atender cerca de 70% do consumo anual de energia elétrica do edifício, com consumo de 3869 kWh/ano. Com a realização deste estudo, pretende-se incentivar a implementação de unidades de microprodução fotovoltaica para a produção de energia elétrica em edifícios, bem como aproximar o cidadão comum das soluções técnicas/económicas no campo do aproveitamento das energias renováveis para a produção de energia elétrica.